Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics

The thermodynamic properties of phenacetin in solid state and in saturated conditions in neat and binary solvents were characterized based on differential scanning calorimetry and spectroscopic solubility measurements. The temperature-related heat capacity values measured for both the solid and melt states were provided and used for precise determination of the values for ideal solubility, fusion thermodynamic functions, and activity coefficients in the studied solutions. Factors affecting the accuracy of these values were discussed in terms of various models of specific heat capacity difference for phenacetin in crystal and super-cooled liquid states. It was concluded that different properties have varying sensitivity in relation to the accuracy of heat capacity values. The values of temperature-related excess solubility in aqueous binary mixtures were interpreted using the Jouyban-Acree solubility equation for aqueous binary mixtures of methanol, DMSO, DMF, 1,4-dioxane, and acetonitrile. All binary solvent systems studied exhibited strong positive non-ideal deviations from an algebraic rule of mixing. Additionally, an interesting co-solvency phenomenon was observed with phenacetin solubility in aqueous mixtures with acetonitrile or 1,4dioxane. The remaining three solvents acted as strong co-solvents.

Prologue to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics presents complete inclusion of the subject of thermodynamics from a compound building perspective, through an exhaustive composition of the standards of thermodynamics, enumerating their application to substance forms. The substance is organized to switch back and forth between the improvement of thermodynamic standards and the connection and utilization of thermodynamic properties, just as among hypothesis and applications. The parts are written in an unmistakable, sensibly sorted out way, and contain a wealth of practical issues, models, and representations to assist understudies with understanding complex ideas. New thoughts, terms, and images continually challenge the perusers to think and urge them to apply this major assemblage of information to the arrangement of functional issues. McGraw-Hill's Connect, is likewise accessible as a discretionary, add on thing. Associate is the main incorporated learning framework that enables understudies by ceaselessly adjusting to convey decisively what they need, when they need it, how they need it, so class time is increasingly viable. Associate permits the educator to relegate schoolwork, tests, and tests effectively and consequently evaluations and records the scores of the understudy's work. Issues are randomized to forestall sharing of answers a may likewise have a "multi-step arrangement" which helps move the understudies' learning along in the event that they experience trouble.

This is the complete finalized format for plant design and economic analysis mini project which emphasized on the phosphoric acid production. There are differences in terms of production since we split the 1st reactor into two separate reactors for better efficiency. This is as suggested by our respective lecturer since accumulating two different reactions in a single reactor will burden our calculations and produce a very complicated reactions and production.

A strategy for adaptive control and energetic optimization of aerobic fermentors was implemented, with both air flow and agitation speed as manipulated variables. This strategy is separable in its components: control, optimization, estimation. We optimized parameter’s estimation (from the usual KLa correlation) using sinusoidal excitation of air flow and agitation speed. We have implemented parameter’s estimation trough recursive least squares algorithm with forgetting factor. We carried separate essays on control, optimization and estimation algorithms. We carried our essays using an original computational simulation environment, with noise and delay generating facilities for data sampling and filtering.

Our results show the convergence and robustness of the estimation algorithm used, improved with use of both forgetting factor and KLa dead-band facilities. Control algorithm used in our work compares favorably with PID using the integrated area criteria for deviation between oxygen molarity and critical molarity (set point). Optimization algorithm clearly reduces energetic consumption, respecting critical molarity. Integration of control, optimization and adaptive algorithms was implemented, but future work is needed for stability. Methods were defined and implemented for stability improvement. We have implemented data acquisition and computer manipulation of air flow and agitation speed for actual fermentors.

The thermodynamic consistency test of solubility P-T-x data for binary mixtures including carbon dioxide (CO 2) + a room temperature ionic liquid has been investigated. Experimental solubility data taken from the open literature for 32 binary mixtures of CO 2 /RTILs contains 80 isotherms. The applied consistency test is based on the fundamental Gibbs-Duhem equation with use of the generic Redlich-Kwong (GRK) equation of state (EoS) coupled with the van der Waals-Berthelot (GRK/vdWB) mixing rule. The optimum parameters were obtained by minimizing the summation of per cent relative deviations between mod-eled and experimental data, based on the bubble pressure algorithm. Modeling was found acceptable for all isotherms, which demonstrated the usability of the GRK equation of state. Results of the thermodynamic consistency test showed that 36 of the isothermal data sets were thermodynamically consistent, 37 were not fully consistent, 6 were thermody-namically inconsistent and only one data set was found to need another model.

The adsorption of crude oil from water by using Potassium hydroxide (KOH) prepared from coconut coir activated carbon CCACKOH was investigated by batch adsorption under varying parameters such as adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial oil concentration, temperature and agitation speed. The morphological modification significantly increased the hydrophobicity of the adsorbent, thus creating a CCAC with a much better adsorption capacity for crude oil removal having a maximum adsorption capacity of 4859.5 mg/g at 304 K as evidently proven by FTIR and SEM analysis. The experimental results showed that the percentage of crude oil removal increased with an increase in adsorbent dosage, contact time and decrease in initial oil concentration. The experimental isotherm data were analysed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Toth, Sip and Redlich-Peterson isotherm equations and the best fitted isotherm model was Freundlich model with a high correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.999). The kinetic d...

The adsorption of crude oil from water by using Potassium hydroxide (KOH) prepared from coconut coir activated carbon CCAC KOH was investigated by batch adsorption under varying parameters such as adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial oil concentration, temperature and agitation speed. The morphological modification significantly increased the hydrophobicity of the adsorbent, thus creating a CCAC with a much better adsorption capacity for crude oil removal having a maximum adsorption capacity of 4859.5 mg/g at 304 K as evidently proven by FTIR and SEM analysis. The experimental results showed that the percentage of crude oil removal increased with an increase in adsorbent dosage, contact time and decrease in initial oil concentration. The experimental isotherm data were analysed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Toth, Sip and Redlich-Peterson isotherm equations and the best fitted isotherm model was Freundlich model with a high correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.999). The kinetic data were properly fitted into various kinetic models with Pseudo-second order model showing best fit having a correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.999) and Boyd model revealed that the adsorption was controlled by internal transport mechanism and film-diffusion was the major mode of adsorption. The crude oil adsorption was chemisorption and endothermic in nature (∆H° = 134 KJ/mol.K) and the positive value of entropy (∆S° = 0.517 KJ/mol.K) showed an increase in disorder and randomness at the adsorbent-adsorbate interface during the adsorption of crude oil from water. The decrease in Gibbs energy (∆G°) with increasing temperature indicated an increase in the feasibility and spontaneity of the adsorption at higher temperatures. The prepared adsorbent showed significant capability to be used as a low-cost, re-generable and eco-friendly adsorbent in oil spill clean-up.

Data kesetimbangan uap-cair isobarik untuk sistem biner etanol + etil asetat dan etanol + isoamil alkohol pada tekanan 101,33, 79,99, dan 26,67 kPa telah diperoleh secara eksperimen menggunakan peralatan Ebulliometer. Sampel-sampel fase uap dan cair dianalisis menggunakan Gas Chromatography (GC). Kedua sistem memenuhi tes konsistensi thermodinamika. Sistem etanol + etil asetat, menunjukkan adanya minimum-boiling azeotrope, sedangkan pada sistem etanol + isoamil alkohol tidak terdapat azeotrop dan memberikan deviasi positif dari hukum Raoult. Data kesetimbangan uap-cair hasil eksperimen dikorelasikan dengan model Wilson, NRTL dan UNIQUAC dimana ketiga model ini memberikan korelasi yang cukup memuaskan.

It is proposed that different supramolecular species are formed during the compression of ethylene gas. The appearance of a new kind of species is manifested as a phase transition of the second or third order. These supramolecular species and the phase transitions have decisive effects on the properties of ethylene. Heat capacity, compressibility factor, entropy, the velocity of sound, viscosity, infrared spectra, molar polarization, and molar refraction and polymerizability are considered here.

Isobaric vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for binary mixtures of acetone + tert-butanol have been measured at 101.325 kPa. The isobaric VLE data were determined through the measurements of boiling point temperature by using modified Othmer recirculation still. No azeotropic behavior was exhibited in the investigated binary system. The experimental VLE data were correlated with the Wilson, non-random two-liquid (NRTL) and universal quasi- chemical (UNIQUAC) activity coefficient models. The correlation results showed that the experimental data were well correlated with those models. Keywords:

The adsorption of crude oil from water by using Potassium hydroxide (KOH) prepared from coconut coir activated carbon CCAC KOH was investigated by batch adsorption under varying parameters such as adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial oil concentration, temperature and agitation speed. The morphological modification significantly increased the hydrophobicity of the adsorbent, thus creating a CCAC with a much better adsorption capacity for crude oil removal having a maximum adsorption capacity of 4859.5 mg/g at 304 K as evidently proven by FTIR and SEM analysis. The experimental results showed that the percentage of crude oil removal increased with an increase in adsorbent dosage, contact time and decrease in initial oil concentration. The experimental isotherm data were analysed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Toth, Sip and Redlich-Peterson isotherm equations and the best fitted isotherm model was Freundlich model with a high correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.999). The kinetic ...

The adsorption of crude oil from water by using Potassium hydroxide (KOH) prepared from coconut coir activated carbon CCAC KOH was investigated by batch adsorption under varying parameters such as adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial oil concentration, temperature and agitation speed. The morphological modification significantly increased the hydrophobicity of the adsorbent, thus creating a CCAC with a much better adsorption capacity for crude oil removal having a maximum adsorption capacity of 4859.5 mg/g at 304 K as evidently proven by FTIR and SEM analysis. The experimental results showed that the percentage of crude oil removal increased with an increase in adsorbent dosage, contact time and decrease in initial oil concentration. The experimental isotherm data were analysed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Toth, Sip and Redlich-Peterson isotherm equations and the best fitted isotherm model was Freundlich model with a high correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.999). The kinetic data were properly fitted into various kinetic models with Pseudo-second order model showing best fit having a correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.999) and Boyd model revealed that the adsorption was controlled by internal transport mechanism and film-diffusion was the major mode of adsorption. The crude oil adsorption was chemisorption and endothermic in nature (ΔH o = 134 KJ/mol.K) and the positive value of entropy (ΔS o = 0.517 KJ/mol.K) showed an increase in disorder and randomness at the adsorbent-adsorbate interface during the adsorption of crude oil from water. The decrease in Gibbs energy (ΔG o) with increasing temperature indicated an increase in the feasibility and spontaneity of the adsorption at higher temperatures. The prepared adsorbent showed significant capability to be used as a low-cost, re-generable and eco-friendly adsorbent in oil spill clean-up.

Thermodynamic consistency test of isothermal vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data of various binary systems containing Carbon dioxide (CO2)/Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have been investigated in wide ranges of pressures in each isotherm precisely. In this paper Generic van der Waals (GvdW) equation of state (EoS) coupled with modified van der Waals Berthelot mixing rule has successfully been applied for correlating P-T-x binary data. The optimum parameters were obtained by minimizing the average relative deviation between modeled and experimental data based on the bubble pressure algorithm. Modeling is highly shown satisfactory in all cases which means that deviations in correlated data are low subsequently can prove that the flexibility and capability of the proposed model for thermodynamic consistency. Results of the consistency test represented ten isothermal experimental data set to be thermodynamically consistent, fourteen were declared to be not fully consistent and j...

Cyanidation wastewater contains heavy metals, including high concentrations of ammonia and free cyanide (CN-). Aerobic growth of Fusarium oxysporum EKT01/02 in synthetic gold mine wastewater under different substrates was examined using biological stoichiometry and thermodynamic models in batch systems. The molecular weight of the dry biomass obtained was 23.03 g/C-mol, 33.14 g C-mol À1 , and 27.06 g/C-mol in glucose with ammonia (GA), Beta vulgaris with ammonia (BA), and B. vulgaris with cyanide (BCN) cultures, respectively. The microbial growth model showed the highest biomass yield of 0.69 g dry cell/g substrate in BA cultures. The heat of reaction (DH O RX) and Gibbs energy dissipation per mole of biomass formed (DG O RX) were À652.55/À432.11 kJ/C-mol, À132.59/À471.19 kJ/C-mol, and À370.34/À225.35 kJ/C-mol-for GA, BA, and BCN cultures, respectively. The total Gibbs energy dissipated increased steadily over time and the metabolic rate of the F. oxysporum used was minimally adversely affected by the cyanidation wastewater as shown by the degree of reduction including the respiratory quotient quantified. The F. oxysporum proliferation was determined to be enthalpically driven in the cultures studied. This study revealed that the use of B. vulgaris agro-waste for the bioremediation of cyanidation wastewater is feasible and could engender sustainability of gold mining wastewater treatment processes.

We present a method for predicting the free energy landscape of fluids at low temperatures from flat-histogram grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations performed at higher ones. We illustrate our approach for both pure and multicomponent systems using two different sampling methods as a demonstration. This allows us to predict the thermodynamic behavior of systems which undergo both first order and continuous phase transitions upon cooling using simulations performed only at higher temperatures. After surveying a variety of different systems, we identify a range of temperature differences over which the extrapolation of high temperature simulations tends to quantitatively predict the thermodynamic properties of fluids at lower ones. Beyond this range, extrapolation still provides a reasonably well-informed estimate of the free energy landscape; this prediction then requires less computational effort to refine with an additional simulation at the desired temperature than reconstruction of the surface without any initial estimate. In either case, this method significantly increases the computational efficiency of these flat-histogram methods when investigating thermodynamic properties of fluids over a wide range of temperatures. For example, we demonstrate how a binary fluid phase diagram may be quantitatively predicted for many temperatures using only information obtained from a single supercritical state.

A Power-to-Liquid process is modeled for steady-state, as well as dynamic operation mode. Both modes are evaluated from techno-economic standpoint. The dynamic operation was found to be less economical, with ample opportunities for process optimisation.

Forward I've heard of the " Measurement Problem " in quantum mechanics and so I read about it. It didn't resemble any measurements that I'd heard about, but I continued to be interested. I continued to read what I could for several years but I never felt that the community was measuring anything that resembled anything that I could imagine. I finally realized that in the previous work in quantum mechanics there was always Classical Physics to compare everything with. This was entirely absent in " The Measurement Problem ". So I attempted to " put my oar in the water " and see what I could do-hence this paper. I don't know that I cleared anything up but I got some keen insights that I wouldn't have had the opportunity to have had I not tried to sort things out.

It is well known that highly polar and hydrogen bonding mixtures pose a serious challenge to equations of state. In the present report it is shown that excellent correlations and predictions of complex systems can be achieved when the van der Waals mixing rules are properly associated with an equation of state. In this report the proper form of the van der Waals mixing rules is used with the Peng-Robinson equation of state to predict the vapor-liquid equilibrium properties of water-ketone, water-alcohol, alcohol-ketone, and other complex mixtures, which exhibit either positive or negative azeotropy, with an accuracy which was not achievable by the original form of Peng-Robinson equation of state of mixtures.

The thermodynamic properties of phenacetin in solid state and in saturated conditions in neat and binary solvents were characterized based on differential scanning calorimetry and spectroscopic solubility measurements. The temperature-related heat capacity values measured for both the solid and melt states were provided and used for precise determination of the values for ideal solubility, fusion thermodynamic functions, and activity coefficients in the studied solutions. Factors affecting the accuracy of these values were discussed in terms of various models of specific heat capacity difference for phenacetin in crystal and super-cooled liquid states. It was concluded that different properties have varying sensitivity in relation to the accuracy of heat capacity values. The values of temperature-related excess solubility in aqueous binary mixtures were interpreted using the Jouyban-Acree solubility equation for aqueous binary mixtures of methanol, DMSO, DMF, 1,4-dioxane, and aceton...

This review brings the little knowledge about the effectiveness of combined bio-film and biochar approach in bio-sorption method for the removal of synthetic dye which generated from wastewater of textile and carpet industries. Removal studies of dye through packed bed bioreactor performed with immobilized bacteria on agro waste biomass and biochar (i.e., biofilms on biochar). This review suggests the combined approach may be a likely factor of treatment of dye effluents. Several models including Langmuir isotherm and Freundlich are useful to studies of sorption of dye on to biochar prepared by agro waste.

In this study, we introduced mesoporosity by post-synthesis modification of binder-containing zeolite 4A (Z4A) bodies using urea treatment, to synthesize hierarchical zeolite 4A (HZ4A) with tailored textural properties. Hierarchical zeolite 4A such as HZ4A-1−3, HZ4A-1−1, and HZ4A-3−1 were synthesized by varying the urea to zeolite weight ratio as 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1 respectively. The synthesized HZ4A displayed tunable physicochemical characteristics, where HZ4A-1−3 exhibited improved surface area (126 m 2 g −1), enhanced mesopore volume (0.44 cm 3 g −1) and coexistence of both micro (ca. 0.4 nm) and mesopores (5.5 nm). HZ4A-1−3 also exhibited enhanced CO 2 adsorption performance even when exposed to moisture at 1 bar and 40°C. Moreover, HZ4A-1−3 displayed excellent CO 2 adsorption stability over ten consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles. The presence of mesopores in HZ4A-1−3 facilitated rapid gas diffusion within the pores during both adsorption (29 s faster) and desorption (92 s faster), low water adsorption capacity (20 % lesser), mild desorption temperature (13°C lesser) and low CO 2 heat of adsorption (14 % lesser) as compared to Z4A bodies, and hence achieved better CO 2 adsorption efficacy for HZ4A-1−3 with reasonable CO 2 regeneration energy. These results suggested the potential of hierarchical zeolite 4A (HZ4A) as a cost-effective sorbent for post-combustion CO 2 capture application.

Coupled equations describing diffusion and cross-diffusion of tracer particles in hard-sphere suspen-sions are derived and solved numerically. In concentrated systems with strong excluded volume and viscous interactions the tracer motion is subdiffusive. Cross diffusion generates transient perturbations to the host-particle matrix, which affect the motion of the tracer particles leading to nonlinear mean squared displacements. Above a critical host-matrix concentration the tracers experience clustering and uphill diffusion, moving in opposition to their own concentration gradient. A linear stability analysis indicates that cross diffusion can lead to unstable concentration fluctuations in the suspension. The instability is a potential mechanism for the appearance of dynamic and structural heterogeneity in suspensions near the glass transition.

Chemical equilibria are dynamic in nature and at this condition the forward and backward reaction rates are equal. In chemical reacting systems including industrial reactors where the reversible reactions are taking place, prediction of infinity concentration or infinity pressure is practically important due to being involved in their kinetic models. Developed method can predict the infinity concentration or pressure in three steps with good accuracy. Having the limited timeconcentration data, at the first step the numerical values of the coefficients for logarithmic, power and exponential models are determined using non-linear regression technique. And the best model among them is then specified using statistical parameters. At the second step, the rate of change of concentration or pressure is computed using backward difference technique and the time required to reach equilibrium is estimated. Finally the value of infinity concentration or pressure is then computed with the aid of...

Pra Rencana Hidrogen Peroksida dari Isopropil Alkohol dann Udara dengan Proses Oksidasi ini mengambil lokasi pendirian di Kabupaten Mojokerto, Jawa Timur, dengan kriteria sebagai berikut: - Kapasitas produksi : 65.000 ton/tahun - Waktu operasi : 330 hari - Bahan utama : Isopropyl Alkohol - Bahan pembantu : Oksigen dari Udara - Utilitas : Air, steam, refrigerant, listrik dan bahan bakar - Organisasi Perusahaan  Bentuk : Perseroan Terbatas  Struktur : Garis dan staff  Karyawan : 337 orang - Analisa Ekonomi  TCI : Rp 603.994.210.876  ROIAT : 21,1 %  POTAT : 3,22 tahun  BEP : 51,7 %  IRR : 18,45 % Pra Rencana Pabrik Hidrogen Peroksida dari Isopropyl Alkohol dan Udara dengan Proses Oksidasi layak untuk didirikan.

Alkanolamines are used to remove acidic gases such as CO2 and H2S from natural gas. In this study,
thermodynamic modeling of the binary component CO2+MDEA, three component MDEA+H2O+CO2
and the quaternary MDEA+AEEA+H2O+CO2 systems were developed using an additional Gibbs argillic
model for the first time in the modeling of CO2 solubility in different solutions. The appropriate model
was considered using the assumption of an entirely molecular system without any occurrence of chemical
reactions and saturated gas phase from the CO2 gas. The nonelectrolyte Wilson nonrandom factor (NWilson-
NRF) model and the activity coefficient method (γ_φ Aproach) were used to calculate solubility
of CO2. The two-component water- CO2 model was modeled and the results were obtained by the
accuracy of 1.38 of experimental results. In a three-component, water-CO2-MDEA system with the
amount of 6.913, the optimization was developed. The quaternary water-CO2-MDEA-AEEA system was
optimized with an overall approximation of 19.537 for all experiment data.

—Chemical equilibria are dynamic in nature and at this condition the forward and backward reaction rates are equal. In chemical reacting systems including industrial reactors where the reversible reactions are taking place, prediction of infinity concentration or infinity pressure is practically important due to being involved in their kinetic models. Developed method can predict the infinity concentration or pressure in three steps with good accuracy. Having the limited time-concentration data, at the first step the numerical values of the coefficients for logarithmic, power and exponential models are determined using non-linear regression technique. And the best model among them is then specified using statistical parameters. At the second step, the rate of change of concentration or pressure is computed using backward difference technique and the time required to reach equilibrium is estimated. Finally the value of infinity concentration or pressure is then computed with the aid of results obtained in the two previous steps. Comparison of the thirteen predicted infinity concentration or pressure to those reported in literature, revealed that the average relative absolute deviation is less than 3.5 percent.

In the present investigation, short-lived radioisotopes
were applied to study the thermodynamics of ionisotopic
exchange reactions using Tulsion A-23 (nuclear
grade) and Indion-454 (non-nuclear grade) anion exchange
resins. It was observed during the bromide ion-isotopic exchange
reaction using Tulsion A-23 resins that the enthalpy
and energy of activation values calculated were 6,831.1 and 9,
412.6 J mol−1, respectively, which were less than the respective
values of 7,277.9 and 9,859.4 J mol−1 obtained for the
same reaction using Indion-454 resins. The identical trend was
observed for the two resins during the iodide ion-isotopic
exchange reaction. The thermodynamic data suggest that
Tulsion A-23 resins weremore efficient than Indion-454. This
was further confirmed from the fact that under identical experimental
conditions higher amount of ions were exchanged
using Tulsion A-23 resins as compared to those using Indion-
454 resins. The overall results reveal superior performance of
Tulsion A-23 over Indion-454 resins under identical experimental
conditions.