Cell free System

The objective was to assess the possibility of measuring urine creatinine (UCr)-adjusted urinary cell-free (ucf) DNA concentration as a noninvasive screening tool for bladder cancer. Using PicoGreen-based detection, the ucf-DNA/UCr concentration was quantified in urine supernatant specimens from 46 bladder cancer patients and 98 controls and compared to 400-bp real-time PCR-based detection, which detected the amplification of 400-bp beta-actin (named 400-bp ucf-DNA/UCr). The mean concentrations for both PicoGreen and 400-bp ucf-DNA (ng/mL)/UCr (mg/dL) were significantly higher in bladder cancer patients than in controls: 15.28 vs 6.68 (p<0.001, t-test) and 14.98 vs 1.07 (p<0.001), respectively. Among different stages and grades, no significant difference was found between these two methods. The areas under the ROC curves of PicoGreen and 400-bp ucf-DNA/UCr were 0.571 (95% confidence interval, 0.451-0.692) and 0.805 (95% confidence interval, 0.713-0.896), respectively. In 400-b...

Distributed antenna system (DAS) is a highly diversified concept that can help lower radiated power, maximize coverage, and improve spectral efficiency. Yet, the most exciting feature of DAS is the distribution of remote radio heads (RRH) or antennas over a wide geographical area, which allows the use of less complex signal processing techniques resulting in the reduction of systems’ size and cost. These features of DAS were utilized in network MIMO, distributed MIMO, multi-cell MIMO, and distributed-input distributed-output (DIDO) systems to move away from the centralized approach as in conventional multi-user and massive MIMO systems. In this tutorial paper, we first talk about MIMO systems with their relevant technologies by categorizing them into two main approaches according to their working principles and systematic architecture; the first approach is based on a centralized (or collocated) architecture, whereas the second is based on a decentralized (or distributed) architecture. We then deep dive into all the different technologies related to these architectures one by one and explain each in detail with much more focus on the similarities and differences between them. After that, we exposition the main target of this study, which is to answer the following question "Is cell-free massive MIMO (CF-MMIMO) equivalent to the already existing and commercialized pCell technology?".  To confidently answer this question, we comprehensively and deeply study the two technologies considering the differences in their system models and look into their conceptual formulations  as well as their respective channel models. More particularly, we detail CF-MMIMO and pCell architectures while giving special attention to pCell's SDR wireless platform and stating why it is crucial for the current wireless systems. Then, we present the understandings that are acquired after careful observations and provide recommendations based upon them. In short, this study aims to focus the reader attention on the fact that all the distributed and cell-free MIMO-related technologies work on the same principle, and the way these systems are built makes them fundamentally equivalent, yet, they are displayed quite differently using different terminologies and perspectives, which can cause confusion to readers and end up misleading future researchers.
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We have developed an assay of thrombin generation in clotting whole blood. Because our goal was to study patients with red blood cell diseases that are associated with thrombosis, the initial evaluation of this assay analysed the effect of the haematocrit and haemolysate on the total amount of thrombin activity generated and the maximal concentration of thrombin achieved. Both of these parameters were proportional to the haematocrit throughout a wide range of clinically relevant cell concentrations. Red cell lysate also augmented thrombin generation. Because this effect was removed by filtration of the lysate, we propose that it was related to red cell microparticles.

The antioxidant activity was assessed of fresh juice from Prunus spinosa L. fruit (Rosaceae) growing wild in Urbino (central Italy) by using different cell-free in vitro analytical methods: 5-lipoxygenase test, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Trolox was used as the reference antioxidant compound. In the 5-lipoxygenase and DPPH tests the fresh fruit juice of P. spinosa showed good antioxidant activity when compared with Trolox, while the ORAC value was 36.0 micromol eq. Trolox/g of fruit. These values are in accord with data reported in the literature for small fruits such as Vaccinium, Rubus and Ribes. The antioxidant capacity in cell-free systems of P. spinosa juice has been compared with its cytoprotective - bona fide antioxidant activity in cultured human promonocytes (U937 cells) exposed to hydrogen peroxide. The antioxidant activity of red berries has been correlated with their anthocyanin content. The...

Anucleate cells can be induced to undergo programmed cell death (PCD), indicating the existence of a cytoplasmic PCD pathway that functions independently from the nucleus. Cytoplasmic structures including mitochondria have been shown to participate in the control of apoptotic nuclear disintegration. Before cells exhibit common signs of nuclear apoptosis (chromatin condensation and endonuclease-mediated DNA fragmentation), they undergo a reduction of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (delta psi m) that may be due to the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition (PT) pores. Here, we present direct evidence indicating that mitochondrial PT constitutes a critical early event of the apoptotic process. In a cell-free system combining purified mitochondria and nuclei, mitochondria undergoing PT suffice to induce chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation. Induction of PT by pharmacological agents augments the apoptosis-inducing potential of mitochondria. In contrast, preve...

An isolated bacterial strain is placed in the branch of the Bacillus genus on the basis of 16S rRNA sequence and biochemical characteristics. It decolorized an individual and mixture of dyes, including reactive, disperse and direct. Bacillus sp. ADR showed 88% decolorization of sulfonated azo dye C.I. Reactive Orange 16 (100mgL−1) with 2.62mg of dye decolorized g−1 dry cells h−1