Caddisflies

Published in Hubert Duprat, Mona (The Museum of Old and New Art), Hobart, 2014
with essays by David Walsh, Natacha Pugnet, Adam Thorpe, Jane Clark
To accompany the exhibition Hubert Duprat at Mona, Hobart, Australia
7 December 2013–21 April 2014

Caddisfly fauna of the Janowskie Forests Landscape Park (SE Poland) is characterised, basing on author’s materials from the years 1995-98 and on a small collection from the years 1959-60. 63 species were collected. Species composition, naturality, ecological state of park’s fauna and their probable changes in past and future of are analysed and discussed. There are observed impoverishment of aquatic fauna in result of anthropogenic transformations of water environments and renaturalisation of the fauna in some habitats during the last years. Basing on collected data, the postulate creation of national park is supported.

Bridging the knowledge gap: Science and society working together for environmental understanding. In: Beck, G.G. and Litteljohn, B., editors, Voices for the Watershed: Environmental Issues in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Drainage Basin. McGill-Queens University Press, Montreal, Canada. pp. 1-4.

A new species of snail-case caddisflies (Trichoptera: Helicopsychidae) and new records of caddisflies from Abstract A new species of Helicopsyche subgenus Feropsyche from Chapada Diamantina is diagnosed, described, and illustrated. Helicopsyche catoles n. sp. is easily distinguished from congeners by the following features: inferior appendages clavate, each bearing a posteroventral projection with 2-4 setae in lateral view, and tergum X with a notched apex and a short setal row along its length in dorsal view. Additionally, new records from Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil, are presented. A total of 31 species, including the new species, are recorded, belonging to 14 genera and 8 families. Two of these species constitute new records to Brazil (Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) succincta and Marilia misionensis) and another 10 of these species represent new records for Bahia [Chimarra (Curgia) hyoeides, Macronema hageni, M. partitum, Polyplectropus tragularius, Smicridea coronata, S. helenae, S. iguazu, S. jundiai, S. radula and Marilia major].

Caddisflies were investigated during the spring, summer and autumn in 1997-1999, in 40 localities, situated between Lida and Grodno (Belarus – middle course of the Neman River). 74 species of Trichoptera were collected. In the qualitative analysis fauna of rivers and streams, valley water bodies (oxbows, periodical pools) and springs were distinguished. In the quantitative analysis, water bodies with poor fauna (springs and artificial waters) were distinguished very closely. The caddisflies of the Neman River and large and small tributaries were different. Some assemblages typical for potamal and rithral zone were distinguished. Different dominant species occurred in all these assemblages. The effect of “neighbouring water bodies” and animal migrations were shown for all waters bodies occurring in a lowland river valley. It could be expected that relative eurytopic strategies and the wide geographical distribution of some caddisflies are an adaptation to living in a changing post-gl...

Caddisfly (Trichoptera) larvae assemble a variety of underwater structures using bioadhesive silk. The order is divided into two primary sub-orders distinguished by how the larvae deploy their silk. Foraging Integripalpia larvae construct portable tube cases. Annulipalpia larvae construct stationary retreats, some with suspended nets to capture food. To identify silk molecular adaptations that may have contributed to caddisfly diversification, we report initial characterization of silk from a net-spinner genus, Parapsyche, for compari- son with the silk of a tube case-maker genus, Hesperophylax. Overall, general features of silk structure and processing are conserved across the sub-orders despite approximately 200 Ma of divergence: the H-fibroin proteins comprise repeating phosphoserine-rich motifs, naturally spun silk fibres contain approxi- mately 1:1 molar ratios of divalent metal ions to phosphate, silk fibre precursors are stored as complex fluids of at least two types of complexes, and silk gland proteins contain only traces of divalent metal ions, suggesting metal ions that solidify the fibres are absorbed from the aqueous environment after silk extrusion. However, the number and arrangement of the repeating phosphoserine blocks differ between genera, suggesting molecular adaptation of H-fibroin through duplication and shuffling of conserved structural modules may correspond with the radiation of caddisflies into diverse environments.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Transdisciplinary approaches to the study of adhesion and adhesives in biological systems’.

ABSTRACT ‒ The Trichoptera fauna of Italy: notes on the compilation of a new checklist.
Following the online publication of a new checklist of Italian Trichoptera, a series of observations are made on Italian
trichopterofauna. The new list, available at www.trichoptera.it, is based on examination of reports on trichoptera contained in over
560 scientific articles published from 1816 to 2019. At present in Italy there are 459 taxa belonging to 437 species and 52 subspecies,
93 genera and 21 families. 188 taxa (41% of the Italian fauna) have restricted ranges, of which 95 are confined to within Italy. The
areas in which the greatest number of endemic species occur are the western and eastern Alps, the southern Apennines and Sardinia.
Rare species, found in very few localities, are also considered, and some previously reported species that we consider not to belong to
the Italian fauna are indicated.

Applying the phylogenetic species concept and the sexual selection theory we have reviewed some natal aspects of incipient species and their accelerated evolution. How can we recognise early stages of divergence? Which selection pressures are at work during speciation? Which pathways accelerate the speed of speciation? Which kinds of trait variabilities makes difficult to find initial split criteria? Elaborating the principles of Fine Structure Analysis (FSA) and the morphological Initial Split Criteria (ISP) it was discovered that the European spring dwelling caddisfly Potamophylax nigricornis doesn't belong to a single species. It represents an entire species group with seventeen peripatric species evolving on the southern peripheries of the distributional area. Four new species subgroups have been erected: Potamophylax nigricornis new species subgroup, P. elegantulus new species subgroup, P. horgos new species subgroup, P. simas new species subgroup. Eleven new species have been described: Potamophylax apados sp. nov., P. fules sp. nov., P. fureses sp. nov., P. hasas sp. novov., P. horgos sp. nov., P. kethas sp. nov., P. lemezes sp. nov., P. peremes sp. nov., P. simas sp. nov., P. tuskes sp. nov., P. ureges sp. nov. One Potamophylax sp. nov. has been differentiated and three new species status have been documented: Potamophylax elegantulus (Klapálek) stat. n., P. mista (Navás) stat. nov., P. testaceus (Zetterstedt) stat. nov.

The two artists Liang Shaoji (China 1945) and Hubert Duprat (France 1957) have worked extensively with insect larvae: Liang with silkworms and Duprat with caddisflies. Both were attracted to those specific species by something artistic or crafted they perceived the insects made by themselves, either the silkworms’ cocoons or the Trichoptera’s cases. Liang and Duprat conceive their interactions with these little creatures as artistic collaborations, insect-human processes in which they made art together: silk wrapped installations or jewelled cases. The two artists began to see the world through the prism of their chosen species, and to reconstruct it from the tiny to the huge inspired by two diverging cosmologies. Duprat, captivated by cabinets of curiosities, collects every item or information concerning the caddisflies, organising it as an archive where every piece of knowledge has its place, like the tesserae of the Trichoptera’s cases. Meanwhile, Liang vindicates an universe as fluid and continuous as the silk of silkworms whom, despite their small size, were responsible of shaping Chinese culture, and even global culture through the Silk Roads. As a result, confronting the universes and metaphors reconstructed by Duprat and Liang through their encounters and interactions with caddisflies and silkworms offers the opportunity to assess the two different cosmologies that inspired them, owed to two distinct contexts and cultures.

Abrams Creek drainage was surveyed for adult mayflies (Ephemeroptera), stoneflies (Plecoptera), and caddisflies (Trichoptera) during summer 2001 as part of the All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM). Nine reaches were collected, up to five times, using primarily ultraviolet light trapping. Of the 35,710 specimens examined, 164 species resulted. These consisted of 35 species of mayflies, 36 stoneflies, and 93 caddisflies. Eight species are new to Tennessee, while 39 are new GRSM records. Three rarely collected mayflies, Epeorus vitreus (Walker), Leucrocuta thetis (Traver), and Nixe spinosa (Traver), were taken. Rare caddisflies included Ceratopsyche macleodi (Flint), Cheumatopsyche helma Ross, Hydroptila chattanooga Frazer and Harris, H. talladega Harris, and Chimarra augusta Morse. No rare stoneflies were collected. Additional specimens of two undescribed (but known to specialists) species were taken in Goera (Trichoptera) and Isoperla (Plecoptera). Specimens of Hydroptila nr. amoena Ross (Trichoptera) and a Caenis nr. mccafferti Provonsha (Ephemeroptera) are possibly new to science, but require more specimens and study. More effort concentrated in southwestern GRSM and in Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera should yield additional significant records.

Applying the phylogenetic species concept and the sexual selection theory we have reviewed some natal aspects of incipient species and their accelerated evolution. How can we recognise early stages of divergence? Which selection pressures are at work during speciation? Which pathways accelerate the speed of speciation? Which kinds of trait variabilities makes difficult to find initial split criteria? Elaborating the principles of Fine Structure Analysis (FSA) and the morphological Initial Split Criteria (ISP) it was discovered that the European spring dwelling caddisfly Potamophylax nigricornis doesn't belong to a single species. It represents an entire species group with seventeen peripatric species evolving on the southern peripheries of the distributional area. Four new species subgroups have been erected: Potamophylax nigricornis new species subgroup, P. elegantulus new species subgroup, P. horgos new species subgroup, P. simas new species subgroup. Eleven

Benthic macroinvertebrates are very small organisms living among stones, logs, sediments, and aquatic plants within freshwater systems. Freshwater can be described as water with low salinity that is frequently used for domestic purposes, irrigation and is essential for life on earth. Benthos inhabit various freshwater systems and are comprised of a large diversity of organisms that include; mayflies, stoneflies, caddisflies, beetles, midges, crane flies, dragonflies and others. Non-insect members of the benthic macroinvertebrate community are snails, clams, aquatic worms and crayfish. Freshwater has a salinity between 0.0 to 5.0‰ and only 2.5% of the earth’s water is freshwater. Of the 2.5% freshwater on earth, 0.49% and 20.9% are found in rivers and lakes respectively (Kozminski, 2017).

We present the first confirmed finding of the larval stage of Calamoceras illiesi Malicky and Kumanski, 1974 (Trichoptera) from Europe where, so far, the species was known only as adults and pupae. We collected larvae from three localities in Strandzha Mountain, southeastern Bulgaria. The main morphological characteristics of the larvae from the Bulgarian populations were compared with the original description, which was made based on the material from Turkey (Sipahiler 2013). As a result, the range of the head width for the whole family, as well as the body length of all the northern hemisphere representatives of Calamoceratidae were expanded. Additionally, we recorded the greatest number of setae on the apical end of the labrum ever recorded for the family.

26 caddisfly species were observed in the investigated nature reserve, including three red list species of Molanna albicans, Tricholeiochiton fagesii and Cyrnus insolutus. The collected materials comprised caddisflies that are characteristic of lobelian lakes as well as dystrophic lakes and peatland lakes. The following caddisfly species typical of lobelian lakes have been identified in the course of previous studies: Oxyethira distinctella, Holocentropus dubius, Cyrnus insolutus, Agrypnia obsoleta, Glyphotaelius pellucidus, Limnephilus nigriceps, L. politus, Mystacides azurea, Oecetis lacustris and Molanna albicans. The naturalness index accurately reflects the ecological status of lakes, and it is a useful tool for lake monitoring based on macrobenthic bioindicators.

The tributaries of the Olifants River draining the Cedarberg Mountains in the Western Cape are well known for their diverse fauna of endemic freshwater fish. Aquatic ecosystems in the region have also been identified as being particularly important in terms of ecosystem conservation. Recent surveys of aquatic macroinvertebrates have indicated that the region is rich in Trichoptera, with a number of regional endemic species, some of which are not recognizable as known described species. The distribution of certain species appears to be confined to either the arid east-flowing tributaries of the Doring River or else the wetter west-flowing tributaries of the mainstream Olifants River.

1. Stream ecosystems are supported by both green (i.e. based on grazing) and brown (i.e. detritus) food webs, whereas methane-derived carbon is not considered generally to be important; here, we add circumstantial evidence for this potential third way.
2. Grazing cased-caddis (Trichoptera) larvae in the family Glossosomatidae can be very abundant in springs and headwaters and frequently have much lower stable carbon isotope ratios (i.e. they are depleted in the heavier 13C stable isotope) than the biofilm (epilithon) on the upper surfaces of the stones on which they live, and which is their presumed diet. Evidence for similar isotopic depletion in other lotic
invertebrates is currently limited, however; even for glossosomatids it has been observed so far only in some streams draining the southern English cretaceous chalk and in a few headwaters in northern California. If this phenomenon proves to be more widespread, among streams or taxa, it could imply a more general underpinning of stream food webs by isotopically light carbon derived from methane and accessed via consumers feeding on methanotrophic bacteria.
3. Here, we sampled 58 stream sites to examine whether caddis larvae are also 13Cdepleted in streams draining other geologies. We focused mainly on carboniferous limestone and sandstone, as well as on further chalk streams representative of most of the British chalk aquifer: together, these new sites covered an area of almost 90,000 km2, around three times greater than that surveyed previously.
4. At all 58 sites methane gas was supersaturated relative to the atmospheric equilibrium, and at 49 of them larvae were conspicuously 13C-depleted (from −17.5‰ to −3.6‰) relative to the bulk epilithon (components of which we know can oxidise methane). Although still most pronounced on chalk, this phenomenon was geographically and geologically much more widespread than shown previously and suggests methane-derived carbon could indeed play a prominent role in
stream food webs (i.e. the third way).

66 Stanislaw Czachorowski i in. Rye. 1. Teren badán: 1 - Granica PK Lasy Janowskie, 2 - cieki, 3 - wiçksze stawy, 4-granice kwadratów UTM, 5 - stanowiska (numeraeja jak w Tab. 1). Fig. 1. Study area: 1-Border of the Janowskie Forests Landscape Park, 2-running waters, ...