CLC

Mitigate the degree of technological obsolescence on combustion and heating systems due to industrial processes, imply the necessity to venture, analyze, adopt and adapt new technologies, characterized by high efficiency, productivity and low environmental impact. The predesign of a lab scale batch fluidized bed reactor was made, based on scientific research data related to chemical looping combustion, chemical looping reforming and desulfurization of coal with limestone. It was conceived determining the varying operation conditions at which the solid oxygen carrier would suffer in a continuous CLC process.
The development of the model is featured by the solid bed particles (OC) which better works for the studied reactions and the supply of gas streams. The correlations used for the equipment specification were reported based on the parameters defined for batch fluidized bed reactors and the kunii-Levenspiel model.
Finally, the possible configurations were analyzed varying the reactor diameter from 0.05 – 0.07 m; the aim of the project is to select a configuration that meets the minimum criteria to operate independently the three reaction systems (Chemical Looping Combustion, Chemical Looping Reforming and Desulfurization of coal with limestone) under the fixed operation conditions and rules of thumb of batch fluidized beds in the equipment design activity.

Key Words:

Batch Fluidized bed reactor
CLC
OC
CLR
Desulfurization of coal with limestone

nota a Trib. Messina 30 luglio 86, in Dir. trasp., 1988, I 181. A seguito di urto con altra nave, avvenuto nello stretto di Messina 21 marzo 1985, Ia petroliera Patmos, di proprietà della Patmos Shipping Co., subiva danni allo scafo, dai quali derivava uno spandimento di idrocarburi in mare. Con ricorso presentato il 2 giugno 1985 avanti il Tribunale di Messina, la società proprietaria, unitamente al P.&I. Club che ne assicurava la copertura per la  responsabilità da inquinamento da idrocarburi, chiedeva I'ammissione al beneficio della limitazione del debito, di cui all'art. 5 della C.L.C. 1969. Successivamente all'ammissione al beneficio, il giudice istruttore, con propria ordinanza del 18 febbraio 1986 formava lo stato passivo, che veniva impugnato da parte di alcuni creditori con varie opposizioni.

Liability for pollution from oil carried in bulk is the result of the stratification of various conventions on uniform law starting with the 1969 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage up to the 2003 Protocol establishing the International Oil Pollution Compensation Supplementary Fund. The author reviews the complex structure of the regulations as well as voluntary measures adopted by the industries of the sector.

La responsabilità per inquinamento da idrocarburi trasportati alla rinfusa
è il frutto della stratificazione di vari testi di diritto uniforme a partire dalla Convenzione CLC 1969 fino al Protocollo Supplementare alla Convenzione Fund del 2003. L’autore propone un esame della razionalità del complesso di tale normativa e degli interventi su base volontaria delle imprese del settore.

Through continuous flow reactor experiments, materials characterization and theoretical calculations, we provide new insights into the reduction of hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles by methane (CH4) during chemical looping combustion (CLC). Across CLC-relevant temperatures (500 to 800 oC) and gas flowrates (2.5 to 250 h-1), decreasing α-Fe2O3 particle size (from 350 to 3 nm) increased the duration over which CH4 was completely converted to CO2 (i.e., 100% yield). We attribute this size-dependent performance trend to the greater availability of lattice oxygen atoms in the near-surface region of smaller particles with higher surface area-to-volume ratios. All particle sizes then exhibited a relatively rapid rate of reactivity loss that was size- and temperature-independent, reflecting a greater role for magnetite (Fe3O4), the primary α-Fe2O3 reduction product, in CH4 oxidation. Bulk (X-ray diffraction; XRD) and surface (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; XPS) analysis revealed that oxygen carrier reduction proceeds via a two-stage solid-state mechanism; -Fe2O3 reduction to Fe3O4 followed the unreacted shrinking core model (USCM) while subsequent reduction of Fe3O4 to wüstite (FeO) and FeO to iron metal (Fe) followed the nucleation and nuclei growth model (NNGM). Atomistic thermodynamics modeling based on density functional theory supports that reduction initiates via the UCSM, as partially reduced α-Fe2O3 surfaces exhibited a wide range of stability relative to bulk Fe3O4. Reduction and reoxidation cycling experiments were also performed to explore more practical aspects related to the long-term performance of unsupported -Fe2O3 nanoparticles as oxygen carriers for CLC.

Sarawak is facing the problem of labour shortage in its oil palm plantations. It is difficult to recruit Malaysians to work in the plantations and, therefore, hiring foreign workers has become one of the solutions. Since the number of Indonesian workers and children is increasing, the Indonesian Government has requested to set up Community Learning Centre (CLC) in plantations for the Indonesian children in Sarawak. This article aims to explore the existence of CLC and the challenges faced by its teachers. A qualitative study has been employed, and data was collected using face-to-face interviews and interviews via telephone and text messages. The face-to-face interviews were conducted before and after the Movement Control Order was implemented in Sarawak. The first 16 CLCs were set up in 2016, and the number increased to 63 in 2020. CLC uses the Indonesian teaching syllabus, and the subjects are taught by Indonesian teachers (Guru Pamong and Guru Bina). Up to June 2020, there were 114 Indonesian CLC teachers in the state. The constraints of the CLC in Sarawak include limited classrooms, low motivation of the students, and lack of teaching and learning equipment which affects the effectiveness of teaching and learning. On the bright side, the CLC has given an opportunity to the Indonesian children in oil palm plantations in Sarawak to have primary education. After graduating from CLC, they can continue their studies in a secondary school in Indonesia since the teaching syllabus in CLC is similar to the one used in Indonesia.

Present work evaluates hydrogen and power co-generation of a supercritical (SuperC) steam based coaldirect chemical looping combustion (CDCLC) power plant using high ash coal. Different cases of hydrogenco-generation have been considered with 0e900 MW of hydrogen production and 462-157 MW ofelectric power generation. In this study, CDCLC plant using iron based bimetallic oxygen carrier with co-generation is compared with CDCLC plant without co-generation and conventional SuperC coalfiredplant without CO2capture. The overall performance of all cases is compared based on 4-E (energy,exergy, ecological, economic) and life cycle analyses (LCA). A sensitivity analysis is conducted to optimisethe operating conditions of CLC reactors. The levelised cost of hydrogen from CDCLC plant with 50%hydrogen and 50% power co-generation is estimated to be 1.94V/kg. Further, the LCA conducted on thecogeneration plant by considering important stages reveals that the CDCLC plant stage is the highestcontributor in greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) emissions and primary fossil energy consumption (PFEC).The key outcome of the study is that the CDCLC power plant configuration with higher hydrogen co-generation is energetically, exergetically, environmentally and economically efficient.

Riau Province, Indonesia, has oil palm plantations that continue. Based on statistical data (BPS Indonesia, 2017) in 2016 the area of oil palm plantations in Riau province was 2,430,500 hectares and the potential for large oil palm midrib waste. In order for waste not to cause problems, the waste must be utilized, one of them added as a mixture of CLC. The purpose of this study was to find a mixture of ingredients made from CLC (Cellular Lightweight Concrete) fibers using materials added to oil palm midribs. The assessment of product feasibility was determined based on the compressive strength, water absorption and density of the CLC products produced by the fiber. The study was presented using a descriptive method. The research conducted is quantitative research using experimental approaches and laboratory research. The findings of this study are that the best addition of oil palm midribs is 2.5% of the weight of cement. The conclusion is the best addition of oil palm midribs in the CLC job mix is 2.5% of the weight of cement with an average compressive strength of 44.60 kg/cm 2 at 28 days; The average water absorption value at 28 days is 10.94%; The average density value at 28 days is 1.33 gr/cm 3 ; the job mix consists of Zainuri, Sujianto, Adrianto Ahmad and Feliatra http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 2370 editor@iaeme.com 480 kg of cement; 720 kg of sand; 207.5 liters of water mortar; 44 liters of air foam agent; 2.0 liters of foam agent and palm oil midribs 2.5% of the weight of cement.

Riau Province, Indonesia, has oil palm plantations that continue. Based on
statistical data (BPS Indonesia, 2017) in 2016 the area of oil palm plantations in Riau
province was 2,430,500 hectares and the potential for large oil palm midrib waste. In
order for waste not to cause problems, the waste must be utilized, one of them added as
a mixture of CLC. The purpose of this study was to find a mixture of ingredients made
from CLC (Cellular Lightweight Concrete) fibers using materials added to oil palm
midribs. The assessment of product feasibility was determined based on the
compressive strength, water absorption and density of the CLC products produced by
the fiber. The study was presented using a descriptive method. The research conducted
is quantitative research using experimental approaches and laboratory research. The
findings of this study are that the best addition of oil palm midribs is 2.5% of the weight
of cement. The conclusion is the best addition of oil palm midribs in the CLC job mix
is 2.5% of the weight of cement with an average compressive strength of 44.60 kg/cm2
at 28 days; The average water absorption value at 28 days is 10.94%; The average
density value at 28 days is 1.33 gr/cm3; the job mix consists of 480 kg of cement; 720

Riau Province, Indonesia, has oil palm plantations that continue. Based on statistical data (BPS Indonesia, 2017) in 2016 the area of oil palm plantations in Riau province was 2,430,500 hectares and the potential for large oil palm midrib waste. In order for waste not to cause problems, the waste must be utilized, one of them added as a mixture of CLC. The purpose of this study was to find a mixture of ingredients made from CLC (Cellular Lightweight Concrete) fibers using materials added to oil palm midribs. The assessment of product feasibility was determined based on the compressive strength, water absorption and density of the CLC products produced by the fiber. The study was presented using a descriptive method. The research conducted is quantitative research using experimental approaches and laboratory research. The findings of this study are that the best addition of oil palm midribs is 2.5% of the weight of cement. The conclusion is the best addition of oil palm midribs in the CLC job mix is 2.5% of the weight of cement with an average compressive strength of 44.60 kg/cm 2 at 28 days; The average water absorption value at 28 days is 10.94%; The average density value at 28 days is 1.33 gr/cm 3 ; the job mix consists of Zainuri, Sujianto, Adrianto Ahmad and Feliatra http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 2370 editor@iaeme.com 480 kg of cement; 720 kg of sand; 207.5 liters of water mortar; 44 liters of air foam agent; 2.0 liters of foam agent and palm oil midribs 2.5% of the weight of cement.