Breakage

This article deals with the development of a new composition of a polymer composition for dressing cotton yarn. The optimal concentration of the dressing polymer composition, which is 50 g/kg, against the starch-based dressing is 70 g/kg, i.e. the consumption of starch is reduced by 25-30%. It is experimentally established that the concentration of the dressing, which has a significant impact on the cost of the dressing, varies within 45-50 g/kg of the composition, while the true glue remained at the same level.
Theoretically, the interaction between the polymer groups and the reactive groups PVA and HIPAN is justified. The products resulting from this interaction contain, in particular, amide -CONH, carbamide - NHCONH, carbamate - ОСОNH2, ester - ОСО and other groups. Their presence in the macromolecules of the polymer composition makes it possible to improve the elastic, structural and mechanical properties, and to reduce the electronegativity of the adhesive film formed on the yarn during sizing.
The optimal technological parameters of preparation of dressings based on the polymer dressing material for composition. At the same time, it was found that the use of these preparations makes it possible to give the coated cotton yarn good quality and technological properties, to produce fabric on high-performance weaving equipment with a reduction in breakage by 35-40%, and an increase in productivity by 5.0-10.0%.
It is revealed that in the case of dressing cotton yarn with the developed dressing compositions, a significant reduction in starch is achieved, which indicates the feasibility of using the developed composition in economic and environmental terms

Mechanical alloying has been widely utilized to break down the clustered CNTs for incorporation in the metal matrix composites. However, the breakage of CNTs during the ball milling process degrades their effectiveness. Due to the challenges in collecting the CNTs for measurement, quantitative study of CNT breakage has been difficult. In this study, the CNTs with Al6061 powder were mechanically alloyed with high energy milling equipment. The CNTs from the surface of mechanically alloyed particles were collected and measured. Due to the difficulty in obtaining the CNTs embedded inside the particles, a mathematical model has been developed to predict the overall CNT length distribution in the composite. Significant CNT breakage occurred during the initial phase of the mechanical alloying due to the crushing of the clusters. The model predicted that no further change occurred in the overall CNT length during time greater than 1 h of mechanical alloying because most of the CNTs had already become embedded within the particles and were thus protected from further milling media impacts. A faster dispersion of CNTs and lower particle fracturing rate may help preserve the original CNTs.

Resumen: Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la inundación causada por la falla hipotética de la Presa Mulacorral, cuyo embalse está localizado en la cuenca alta del río Ambato en la cota 3831 msnm. La presa está ubicada a 42 kilómetros en dirección noroeste de la ciudad de Ambato, capital de la Provincia de Tungurahua, Ecuador. Para el análisis, se consideró una longitud de cauce de 50 kilómetros aproximadamente, desde el pie de la presa hasta los límites de la ciudad de Ambato, en el sector de la planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales. Se ejecutó 10 planes de simulación considerando: el modo de la falla de la presa (tubificación y desborde), opciones de cómputo y tolerancias del programa. Los resultados fueron verificados con ecuaciones de regresión, desarrolladas con base en antecedentes históricos. Los escenarios de rotura presentan en todos los casos niveles de agua que alcanzan la estructura de la vía Flores e infraestructura que se encuentra en las riberas del río Ambato, en un margen promedio de 100 metros. De los escenarios de rotura planteados, se destaca el modelo que utiliza la Ecuación de Froehlich (2008) para falla por desborde, ya que presenta resultados conservadores, un caudal pico máximo de 1271 m3/s y un tiempo de llegada de 2 horas con 20 minutos a la ciudad de Ambato.

Abstract: This study aims to analyze the flood caused by the hypothetical failure of the Mulacorral Dam, whose reservoir is located in the upper basin of the Ambato River at 3831 meters above sea level. The dam is located 42 kilometers northwest of Ambato city, capital of the Tungurahua Province, Ecuador. For the analysis, a length of approximately 50 kilometers was considered, from the dam foot to the limits of the Ambato city, in the wastewater treatment plant sector. Ten simulation plans were executed considering: the dam failure mode (piping and overflow), computation options and program tolerances. The results were verified with regression equations, developed based on historical background. In all cases, the failure scenarios present water levels that reach the Flores Avenue structure and infrastructure located on the banks of the Ambato River, in an average margin of 100 meters. Of the breakage scenarios proposed, the model used by the Froehlich Equation (2008) for overflow failure stands out, since it presents conservative results, a maximum peak flow of 1271 m3/s and a time of arrival of 2 hours and 20 minutes to the Ambato city.

This paper presents the results of laboratory investigations into the deformation of coal fouled ballast stabilized with geogrid at various degrees of fouling. A novel track process simulation apparatus was used to simulate realistic rail track conditions subjected to cyclic loading, and the void contamination index (VCI) was used to evaluate the level of ballast fouling. The experimental results show that coal fines act as a lubricant, causing grains of ballast to displace and rotate, and as a result, accelerate its deformation. However, coal fines also reduce ballast breakage because of a cushioning effect, that is, by reducing interparticle attrition. The inclusion of geogrid at the interface between the layer of ballast and subballast provides additional internal confinement and particle interlocking via geogrid apertures, which reduces deformation. A threshold value of VCI 5 40% is proposed to assist practitioners for conducting track maintenance. If the level of fouling exceeds this threshold, the geogrid reinforcement significantly decreases its effectiveness and the fouled ballast exhibits a premature dilation. Based on the experimental results, an equation incorporating the VCI was proposed to predict the deformation of fresh and fouled ballast. This equation improves track design and assists in favorable decision support for track maintenance. Additionally, the discrete element method (DEM) was also used to capture the deformation of fouled ballast subjected to cyclic loading, whereas the DEM results were compared with experimental observations.

This study deals with the application of tire derived aggregate (TDA) mixed with ballast material as an approach for enhancing the ballasted track performance in the presence of sand fouling. In order to assess the TDA influence on sand-fouled ballast, a series of ballast box tests was conducted on various mixtures of TDA, ballast material with AREMA 4 A gradation and the Tabas desert windy sand with particle size range of 0.075–4.75 mm. A total number of 36 cyclic uniaxial tests were performed by considering four TDA weight percentages of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% as well as three weight percentages of 0%, 50% and 100% for windy sand as the contaminant. The gradation of TDAs was similar to that of ballast particles so as not to disturb the ballast layer drainage. On the basis of the laboratory outputs, the settlement, ballast breakage and damping ratio of samples were discussed. The experimental results indicate that increasing the sand percentage decreases the damping ratio, while leading to an increase in the settlement and ballast breakage of samples. Alternatively, these parameters escalated with the increase of TDA percentage. Overall, the 5%-TDA sample was determined as the most suitable mixture in terms of breakage and stiffness, whereas the more TDAs continuously increased the damping ratio of samples. Three regression equations were also derived to evaluate these parameters as functions of the number of loading cycles, TDA and sand percentages.

A wounded city can yield both sites of affect and relic-like objects. The vestiges of Plymouth's blitzed past is inscribed within the pattern and patina of place. This inscription can become overlooked with the passage of time and the fast movement of people through cityscape. By slow looking, stretching a glance into an encounter, witness marks have opportunity to communicate and temporally suture the urban landscape.

In this paper, I unravel the terms 'decoration' and 'ornamentation' through the lens of trauma studies and present occurrences of disrepair as worthy of consideration. I put forward how damage can behave as decoration and why such illustrative terminology is empathetic to the structures decorated by it. Focusing on a selection of ceramics damaged by the aerial bombardment, I explore the ways these artefacts speak to the present through their scars and how they are mimetic of their wounded city. Through a practice-based PhD, I employ illustration as a historiographic arts practice and attempt to unlock other ways of knowing which are always already at work within a city's fragments and disregarded sites.

Making these texts was a means to practising breakage as a creative strategy. Interpretative commentary, translation, genre innovation: all three break away from an ‘original’. They perform separation in a way that discloses the inherent susceptibility of the original to breakage — Jacques Derrida already showed this many times over. But these three events also divulge separation’s generativity. Unfaithfulness: instigator of the messiest of break-ups, yet what an unreal catalyst for novelty. Where any of these instruments — commentary, translation, innovation — breaks a text open, a topos dilates. The refusal to be faithful draws up space within which more writing effloresces.

'Breaking Out' consists of two series of creative works of very different kinds, though of a piece:

1. Khorographs

Eight mixed-media prints featuring eight found poems that break up and arrange a dialogue between:

a. The English translation of Derrida’s Glas (1974; trans. 1986);

b. A selection of the critical commentary around Glas, which incessantly credits the work with achieving an absolute break with all genre traditions; and

c. The Jean Genet essay on which Glas is, in turn, a commentary, ‘What remains of a Rembrandt torn into four equal pieces and flushed down the toilet’ (1958; trans. 1985).

In the science of map-making, ‘topography’ denotes a place; ‘chorography’ denotes partial places, elements separated out from but sharing in a topos. From the plateaus, you see how crammed all topos is with a tendency to fragment into parts, and how making a whole is enabled by fragmentation. ‘Chorography’ can also slide slyly into relating to khora, i.e. vis-à-vis Plato vis-à-vis Derrida, the substance that enables all being to spring from Being. If writing has a khora — an elemental potentiality prior to all figuration — it must be breakage.

2. Rash translations

Eight narrative poems resulting from a writing strategy that tests unfaithfulness as generative conduct. Derrida’s Glas is already a columned text, but its English-language version is embedded with a further column: the translators have left a fistful of selected terms in the French, enclosing them within square brackets, as though suturing a rift that runs the page from top to bottom. What do the translators’ selections say about Glas? Do they instead say something more interesting about the translators? This was always going to be their bind: you translate and thus stray from the beloved original, or you instead refuse to be unfaithful to the French on this word and that and watch your choices run away with the interpretation that they can’t help but impose on the text.

I made up a persona to translate those French terms into story with me – a persona who, like me, spoke little French, and who would, therefore, feel licensed to more carelessly open the square brackets on facing pages 204 and 205. We made from those terms a plateau upon which to fabricate a topos and shapeshifted as required to make it right.