Biostatistical Analysis

The association of consanguinity and family history to the heart diseases, i.e. ischemic heart disease (IHD), valvular heart disease (VHD), and cardiomyopathies (CMP), has been investigated in a hospital population. The inbreeding rates among IHD patients were 58.71%, VHD 60.65% and CMP 60.60%. The coefficient of inbreeding (F) calculated for IHD, VHD, CMP and associated cardiovascular diseases (A-CVD) was 0.0313, 0.0357, 0.0269 and 0.017, respectively. The F-value for the whole sample was 0.0306. There were 156 (31.2%) families with positive family history and 344 (68.8%) were with negative family history. Relative risk for cardiovascular disease in positive family history compared to negative family history is 2.106 (CL = 1.97-2.36) and odds ratio was 3.51 (CI = 2.85-4.31). First cousins were significantly (P<0.05) affected with cardiovascular diseases compared to unrelated couples. Majority of the patients from first cousin marriages were diagnosed in the age group between 30 to 39 years (48.75%) and 60 to 69 years age group (49.45%). The study shows that consanguinity and family history are both risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and this risk is enhanced in a patient having positive family history, particularly in the case of affected first degree relatives.

To effectively employ my skills in achieving the set goals of an organization while continuously improving on my expertise to an outstanding level of efficiency and reliability to become a competent professional. Employ synergy and innovation for company superiority in market and my professional development. Education

Учебникът е разработен специално за курса по биостатистика на студенти по медицина и други медицински специалности, които изучават биостатистика. Той може да бъде използван като подходяща добавка в по-високи нива на обучение, докторанти и специализанти, както и от работещи в тази област, които трябва да научат как да ползват основни методи на биостатистиката, да разбират резултатите от използваните статистически методи в медицинската литература.
Разгледани са основни актуални теми в биостатистиката. Същността на всеки анализ е обяснена в началото на темата, следват примери за приложението му, с използване на IBM© SPSS© Statistics. Поставен е акцент върху избора на подходящ статистически метод, използван в съвременните биомедицински изследвания и съобразен с типа на наличните данни, начина на работа с IBM© SPSS© Statistics и интерпретацията на получените резултати.
Моля, ако се интересувате от учебника, пишете ми и ще Ви го изпратя. Тук съм публикувала само малка част от началото му.

Statistical Theory and Analysis in Bioassay is a seven-chapter monograph tailored essentially to meet the needs of graduate students, practitioners, and researchers in the fields of medicine, pharmacology, biosciences/life sciences, and related fields that employs the tools of biostatistics in bioassays and analysis. In this wise, we have taken time to discuss in detail relevant topics; principles, methods, and applications. Practice exercises are also included where necessary. The earlier chapters gave background information, definition of terms, purpose, types, structure, and relative potency in bioassay. An important theorem, Fieller’s theorem is proved in detail with illustrative examples. The last two chapters are on dose-response relationship, fitting in parallel-line assays and estimation. We are convinced that this monograph will meet the expectations of the readers while constructive criticisms that will improve another edition will be appreciated.

The accuracies of four alternative estimators of stochastic growth rate for salmon populations are examined using bootstrapping. The first estimator is based on a stochastic Leslie matrix model that uses age-specific spawner counts. The other three estimators use spawner counts with limited age-structure information: a Botsford–Brittnacher model method and two diffusion approximation methods, namely, the least squares approach of Dennis and the robust approach of Holmes. Accuracy of the estimators was quantified using median bias and interquartile ranges of the stochastic growth rate estimates. The Botsford–Brittnacher estimator was found to be unreliable due to large bias. Of the remaining estimators, the stochastic Leslie approach tended to produce the most reliable estimates but had the greatest data demands. With severe lognormal measurement error, the Dennis estimators produced less biased estimates than the other methods, but precision of the stochastic growth rate was general...

Truly speaking, I have been a consistent admirer of Dr. Indrayan’s books on medical biostatistics. The very basic reason being, he possesses stimulating writing skill which normally most of the Indian authors lack. Statistics is considered to be a dry subject in general and that too amongst the medical fraternity as well. But his way of writing truly dispels the perceived dryness and makes even understanding the statistical complexities, an interesting read. Dr. Indrayan being a prolific writer, understands the pulse of medical students and researchers, and is prompt in timely revising the contents by incorporating the features that tune their requirements. In this endeavour the present book (fourth edition) which is jointly authored by him and Dr. Malhotra is available to the readers with in a period of even less than five years.

Background: More than two thirds of the total population of Ethiopia is estimated to be at risk of malaria. Therefore, malaria is the leading public health problem in Ethiopia. Objective: To investigate the determinants of malaria Rapid Diagnosis Test (RDT) result and the association between socio-economic, demographic and geographic factors. Method: The study used data from household cluster malaria survey which was conducted from December 2006 to January 2007. A total of 224 clusters of about 25 households each were selected from the Amhara, Oromiya and Southern Nation Nationalities and People (SNNP) regions of Ethiopia. A multiple correspondence analysis was used to jointly analyse malaria RDT result, socio-economic, demographic and geographic factors. Results: The result from multiple correspondence analysis shows that there is association between malaria RDT result and different socio-economic, demographic and geographic variables. Conclusion: There is an indication that some s...

Validitas Konstruk Menurut Djaali dan Pudji (2008) validitas konstruk adalah validitas yang mempermasalahkan seberapa jauh item-item tes mampu mengukur apa-apa yang benar-benar hendak diukur sesuai dengan konsep khusus atau definisi konseptual yang telah ditetapkan. Menurut Sugiyono (2006) uji validitas adalah suatu langkah pengujian yang dilakukan terhadap isi (content) dari suatu instrumen, dengan tujuan untuk mengukur ketepatan instrumen yang digunakan dalam suatu penelitian Tujuan uji validitas: Mengetahui sejauh mana ketepatan dan kecermatan suatu instrumen pengukuran dalam melakukan fungsi ukurnya, agar data yang diperoleh bisa relevan/sesuai dengan tujuan diadakannya pengukuran tersebut. Suatu instrumen penelitian dikatakan valid bila koefisien korelasi Product Moment (r hitung) > nilai r-tabel (α; n atau df = n-2) n = jumlah sampel. Berikut ini data dari 10 responden yang telah mengisi kuesioner, terdiri dari 4 butir pertanyaan dan tiap butir pertanyaan mempunyai 5 pilihan jawaban (likert scale) sebagai berikut: 1=sangat tidak setuju 2=tidak setuju 3=ragu-ragu 4=setuju 5=sangat setuju

The current descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to assess participants' knowledge and their attitudes toward first aid, as well as, to find any significant relation for teachers socio-demographic characteristic with their knowledge and attitudes regarding first aid. Therefore, by using SPSS a simple random sample of thirty governmental primary schools were selected, and then 302 primary school teachers were selected randomly. The result showed that 287 (95%) of participants had total fair knowledge and only 15 (5%) of participant teachers had poor knowledge, besides no one of them had good knowledge. With regard to teachers' attitudes towards first aid, the results showed that 282 (93.4%) of the teachers commonly had a positive attitude toward first aid. With respect to the relation of participants� socio-demographic data with their knowledge levels no significant association was determined but for monthly income. The final conclusion and summary of the study showed unsatisfactory knowledge about first aid in spite of teacher retaining a good general knowledge about the goals and benefits of first aid, thus the establishment of mandatory training sessions for teachers at the beginning of each academic year is intensely recommended. It is worth mentioning, that despite the teachers' positive attitudes towards first aid, an observed weakness in their responses about attitude for medical conditions that obligates providing first aid noted, which seems due to lack of knowledge and awareness about these situations where it can be improved through first aid programs and educational sessions or at least through health bulletins.
Keywords: Knowledge, Attitudes,Primary School Teachers,First Aid.

Nowadays, Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) (Heart Attack) is ubiquitous and one of the major reasons of death worldwide. Early screening of people at risk of having IHD may lead to minimize morbidity and mortality. A simple approach is proposed in this paper to predict risk of developing heart attack using smartphone and data mining. Clinical data from 835 patients was collected, analyzed and also correlated with their risk existing clinical symptoms which may suggest underlying non detected IHD. A user friendly Android application was developed by incorporating clinical data obtained from patients who admitted with chest pain in a cardiac hospital. Upon user input of risk factors, the application categorizes the level of IHD risks of the user as high, low or medium. It was found by analyzing and correlating the data that there was a significant correlation of having an IHD and the application results in high & low, medium & low and medium & high categories; where the p values were 0.00...

A good sleep is important for all students and also for dentistry students who have a very intense course schedule. The purpose of this research study is to find relation strength between social media addiction and sleep problem of dentistry students. After delivering a detailed literature review, the authors administer a 37-item online questionnaire to dental students (N=146). This study examines social media usage statistics, digital game addiction, social media addiction, amount of sleep, sleepy in course, sleep problem and differences among gender and forms; and it presents a new model, Digital Game Addiction-Social Media Addiction-Amount of Sleep-Sleepy in Course Model (GSAS model) showing relationship between amount of sleep, sleepy in course, digital game addiction and social media addiction. Recommendations to improve quality of sleep are given by the authors. Unexpectedly, female students are found to be more socially addicted and 1 st-2 nd form (GR1) students are found to have more sleep problems than 3 rd-4 th form (GR2) students. In this research students described themselves as social media addicted, digital game addicted, alcohol addicted and tea/coffee addicted. Therefore, this study is limited with 146 students' self-evaluations. More studies related with, GSAS model is recommended.

Tissue engineering is a newly emerging biomedical technology, which aids and increases the repair and regeneration of deficient and injured tissues. It employs the principles from the fields of materials science, cell biology, transplantation, and engineering in an effort to treat or replace damaged tissues. Tissue engineering and development of complex tissues or organs, such as heart, muscle, kidney, liver, and lung, are still a distant milestone in twenty-first century. Generally, there are four main challenges in tissue engineering which need optimization. These include biomaterials, cell sources, vascularization of engineered tissues, and design of drug delivery systems. Biomaterials and cell sources should be specific for the engineering of each tissue or organ. On the other hand, angiogenesis is required not only for the treatment of a variety of ischemic conditions, but it is also a critical component of virtually all tissue-engineering strategies. Therefore, controlling the dose, location, and duration of releasing angiogenic factors via polymeric delivery systems, in order to ultimately better mimic the stem cell niche through scaffolds, will dictate the utility of a variety of biomaterials in tissue regeneration. This review focuses on the use of polymeric vehicles that are made of synthetic and/or natural biomaterials as scaffolds for three-dimensional cell cultures and for locally delivering the inductive growth factors in various formats to provide a method of controlled, localized delivery for the desired time frame and for vascularized tissue-engineering therapies.

In many applications, the underlying scientific question concerns whether the variances of k samples are equal. There are a substantial number of tests for this problem. Many of them rely on the assumption of normality and are not robust to its violation. In 1960 Professor Howard Levene proposed a new approach to this problem by applying the F-test to the absolute deviations of the observations from their group means. Levene&#39;s approach is powerful and robust to nonnormality and became a very popular tool for checking the homogeneity of variances. This paper reviews the original method proposed by Levene and subsequent robust modifications. A modification of Levene-type tests to increase their power to detect monotonic trends in variances is discussed. This procedure is useful when one is concerned with an alternative of increasing or decreasing variability, for example, increasing volatility of stocks prices or &quot;open or closed gramophones&quot; in regression residual analys...

This paper studies another generalization of the Gumbel distribution known as the Generalized Weibull-Gumbel distribution useful for modeling lifetime data. The mathematical properties of the new distribution are provided. The explicit expressions for its quantile, survival, and hazard functions were studied. Some plots of the distribution indicate that the Generalized Weibull-Gumbel distribution can take various shapes such as symmetrical, left-skewed, right-skewed etc. This fact implies that the Generalized Weibull-Gumbel distribution can be very useful for data sets under various shapes. The implications of the plots for the survival and hazard functions means that the Generalized Weibull-Gumbel distribution (GWGD) will be appropriate in modeling time or age-dependent events, where survival rate decreases with time and failure increases with time or age. The method of maximum likelihood is used for estimating the model parameters and the density function for the minimum and maximum order statistics are also derived. We finally illustrate the usefulness of the proposed model.

This work aimed to study the effects in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) of foliar applications of a novel calcium-based biostimulant (SOB01) using an omics approach involving transcriptomics and physiological profiling. A calcium-chloride fertilizer (SOB02) was used as a product reference standard. Plants were grown under well-watered (WW) and water stress (WS) conditions in a growth chamber. We firstly compared the transcriptome profile of treated and untreated tomato plants using the software RStudio. Totally, 968 and 1,657 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (adj-p-value < 0.1 and |log2(fold change)| ≥ 1) were identified after SOB01 and SOB02 leaf treatments, respectively. Expression patterns of 9 DEGs involved in nutrient metabolism and osmotic stress tolerance were validated by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) on RT-qPCR results highlighted that the gene expression profiles after SOB01 treatment in different water regimes were clustering together, suggesting that the expression pattern of the analyzed genes in well water and water stress plants was similar in the presence of SOB01 treatment. Physiological analyses demonstrated that the biostimulant application increased the photosynthetic rate and the chlorophyll content under water deficiency compared to the standard fertilizer and led to a higher yield in terms of fruit dry matter and a reduction in the number of cracked fruits. In conclusion, transcriptome and physiological profiling provided comprehensive information on the biostimulant effects highlighting that SOB01 applications improved the ability of the tomato plants to mitigate the negative effects of water stress.

Abstract- This paper applies neural networks with an incremental algorithm as a tool to select the most relevant risk factors in the breast cancer disease. The results show that the neural approach with incremental algorithm is relevant in this research field. Using a sample of 248 Tunisian patients affected by this disease, we were able to identify the optimum combination of the factors that help reach a good predictive performance of the type of malignant and benign tumors. Keywords - ANN, incremental algorithm, risk factor classification

This paper applies neural networks with an incremental algorithm as a tool to select the most relevant risk factors in the breast cancer disease. The results show that the neural approach with incremental algorithm is relevant in this research field. Using a sample of 248 Tunisian patients affected by this disease, we were able to identify the optimum combination of the factors that help reach a good predictive performance of the type of malignant and benign tumors.

La elaboración y diseño de modelos cuantitativos para el medio ambiente necesariamente toman en consideración los aspectos de la salud y del desarrollo social. Este desarrollo incluye la elaboración de modelos teóricos cuya aplicación en estos campos es importante. La aceleración de los procesos de cambio y creciente interrelación, a fin de responder a las necesidades del desarrollo de la economía y la sociedad a corto, mediano y largo plazo, suscitan un incentivo para el desarrollo de nuevos conceptos y problemáticas queconllevan la necesidad de cuantificar. Con ello se estimula constantemente el desarrollo de modelos matemáticos, aplicados oi Importante en el desarrollo de la investigación enmarcada en la RIDECA (Red Iberoamericana de Estudios Cuantitativos Aplicados) en el 2015.
En la actualidad hay una gran vinculación entre los temas de investigación que hemos estado desarrollando en el marco de esta red. La correspondencia de las investigaciones, con la proyección del desarrollo económico y social en los que se involucran los investigadores incorporados a RIDECA, tiene como pilares fundamentales, la integración, la racionalidad y el fortalecimiento de las actividades conjuntas, Estas se reflejan en este libro que es el segundo de una serie de 3. Esperamos que estos trabajos den al lector una valoración de esta cooperación, que va más allá de la organización de eventos científicos, al trascenderles con estas obras de autor. El análisis de estas contribuciones permitirá valorar lo que hemos y tendremos que avanzar en el aprendizaje, de cómo desarrollar nuestras potencialidades y colaborar en equipos interdisciplinarios. Nótese que muchos de estos trabajos incorporan a médicos, biólogos economistas, químicos además de los esperados especialistas de matemática e informática. .
Las Universidades constituyen actores fundamentales y motores principales de la labor investigativa aquí presentada.
Por otra parte, el objetivo de la cooperación ha sido el fomentar la generación, asimilación y aplicación de conocimientos y tecnologías; así como estimular y propiciar el aprendizaje y la innovación, vinculados con la problemática medio ambiental.
Los trabajos aquí presentados se enmarcan en diferentes campos

Resumen: Presentamos una revisión de las herramientas estadística más popularmente usadas en estudios de la calidad de los datos. Consideramos fundamentalmente aquellos de interés en estudios longitudinales de ECA en cáncer. Palabras Clave: Calidad de vida, ECA, estudios longitudinales Abstract: We present a review of the most popular statistical tools employed in the analysis of Data Quality in life studies. We considered mainly those of interest if ECA cancer longitudinal studies.

Proper measurement of live body weight, which often is hard in the village settings due to lack of weighing scales, is a prerequisite for achieving so many lofty goals that are always associated with either medical or economic status of the animals. Under standard conditions, properly calibrated livestock scales are the most accurate and consistent method for determining body weight. Under farm conditions however, where scales and records may be absent, it may be difficult to know the weight of sheep and goats. Procedures for estimating weight of small ruminants in such conditions include the use of weight band, visual appraisal, and use of body linear measurements among others. All these measurements give estimates of the animals’ live body weights however, it has been shown in many studies that the heart girth is the most appropriate and confident parameter in live weight estimations for sheep and goats.

Background: Media composition and growth conditions influence the culture growth thus the antibacterial performance. Antibacterial activity of culture can be increased with proper optimized media composition. The Placket-Burman design provides an efficient way of a large number of variables and identifying the most important ones. Methods: Prepared Placket-Burman Design using Minitab 14. Set 12 run as per given PB Design and put the observed result In Minitab 14. Prepared steepest ascent design using Regression equation. Prepared Central Composite Design using Design Expert version 10. Set 13 run and put the observed result in software. Result:. From PB design based on low p value run no. 6 for nitrogen source (1680AU/ml). Significant components were found to be peptone (10.9gm/L.) and yeast extract (6.5gm/L.) as nitrogen source which are giving higher antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae MTCC 535. Data validation report was obtained comprising expected optimal concentrations of required components of Formulation medium for high yield of bacteriocin. Conclusion: The components and their concentrations were found to be (gm./L.

Proper measurement of live body weight, which often is hard in the village settings due to lack of weighing scales, is a prerequisite for achieving so many lofty goals that are always associated with either medical or economic status of the animals. Under standard conditions, properly calibrated livestock scales are the most accurate and consistent method for determining body weight. Under farm conditions however, where scales and records may be absent, it may be difficult to know the weight of sheep and goats. Procedures for estimating weight of small ruminants in such conditions include the use of weight band, visual appraisal, and use of body linear measurements among others. All these measurements give estimates of the animals&#39; live body weights however, it has been shown in many studies that the heart girth is the most appropriate and confident parameter in live weight estimations for sheep and goats.

This study aimed at testing the efficacy and safety of Dacryodes edulis plant parts in diets fed to chicken. The plant has potential for use as a natural prebiotic to substitute the conventionally used antibiotic growth promoters in poultry production. Phytochemical analyses of the plant leaves, stem, and bark combination (stembark) and seed powders from the D. edu-lis were carried out. The powder from the three D. edulis plant parts were used as supplement in formulating six experimental diets tested in this study. The diets were TL 0Ed (0.5% leaves powder), TL 1Ed (1.0% leaves powder), TB 0Ed (0.5% stem-bark powder), TB 1Ed (1.0% stembark powder), TS 0Ed (0.5% seeds powder), and TS 1Ed (1.0% seeds powder). Besides, a positive (T + positive control; 0.5-g oxytetracycline as recommended by the manufacturer) and a negative (T-negative control ; having no commercial antibiotic and no plant supplement) diets were prepared for comparison purposes. The diets were fed to a total of 288 dual-purpose chicken for a period of 14 weeks. The chicken growth and body composition characteristics, blood chemistry, and micro-biota count were collected and used as indicators of the plant parts efficacy and safety. The analysis of the D. edulis plant parts significantly differed (P ≤ 0.05) in their phytochemical contents. The initial body weight and feed conversion efficiency ratios were not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) between and among treatment groups. However, significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were detected in the feed intake and body weight gain at eighth week. Live weight at eighth week was significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) with its values ranging between 503.32 and 614.93 g for treatments TL 1Ed and T Neg-, respectively. The dietary treatment of D. edulis leaves, stembark, and seed powder at the two inclusion levels significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased the colonies forming unit of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. as compared with negative control treatment in the eighth week phase. The level of glucose, total cholesterol, triglycer-ides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, and the packed cell volume did not differ significantly (P ≥ 0.05) between and among dietary D. edulis treatments. The findings from this research provide crucial information on the efficacy and safety of D. edu-lis plant parts. This is an important step in testing the potential of the plant in use as a prebiotic in chicken feeds production.

Background/purpose: One of the most common childhood diseases is Urinary Tract Infection (UTI). Without diagnosis and treatment, it can cause irreparable effects. Escherichia coli cause UTI in 75% of cases. Unlike diarrheagenic E. coli has certain pathotypes, E. coli causing UTI, are not well known. For further information, we considered pathogenicity determinants and epidemiology of uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strains isolated from children with Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) to define distinct pathotypes.

Methods: One hundred E. coli strains (50 UPEC and 50 commensal) isolated from children with UTI were examined. Some virulence factors and specific genes were examined by PCR method. Genetic diversity was evaluated by phylogenetic typing groups.

Results: Some pathogenicity determinants were more prevalent in UPEC strains rather than commensal E. coli strains, significantly. There were PAI IICFT073, PAI II J96, PAI I536, PAI ICFT073, PAIII536, PAI IV, gafD, focG, vat, usp, hlyD, sat, cnf1, picU, fliC(H7), kpsMTII, kpsMTIII. UPEC were mainly found in phylogenetic typing groups B2 and D, while in commensal isolates, phylogenetic groups A and D were the most common.

Conclusion: We need a simple pathotypes screening test which can be used either as or could be beneficial to facilitate along with other experiments in establishing an UTI assessment. Unfortunately, due to the high variation in pathogenicity determinants of UPEC strains, pathotypes could not be determined using genotype and virulence factors. Knowledge of the molecular details of UPEC is mainstay of successful strategies development for treatment of UTI and prevention of its subsequent complications.

The paper reports a gene-based analysis of genetic association with high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Low HDL is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in the general population. The two objectives of the study are: (1) gene-based testing using multiple linear regression of multiple SNPs in a gene and (2) assessing the full multiple regression model using variance inflation factor (VIF) and ridge regression. The gene of interest in this analysis is the CETP gene because it has a known association with HDL in the general population, and has been reported in previous analysis of the type 1 diabetes population (Teslovich et al., 2010; Yoo et al., 2017).  When SNPs within a gene are correlated, multiple linear regression may suffer from multicollinearity. To assess multicollinearity, VIFs were calculated for each SNP, and the SNPs that had large VIFs were removed from the full model that included all SNPs of CETP as the covariates. Ridge regression is another method for assessing multicollinearity, which penalizes the correlated SNPs in the gene. By using cross-validation in R, we found the tuning parameter lambda with the minimized mean squared error (MSE). For VIF, the global hypothesis tests of association in the full and reduced models for CETP are not very different and inference from the full model (i.e. the global test) appears to be unaffected by the level of multicollinearity among the SNPs in CETP. For ridge regression, the lambda with the minimized MSE had approximately the same MSE as the full model, which implies that the full model was unaffected by multicollinearity.

The study was conducted at ART centre of Susheela Tiwari Hospital, Haldwani, Uttarakhand. The data for the study was collected by personal interview. The impact of nutrition education was assessed by pretested questionnaire before and after imparting nutrition education. The study revealed that majority of the subjects was in the age group 18-60 years. A 10.92 per cent subjects were graduates. The per capita income per month of the subjects was Rs.2125±1512. A significant (p< 0.05) improvement in KAP scores was observed in experimental group subjects while no improvement was seen in the subjects of control group. Gain in KAP scores for knowledge, attitude and practices was 4.89, 3.17 and 1.21, respectively in experimental group while in control group, gain in KAP scores was -0.28, 0.3 and 0.12 for knowledge, attitude and practices, respectively. The differences in gain of KAP scores between control and experimental group was comparable at the baseline but a significant (P<0.05) improvement was seen in case of experimental group after six months. The quantum of improvement in knowledge, attitude and practices was 1.71, 1.08 and 1.20 times, respectively which signified that nutrition education imparted to experimental group resulted in significant (P<0.05) improvement in KAP.