Bio Mechanics

History shows that ferry and RoPax collisions with tankers can be devastating for human life. This paper follows up such scenario to study rational increase of safety of tanker structures. Through the coupling of multi-objective structural optimization and crashworthiness analysis, a conventional tanker structure is optimized for higher collision tolerance, accounting also for the hull mass, so that the increase in safety is rational. Two new concepts are proposed for this task: a crash simulations approach utilizing coarse FE mesh to reduce the simulation’s calculation time and a two-stage optimization approach which seeks to minimize the number of collision simulations and thus reduce the overall optimization time. Combining the results with the state-of-the-art knowledge, new reasoning about crashworthiness of tanker structures is realized.

In the present work, irregular complex joints of the human arm are modelled in the computer aided design environment. Accurately the geometric models of the joints and surrounding bony regions are developed from computed tomography data set and the range of movements are analysed. In this present work, biological joints are approximated into the mechanical joint without losing any kinematic behaviour and degrees of freedom. Then the analysis is done to determine the importance of joint geometries with different loading and boundary conditions. The present study helps to predict the behavior of joint configuration in the design stage. 1. INTRODUCTION Human arm is a structure that can perform numerous operations without any complexity. Researchers across the globe are studying the best possible methods to mimic it. The full resemblance of the human arm development is still a daunting challenge. Human arm properties, load carrying capacity and stresses is too studied for various purposes. It can be applied to the design of the prosthesis and surgical simulation. Mechanics related to biology, uses the principles of mechanics for solving problems associated with the structure and function of living organisms. It is the science that deals with forces and their effects, applied to biological systems. In order to design and develop the biomimetic human arm, the study of the mechanics of the human arm is important. Advantages and limitations of primary imaging modalities that make use of in different applications include, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical microscopy, micro CT, etc. described [1]. The kinematics and dynamics of the human arm and to provide the engineering specification to facilitate the design of a seven degree of freedom powered exoskeleton. The results indicate that the various joint kinematics and dynamics change significantly based on the nature of the task [2]. Flexion/extension and pronation/supination moment arms of the brachioradialis, biceps, brachialis, pronator teres, and triceps were calculated from measurements of tendon displacement and joint angle in two anatomic specimens and were estimated using a computer model of the elbow joint [3]. A computer modelling technique for predicting passive elbow flexion, extension range of motion based on impingement of bony geometry [5]. Computational model of the elbow and forearm behavior was dictated to develop and validate [6]. The kinematics and morphological data used to produce the 3D animated models from the experimental data [7]. Mechanical behavior of 42 fresh human cadaver lumbar motion segments in flexion, extension, lateral bending and torsion is examined for different loading conditions [4]. In the present work, irregular complex three dimensional human arm is modeled using the CAD software's, the biological joint were approximated into the mechanical joint without losing any kinematic behaviour and DOF.

By employing the concept of "Reversible Switching Surfaces" (RSS), we demonstrate that it is possible to stabilize unstable periodic orbits of a push-off based dynamic walker. The concept is implemented by a simple event-based control which kinematically controls the foot during the swing phase to adjust the heel-strike. The feedback controller is designed based on the theory of Virtual Holonomic Constraints (VHC). Simulation results demonstrate, there exists a broad range of VHC which satisfies stable dynamic walking.

https://www.ijert.org/ir-based-haemoglobin-measurement-using-non-invasive-technique-and-its-classification

https://www.ijert.org/research/ir-based-haemoglobin-measurement-using-non-invasive-technique-and-its-classification-IJERTV9IS060429.pdf

Hemoglobin is the protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. Haemoglobin consist of four protein molecules (globulin chains) that are linked together. The normal adult haemoglobin (Hbg) molecule contains two alpha-globulin chains and two beta-globulin chains. Invasive method comprises of physical examination and credentialises the colour of a drop of blood on filter paper to a standardized colour comparison chart[3]. Here is an attempt to design a system for non-invasive haemoglobin monitoring and classification. A non invasive haemoglobin monitoring using infrared is showcased. It includes near infrared radiation on a index finger of your hand and sensing the resultant radiation after absorbance by haemoglobin. The haemoglobin count is measured across to the voltage level through a chain of observations and results are obtained .The results are further used for analysing the various haemoglobin related diseases prevalent in women[3].

The development of alternative vehicle were continued by designing hybrid vehicle that using compressed air and electrical propulsion. This compressed air propulsion on the rear wheels and two electric motor as a front wheel drive (FWD) were installed independently, where left and right can rotate with different speeds and direction. Independent FWD could be a problem when two wheels has a different rotation. The first experiment was tested by measuring the rotation per minute (RPM) on each wheel. Measurement were performed by varying the position of the throttle pedal. The result of measurements on both wheels rotating speed showed a difference of 1 %. The second test was to compare the space requirement, which derived from the function of cornering radius. Space requirement for inactive vehicle cornering system is 4.52 meters and 3.39 meters when system is active.