Binder

Waste agricultural biomass (corn cobs) was carbonized in a metal kiln, 90cm in height and 60cm diameter. Four different briquette charcoal grades were produced using locally sourced tapioca starch as binder at concentrations of 6.0, 10.0, 14.0 and 19.0 % w/w. Characterization test was carried out for the charcoal briquettes. The fixed carbon content of the briquette grades is 72.776, 73.958, 78.794, 81.884% w/w respectively. Similarly, the ash content for the briquette grades is 21.38, 20.70, 14.24 and 11.49 % w/w respectively. The bulk density is 425.6, 425.7, 425.0 and 358.3 kg/m 3 respectively and the moisture content is 5.88, 5.34, 6.99 and 6.63 % w/w respectively. The properties of the produced briquette charcoal were compared with that of sugarcane bagasse and wood charcoal. The briquette charcoal was found to be a better fuel when compared to both sugarcane bagasse and wood charcoal, having a highest fixed carbon content and highest bulk density. The corn cobs briquettes have lower moisture content compared to sugarcane bagasse however has higher moisture content than wood charcoal. In addition, the sugarcane bagasse and wood charcoal were found to have lower ash content (4.33 % and 9.80% respectively) compared to all the five charcoal grades produced. The briquette charcoal has a mean calorific value of 32.4 MJ/kg which is significantly higher than that of both bagasse at 23.4 MJ/kg and wood charcoal at 8.27MJ/kg.

Natural waste has been used to produce fillers and fibers, including palm kernel shell and fiber, groundnut shell, maize husk, rice straw and husk, jute, coconut shell, cotton, and cellulose. This review work seeks to explore research using combinations of fillers and fibers at different ratios with a view to further studying their effects on brake pad properties using various mixtures for the production. The influence of different binders such as phenolic resin, epoxy resin and others were also investigated. Composite materials from fiber and fillers have been seen to improve composite mechanical properties, reduce costs and increase impact strength. The choice of fiber, filler, binder, particle size and composition play important responsibility in the composite of the brake pad performance. In order to obtain better physical properties, palm kernel fiber and coconut fiber brake pads were studied and the composition percentage was optimized.

In this study crocking fastness of pigment printed fabric was improved by the application of synthetic pigment printing thickener EM-PTE (Anionic acrylic polymer).Moreover different percentage of binder with different viscosity of printing paste was taken into consideration. In addition to effect of curing time on K/S, impact of thickeners viscosity on wicking, effects of thickeners viscosity and binder concentration on crocking fastness was investigated. Through analysis K/S values of printed fabric were decreased with increasingcuring time of pigment printing. Moreover thickener viscosity (2%) gave good crocking effect on pigment printed fabric .Furthermore binder concentration of 15% showed optimum results of crocking fastness on pigment printed fabric.

In this study, the co-briquetting of coal fines saw dust and molasses as a binder is explored as an option for value addition of the wastes generated in the various industries. The effect of the saw dust concentration and the molasses concentration was investigated through measuring the briquette's calorific value, fixed carbon, com-pressive strength and shatter index. Addition of Ca(OH) 2 was done to effect removal of sulphur from the bri-quette. Measurements of the briquettes physicochemical properties such as moisture content, ash content and sulphur content were measured using the standard methods. As the saw dust and the molasses concentration increased, the calorific value, fixed carbon and compressive strength increased by 16%, 8% and 50% respectively. Whereas, the shatter index decreased by 146% as the saw dust and the molasses concentration increased in relation to the coal fines. Addition of the saw dust and the molasses are therefore critical in the production of a high quality coal-saw dust-molasses briquette which does not shatter.

Briquetting technology is one of the renewable sources of energy that was developed to address problems concerning global warming, energy catastrophe, as well as solid waste management. Nigeria has abundant supplies of biomass resources and unrestricted solid waste, whose potentials are yet to be fully tapped for energy generation. It is, therefore, necessary to convert these waste into a product that will provide alternative energy to the people rather than constituting environmental problems. The study was undertaken to develop of hyacinth briquette machine and examine the properties of fuel briquettes produced from a mixture of waste paper (WP) and water hyacinth plant (WHP) using corn and cassava starch as a binder. WP from the academic environment and WHP harvested from the surface of fresh waters were used. Briquette machine was designed using a screw type extruder to convert the processed WHP and WP into solid briquette for domestic consumption. Samples of WHP was harvested, ground, dried and mixed with WP. The mixture was poured into a hopper. The physical and combustion properties of the briquette were determined at varying WHP and WP-binder ratios of 100:10, 100:15, 100:25, 100:30 and 100:45, 100:55 using corn starch as the binding agent. It was discovered that the binder ratio 100:25 demonstrated the most affirmative value of biomass energy than others. It was also observed that the cooking time for the briquette produced using WHP and WP was 40min/kg with SFC of 0.4kg/kg. The designed machine has production efficiency of 84% and also produced smoke-free WH briquettes with high resistance to mechanical action, better handling and efficient fuel characteristics for household use.

Natural waste has been used to produce fillers and fibers, including palm kernel shell and fiber, groundnut shell, maize husk, rice straw and husk, jute, coconut shell, cotton, and cellulose. This review work seeks to explore research using combinations of fillers and fibers at different ratios with a view to further studying their effects on brake pad properties using various mixtures for the production. The influence of different binders such as phenolic resin, epoxy resin and others were also investigated. Composite materials from fiber and fillers have been seen to improve composite mechanical properties, reduce costs and increase impact strength. The choice of fiber, filler, binder, particle size and composition play important responsibility in the composite of the brake pad performance. In order to obtain better physical properties, palm kernel fiber and coconut fiber brake pads were studied and the composition percentage was optimized.

A field model study has been carried out to stabilise peat soil using various types of binder by deep mixing method and to investigate its effect on engineering properties. Some soil-cement model columns have been constructed at site and different mechanical properties of stabilised peat, like undrained shear strength, unconfined compressive strength and shear strength was determined after 14 days of curing time. Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) test were also conducted to observe the microstructure of stabilised peat soil. From the test result it was observed that the engineering properties of peat soil can be improved by stabilisation using additives. © 2008 ejge.

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We conducted an identification of a substance isolated from a T-shaped ornamental element excavated from a Globular Amphora Culture tomb at the Kowal 14 archaeological site in Poland. 14C dating indicated 4105 ± 35 bp (POZ-21912) and 3990 ± 50 bp (POZ-21910). Analytical methods such as SEM–EDS, XRD and FT–IR were applied to study the origin of its structure. The results of instrumental analysis and the archaeological context indicate that the adhesive substance investigated consists mainly of calcium carbonate (calcite, 78–88%), silica dioxide (quartz), sodium aluminium silicate (albite) and potassium aluminium silicate (microcline). The material might be a man-made, mineral adhesive, a kind of lime mortar. The object is considered as the oldest European finding of this type outside the Mediterranean Basin. It provides evidence for the use of the lime calcination process in Central Europe as early as in the Late Neolithic, for which there were—up to now—no convincing premises.

ABSTRACT We conducted an identification of a substance isolated from a T-shaped ornamental element excavated from a Globular Amphora Culture tomb at the Kowal 14 archaeological site in Poland. 14C dating indicated 4105 ± 35 bp (POZ-21912) and 3990 ± 50 bp (POZ-21910). Analytical methods such as SEM–EDS, XRD and FT–IR were applied to study the origin of its structure. The results of instrumental analysis and the archaeological context indicate that the adhesive substance investigated consists mainly of calcium carbonate (calcite, 78–88%), silica dioxide (quartz), sodium aluminium silicate (albite) and potassium aluminium silicate (microcline). The material might be a man-made, mineral adhesive, a kind of lime mortar. The object is considered as the oldest European finding of this type outside the Mediterranean Basin. It provides evidence for the use of the lime calcination process in Central Europe as early as in the Late Neolithic, for which there were—up to now—no convincing premises.

Today it is generally recognized that the use of mineral fillers is one of significant reserves to enhance the efficiency of binders in cost as well as to improve the technical properties of cement composites. Mineral filler corresponding to the Portland cement fineness often replaces part of Portland cement. This technique allows saving Portland cement without reducing significantly the concrete strength. The ability to obtain ultra-fine mineral fillers from industrial by-products with high specific surface area appears with grinding technology development. Two types of ultra-fine ground granulated blast furnace slag with average grain size equal to 4.5 µm were obtained using modern grinding equipment such as centrifugal-elliptical mill and centrifugal dynamic classifier. Water-reducing effects of superplasticizer in Portland cement-slag compositions depending on types, quantity and fineness of slags as well as depending on С 3 А and R 2 О amounts in Portland cement clinker were studied. The results of reduction of binder amount per 1 kg of superplasticizer are presented and analyzed.

Geopolymers are composite hard materials made by mixing binders, such as fly ash and slags, and activators, such as NaOH and sodium silicate. The chemical mechanism for hardening composite materials, aluminosilicate binders, with alkaline activators is known as a geopolymer reaction. Geopolymers have recently been developed to be used as a replacement for Portland cement concrete. Industrial by-products such as fly ash, steel making slags, and garbage melting furnace slags can be made into geopolymers in a process that emits less carbon dioxide than in the cement making process. This reduction in CO2 emission is important because CO2 is one of the substances known to contribute to global warming. In the future, further uses of these fly ash and slags must be explored. The development of high compressive strength geopolymers using fly ash and slags will strongly contribute to the fields of construction, geotechnical engineering, and architecture. So far, ground blast furnace slag has yielded the highest compressive strength geopolymer among various kind of binders such as fly ash, ground stainless steel-making slag, and garbage melting furnace slags. A potential use for the poor binders, yielding low compressive strength geopolymers, is to combine it with a richer binder to create stronger products. This paper examines the characteristics for improvement of compressive strength of geopolymers for the binders in various mixture ratios of poor binders and the ground blast furnace slag.

The article is devoted to a relevant problem of the production of composite
structures, namely finding ways to reduce the duration of fibrous filler impregnation
in the technological process of forming, one of which is increasing the shear rate
when moving the binder in the intrafibrous space of the construction wall.
The aim of this work is to study mechanisms of the shear rate influence on the
binder viscosity. During the study the methods of mathematical modeling of viscous
fluid shearing movement with the subsequent experimental adjustment of models were
used.
By the example of polymethylphenylsiloxane the nature of change of viscosity
dependence on shear rate at different content of solid particles of filler in viscous
liquid was analyzed. The obtained mathematical models explain the effects of the
formation of clusters under the close interaction forces between the liquid molecules
and filler particles on the rheological properties of viscous fluids. Cluster size limits
the thermal oscillation of cluster elements and their rotation when shift rates are
available.
It was found that power dependence between viscosity and shear rate provides
minimum energy consumption. Experimental data processing showed that the power
exponent value increases as the volume fraction of the filler changes. Analysis of
experimental data has shown that the mathematical expression for viscosity
description has invariant and variant parts. The first one characterizes the
reversibility of viscosity changes with shear rate increasing and decreasing. The
second part, depending on the derivative sign of the time shear rate will have a
different value.

BSTRACT
Natural waste has been used to produce fillers and fibers, including palm kernel
shell and fiber, groundnut shell, maize husk, rice straw and husk, jute, coconut shell,
cotton, and cellulose. This review work seeks to explore research using combinations
of fillers and fibers at different ratios with a view to further studying their effects on
brake pad properties using various mixtures for the production. The influence of
different binders such as phenolic resin, epoxy resin and others were also
investigated

ABSTRACT The green density and flexural strength of dry pressed alumina compacts fabricated using sucrose binder (0.6-10.8 wt%) was studied as a function of particle size of alumina powder and moisture content. An optimum binder content (7.2 and 8.4 wt% for fine and coarse alumina, respectively) was established in terms of achieving maximum green density and strength in the pressed compact. Maximum achievable green density of dried samples was 63% and 60% for fine and coarse alumina, respectively. The corresponding maximum strength was 12.5 and 7.52 MPa. Observed results have been co-related with the microstructure of green samples. Samples with sucrose content 3.6 wt% and above were strong enough for green machining. The high green strength of samples could be co-related to plasticizing effect of binder solution leading to maximum particle packing and binder-ceramic interaction, as was revealed by IR study. Samples with optimum sucrose content exhibited minimum porosity (5% and 18% for fine and coarse alumina respectively) after firing.

Waste agricultural biomass (corn cobs) was carbonized in a metal kiln, 90cm in height and 60cm diameter. Four different briquette charcoal grades were produced using locally sourced tapioca starch as binder at concentrations of 6.0, 10.0, 14.0 and 19.0 % w/w. Characterization test was carried out for the charcoal briquettes. The fixed carbon content of the briquette grades is 72.776, 73.958, 78.794, 81.884% w/w respectively. Similarly, the ash content for the briquette grades is 21.38, 20.70, 14.24 and 11.49 % w/w respectively. The bulk density is 425.6, 425.7, 425.0 and 358.3 kg/m 3 respectively and the moisture content is 5.88, 5.34, 6.99 and 6.63 % w/w respectively. The properties of the produced briquette charcoal were compared with that of sugarcane bagasse and wood charcoal. The briquette charcoal was found to be a better fuel when compared to both sugarcane bagasse and wood charcoal, having a highest fixed carbon content and highest bulk density. The corn cobs briquettes have...

Uranium dioxide-gadolinium oxide fuel was produced by the sol-gel technique. The effects of different parameters such as calcination and reduction temperature, compaction pressure, particle size of powder, type of binder, sintering temperature, sintering atmosphere, and duration of sintering on pore size distribution were investigated. The experiments were carried out on three different fuels, (a) pure urania, (b) urania-gadolinia (10%), and (c) urania-gadolinia (10%)-titania (0.1%) doped fuel. It was observed that compaction pressure as low as 200 MPa is sufficient to obtain high-density pellets, while the use of binder or grinding the powder below 400 mesh does not affect densities. Reduction of powder at 1,000 K always gives lower density fuels than the powder reduced at 873 K. Sintering at high temperature and the use of a wet atmosphere each independently increases the fuel density.