Bead

Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) is a common arc welding process which is used to join thick and heavy sections. The basic characteristics of this process are high deposition rate, ability to weld thick sections with ease and longer weld runs. The study of weld bead geometry is important, as it determine the stress carrying capacity of a weld. For the same reason, this paper highlights the analysis and study of process parameters: arc Voltage, welding current, travel speed and electrode extension, on the bead geometry response such as, bead height, bead width and bead penetration. Design Expert 8.0 with 4 factors, 5 levels, rotatable Central Composite Design. was used to develop relationship for predicting weld bead geometry, which enables to quantify the direct and interaction effects. Mathematical models prepared for the submerged arc welding of 16mm thick mild steel by using response surface methodology which co relate the process variables with the bead geometry characteristics then ...

Studies of Iron Age artefacts from Britain tend to be dominated either by the study of metalwork, or pottery. This thesis presents a study not only of a different material, but also a different type of object: glass beads. These are found in a range of different sizes, shapes, colours, and employ a variety of different decorative motifs. Thus far, glass beads have been studied through typology (Guido 1978a) and compositional analysis (Bertini 2012; Henderson 1982), yet a thorough analysis of the social context of glass beads remains absent.

Through an analysis of glass beads from four key study regions in Britain, this thesis aims not only to address regional differences in appearance and chronology, but also to explore the role that this object played within the networks and relationships that constructed Iron Age society. It seeks to understand how they were used during their lives and how they came to be deposited within the archaeological record, in order to establish the social processes that glass beads were bound within.

The results indicate that glass beads were a strongly regionalised artefact, potentially reflecting differing local preferences for colour and motif. In addition, glass beads, in combination with several other types of object, were integral to Middle Iron Age dress. Given that the first century BC is often seen as a turning point in terms of settlements and material culture, this supports the possibility of strong continental exchange during an earlier period for either glass beads or raw materials. However, by the Late Iron Age in the first century BC and early first century AD, their use had severely diminished.

The beginnings of extractive metallurgy in Eurasia are contentious. The first cast copper objects in this region emerge c. 7000 years ago, and their production has been tentatively linked to centres in the Near East. This assumption, however, is not substantiated by evidence for copper smelting in those centres. Here, we present results from recent excavations from Belovode, a Vinča culture site in Eastern Serbia, which has provided the earliest direct evidence for copper smelting to date. The earliest copper smelting activities there took place c. 7000 years ago, contemporary with the emergence of the first cast copper objects. Through optical, chemical and provenance analyses of copper slag, minerals, ores and artefacts, we demonstrate the presence of an established metallurgical technology during this period, exploiting multiple sources for raw materials. These results extend the known record of copper smelting by more than half a millennium, with substantial implications. Extractive metallurgy occurs at a location far away from the Near East, challenging the traditional model of a single origin of metallurgy and reviving the possibility of multiple, independent inventions.

Archaeological application of scanning electron microscopy has been used on lithic analysis to identify and examine use wear. For organic beads, contributions to shell bead analysis has recently benefitted from scanning electron microscopy or SEM (d’Errico et al. 2009). On the other hand, Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy has been used to analyze residues from organic artifacts (Pyatt 2010). It is clear that technological advances on microscopy have been beneficial towards archaeology. Moreover, this paper demonstrates how SEM and EDS can aid in bead analysis. This paper uses SEM to analyze Microperforated Cut Shell Beads (MCSB) in a ground breaking analysis that reconstructs its manufacturing process based only on the final form of the artifact and surviving traces from the production process. The two main tools for analysis are SEM and EDS that is supported by optical microscopy, experimental archaeology and morphological analysis. The results of the analysis demonstrates how limitations of taphonomy, recovery and context can be surpassed using a multi-level analysis, including SEM and EDS.

... 211. 212 Ian С. Glover & Bérénice Bellina. References Adhyatman, S. and R. Arifin, ed. 1 993 Manik-Manik di Indonesia. ... 3rd century BC to 13th century CE". In A. Srisuchat (ed), Ancient Trade and Cultural Contacts in Southeast Asia. Bangkok, pp. 161-180. ...

The author shows how technical studies of beads made of agate and carnelian are informative indicators of social conditions and contacts between regions. The beads in question throw new light on the relations between India and South-east Asia in the first millennium BC.

This paper presents a preliminary study testing whether beads can be effectively used as marker of cultural variability among the late Neolithic coastal communities of the Oman Peninsula. Stylistic, morphometric, and technological analysis identified intra- and inter-site variability in terms of shape, raw material, and size of the beads. The study of beads and bead making in the Neolithic coastal communities of Oman therefore testifies to the presence of rich patterns that can be used to infer diversity in productive and stylistic choices through time and space, as well as the complex dynamics of human interaction, knowledge exchange, and trade of goods.

This paper presents a preliminary study testing whether beads can be effectively used as marker of cultural variability among the late Neolithic coastal communities of the Oman Peninsula. Stylistic, morphometric, and technological analysis identified intra- and inter-site variability in terms of shape, raw material, and size of the beads. The study of beads and bead making in the Neolithic coastal communities of Oman therefore testifies to the presence of rich patterns that can be used to infer diversity in productive and stylistic choices through time and space, as well as the complex dynamics of human interaction, knowledge exchange, and trade of goods.

This paper reviews the use of ostrich eggshell as a material for the creation of disc beads in pre-History, focusing on the Pleistocene. Their production is considered in the light of detailed replication experiments, which have led to insights regarding the cognitive abilities of the earliest known bead producers and users.

The metallurgical analysis of a copper bead from a Neolithic burial (6th millennium ) at Mehrgarh, Pakistan, allowed the recovery of several threads, preserved by mineralization. They were characterized according to new procedure, combining the use of a reflected-light ...

Cet article présente une reconstitution des techniques employées par les fabricant de perles de Mehrgarh(Pakistan) au 5 e millénaire av. J.-C. pour la production de perles discoïdes en stéatite. La matière première a été identifiée par microscopie électronique à balayage ...