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Ana makaleİstanbul, tarihi Neolitik Çağ’a kadar uzanan ve kuruluşundan günümüze kadar farklı kültürlerin, dinlerin, yöneticilerin etkisi ile şekillenmiş bir kenttir. İstanbul’un günümüze ulaşan tarihi ana arterleri Bizans İmparatoru I. Constantinus döneminde kurgulanmıştır. Bu arterlerden biri Mese’nin Haliç’e bakan yerleşim alanına bağlantısı olan Fevzipaşa Caddesi’dir. Tarihi süreçte kuzeybatı Mese / Divanyolu’nun Fatih – Edirnekapı aksında bulunan Fatih Fevzipaşa Caddesi, Cumhuriyet döneminde İstanbul’da açılan ilk caddelerden biridir. Cadde, Menderes Dönemi imar hareketleri sırasında genişletilmiş ve diğer caddelerle birlikte önemli arterlerden biri olarak kentteki yerini almıştır.İstanbul is a city dating from the Neolithic Era and has been shaped by the influence of different cultures, religions and administrators from its foundation. The historic main arteries of Istanbul that reached today, were constructed during the region of the Byzantine Emperor Constantinus I. One of th...

The comparative vertebral morphology of different chamaeleonid genera has been generally neglected and some aspects such as the comparative anatomy of the neck region remain poorly known. The atlas and axis of all chamaeleonid genera (Brookesia, Rieppeleon, Archaius, Rhampholeon, Nadzikambia, Bradypodion, Chamaeleo, Calumma, Furcifer, Kinyongia, and Trioceros) are studied here. Considerable morphological differences are revealed. Additionally, some taxa exhibit sexual dimorphism in the atlas and axis. An extremely long, divided posterodorsal process is present in males of the Trioceros johnstoni + Trioceros jacksonii clade. The solid and well-developed morphology of the posterodorsal process in males of this taxon could reflect its competitive behavior-males fight with their horns and attempt to dislodge one another from branches during encounters. An additional area of insertion for the cervical musculature may indicate an incremental cervical musculature mass and cross sectional a...

The object of this study was to assess a multiinstitutional experience with pediatric occipitocervical constructs to determine whether a difference exists between the fusion and complication rates of constructs with or without direct C-1 instrumentation. Seventy-seven cases of occiput-C2 instrumentation and fusion, performed at 9 children's hospitals, were retrospectively analyzed. Entry criteria included atlantooccipital instability with or without atlantoaxial instability. Any case involving subaxial instability was excluded. Constructs were divided into 3 groups based on the characteristics of the anchoring spinal instrumentation: Group 1, C-2 instrumentation; Group 2, C-1 and C-2 instrumentation without transarticular screw (TAS) placement; and Group 3, any TAS placement. Groups were compared based on rates of fusion and perioperative complications. Group 1 consisted of 16 patients (20.8%) and had a 100% rate of radiographically demonstrated fusion. Group 2 included 22 patie...

The paper contains some field data from the Oraons and attempts at the formalization of lineage relations. The purpose of the study simply wants to draw an abstract parallel between lineage relations and straight line geometry. There are sporadic references to Western scholars, including Harary and White’s “parental graph” and W.H.R. River’s “genealogical method”.  The study derives from “physics” and applies them to the anthropology of kinship for reasons that “Physics is the study of matter, energy and motion. For the reason in kinship by inheritance system like descent everything is transmitted. The word “Everything” means mass, matter and energy. Like culture trait, property is the examples. The present paper also exerts the concept of Straight line social anthropology.

Long-term data on infection risk in axial SpA (axSpA) are sparse. TNF inhibitors (TNFis) are increasingly being used in axSpA, with infection being the most important adverse event. We aimed to investigate the frequency of infections in axSpA and to identify factors predisposing to infection. Data were extracted from a longitudinal observational cohort of patients with axSpA. Infection rates were calculated and multivariate analysis was performed to investigate the association of independent variables with infection. Data were analysed for 440 patients followed for a total of 1712 patient-years (pys). A total of 259 infections, of which 23 were serious, were recorded in 185 patients. The overall rate of any infection was 15 (95% CI 13, 17)/100 pys and the serious infection rate was 1.3 (95% CI 0.9, 2.0)/100 pys. There was no significant difference in the rate of any infection or serious infection in patients on TNFis compared with patients never on biologic agents. In the multivaria...

ObjectiveMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly used for the diagnosis of axial spondylarthritis (SpA), but it is unknown whether characteristic lesions are actually specific for SpA. This study was undertaken to compare MRI patterns of disease in active SpA, degenerative arthritis (DA), and malignancy.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly used for the diagnosis of axial spondylarthritis (SpA), but it is unknown whether characteristic lesions are actually specific for SpA. This study was undertaken to compare MRI patterns of disease in active SpA, degenerative arthritis (DA), and malignancy.MethodsFat-suppressed MRI of the axial skeleton was performed on 174 patients with back pain and 11 control subjects. Lesions detected by MRI, including Romanus lesions (RLs) and end-plate, diffuse vertebral body, posterior element, and spinous process bone marrow edema (BME) lesions, were scored in a blinded manner. An imaging diagnosis was given based on MRI findings alone, and this was compared with the gold-standard treating physician's diagnosis.Fat-suppressed MRI of the axial skeleton was performed on 174 patients with back pain and 11 control subjects. Lesions detected by MRI, including Romanus lesions (RLs) and end-plate, diffuse vertebral body, posterior element, and spinous process bone marrow edema (BME) lesions, were scored in a blinded manner. An imaging diagnosis was given based on MRI findings alone, and this was compared with the gold-standard treating physician's diagnosis.ResultsThe physician diagnosis was SpA in 64 subjects, DA in 45 subjects, malignancy in 45 subjects, other diagnoses in 20 subjects, and normal in 11 subjects. There was 72% agreement between the imaging diagnosis and physician diagnosis. End-plate edema, degenerative discs, and RLs were frequently observed in patients with any of the 3 major diagnoses. Single RLs were of low diagnostic utility for SpA, but ≥3 RLs (likelihood ratio [LR] 12.4) and severe RLs (LR infinite) in younger subjects were highly diagnostic of SpA. Posterior element BME lesions of mild or moderate grade were also highly diagnostic of SpA (LR 14.5). The most common diagnostic confusion was between SpA and DA, since both had RLs present and the presence/absence of degenerative discs did not change the diagnostic assessment.The physician diagnosis was SpA in 64 subjects, DA in 45 subjects, malignancy in 45 subjects, other diagnoses in 20 subjects, and normal in 11 subjects. There was 72% agreement between the imaging diagnosis and physician diagnosis. End-plate edema, degenerative discs, and RLs were frequently observed in patients with any of the 3 major diagnoses. Single RLs were of low diagnostic utility for SpA, but ≥3 RLs (likelihood ratio [LR] 12.4) and severe RLs (LR infinite) in younger subjects were highly diagnostic of SpA. Posterior element BME lesions of mild or moderate grade were also highly diagnostic of SpA (LR 14.5). The most common diagnostic confusion was between SpA and DA, since both had RLs present and the presence/absence of degenerative discs did not change the diagnostic assessment.ConclusionThis study confirms the high diagnostic utility of MRI in axial SpA, with severe or multiple RLs evident on MRI being characteristic in younger patients and mild/moderate posterior element lesions being specific for SpA. However, MRI lesions previously considered to be characteristic of SpA could also be found frequently in patients with DA and patients with malignancy, and therefore such lesions should be interpreted with caution, particularly in older patients.This study confirms the high diagnostic utility of MRI in axial SpA, with severe or multiple RLs evident on MRI being characteristic in younger patients and mild/moderate posterior element lesions being specific for SpA. However, MRI lesions previously considered to be characteristic of SpA could also be found frequently in patients with DA and patients with malignancy, and therefore such lesions should be interpreted with caution, particularly in older patients.

As health care reform continues to evolve, demonstrating the cost effectiveness of spinal fusion procedures will be of critical value. Posterior subaxial cervical fusion with lateral mass screw and rod instrumentation is a well-established fixation technique. Subaxial transarticular facet fixation is a lesser known fusion technique that has been shown to be biomechanically equivalent to lateral mass screws for short constructs. Although there has not been a widespread adoption of transarticular facet screws, the screws potentially represent a cost-effective alternative to lateral mass rod and screw constructs. In this review, the authors describe an institutional experience with the use of lateral mass screws and provide a theoretical cost comparison with the use of transarticular facet screws.

Somite formation involves the establishment of a segmental prepattern in the presomitic mesoderm, anteroposterior patterning of each segmental primordium and formation of boundaries between adjacent segments. How these events are co-ordinated remains uncertain. In this study, analysis of expression of zebrafish mesp-a reveals that each segment acquires anteroposterior regionalisation when located in the anterior presomitic mesoderm. Thus anteroposterior patterning is occurring after the establishment of a segmental prepattern in the paraxial mesoderm and prior to somite boundary formation. Zebrafish fss(-), bea(-), des(-) and aei(-) embryos all fail to form somites, yet we demonstrate that a segmental prepattern is established in the presomitic mesoderm of all these mutants and hox gene expression shows that overall anteroposterior patterning of the mesoderm is also normal. However, analysis of various molecular markers reveals that anteroposterior regionalisation within each segmen...

Objective.To evaluate clinical factors associated with the absence of radiographic progression in patients with spondylitis.Methods.The cross-sectional study included 672 patients. All patients presented a disease evolution of more than 15 years. Patients were classified as with radiographic spinal involvement versus without radiographic spinal involvement. We included clinical variables potentially related to null radiological progression.Results.Seventy-five patients had no radiographic involvement. These patients were predominantly female, had a lower erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and a lower C-reactive protein level. Multivariate analysis showed an association with the female sex and low ESR.Conclusion.Clinical factors associated with this lack of progression were female sex and low ESR.