Architeture

What is prison architecture and how can it be studied? How are concepts such as humanism, dignity and solidarity translated into prison architecture? What kind of ideologies and ideas are expressed in various prison buildings from different eras and locations? What is the outside and the inside of a prison, and what is the significance of movement within the prison space? What does a lunch table have to do with prison architecture? How do prisoners experience materiality in serving a prison sentence? These questions are central to the texts presented in this anthology. Prison, Architecture and Humans is the result of a collaboration between researchers and architects from Italy, Norway and Sweden. It presents new approaches to prison architecture and penological research by focusing on prison design, prison artefacts, everyday prison life and imprisoned bodies. The book will be of interest to students, researchers, architects and politicians.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate whether the commentary and ideas of the architectural critic Ian Nairn (1930-1983) can be plotted into a coherent framework. To achieve this, influences referenced by and attributed to Nairn, such as conservationist and townscape architectural critics, humanist literature of the early to mid-20th century, architects and artists of the Baroque, Romantic, 19th century and modern ages will be discussed. Views and ideas derived from those influences will be compared against the range of commentary and ideas forwarded by Nairn. This research aims to demonstrate that Nairn held a range of coherent values on people, society and aesthetics, from which a framework of his thought can be plotted and understood as a liberal, relational Romanticism, but with a fundamental proviso of a critical stance with regards to labels and classification for the danger of leading to dogmatic ideology. Nairn held critical stance on Rationalism and formulaic Enlightenment ideals (and the encouragement of manipulation of such ideals); of which an overlap can be seen with Blakean Romanticism. Nairn valued the mutual importance of developing and supporting individual and community identities, but always at a human scale of the particular rather than an abstracted concept. This research will also make the claim that Nairn’s stance has a positive impact not only on the development of the built environment, but also politics and society.

Abstrak Surabaya adalah salah satu kota metropolitan di Indonesia. Kota besar umumnya memiliki mobilitas kegiatan tinggi dan keterbatasan-keterbatasan dalam kota. Keterbatasan tersebut terkait lansekap kota seperti ketersediaan lahan, kualitas udara, dan ruang interaksi sosial. Hal tersebut berimbas pada kualitas hidup masyarakat dalam kota. Dalam rangka mencapai kualitas hidup dan kebutuhan ruang interaksi, kota Surabaya banyak menyediakan taman. Taman memiliki banyak tingkatan, namun untuk sebuah kota besar sudah seharusnya memiliki taman setingkat urban parks. Oleh karena itu akan dilakukan analisa apakah taman-taman di Surabaya sudah tergolong urban parks. Analisa taman kota di Surabaya dilakukan dengan membandingkan tinjauan kepustakaan mengenai urban parks dan fakta lapangan. Taman yang diteliti adalah taman yang dianggap mewakili taman kota Surabaya yaitu Taman Bungkul dan Taman Apsari. Hasil analisis disimpulkan bahwa taman tersebut belum termasuk golongan urban parks. Abstract Title: Analysis Parks in Surabaya as the Urban Park Surabaya is one of the metropolitan cities in Indonesia. Large cities are generally high mobility and limitations in the city. The limitations related to the urban landscape such as the availability of land, air quality, and social interaction space. It is an impact on the quality of life in the city. In order to achieve the quality of life and the need for interaction space, providing plenty of Surabaya city park. The park has many levels, but to a large city should already have a garden level of urban parks. Therefore, it will be analyzed whether the parks in Surabaya is considered urban parks. Analysis of city park in Surabaya through comparing review of literature on urban parks and facts on the ground. The research of parks uses, parks that can represent surabaya's park, taman bungkul dan taman apsari. The results of the analysis concluded that the park has not belonged to urban parks.

The Bus Station Platform of Brasília (1957), by Lucio Costa (1902-1998), stands out as a unique work in Brazilian architecture, whilst still underestimated. While Oscar Niemeyer’s palaces sit on a concrete slab that prevent direct contact with the ground, and the apartment buildings in the so-called superquadras (superblocks) are raised on Corbusean pilotis that keep the ground free, the Bus Station – located exactly at the two intersecting axes that give birth to the new Brazilian capital  - merges with the ground, shuffles the boundaries between architecture, landscape and infrastructure and turns out to be almost invisible, both in physical and historiographical terms.
Due to this rooting in the ground and its overall horizontality, the Platform builds an impressive and unmatched modern space, one that seems closely related to an automobile-oriented city and to a notion of landscape that is essentially American.
On closer inspection, however, it is not difficult to find traces of the colonial past of Brazil in the Platform. Particularly when we consider some urban operations that had a profound impact in the landscape of Rio de Janeiro, the former capital which served as administrative core of the Kingdom of Portugal for 13 years (1808-1822).
Our aim here is to explore the possible affinities between Brasília’s Bus Station Platform and infrastructure works related to Portuguese colonial policy in Brazil, from one side, and to a notion of landscape that was growing in the 1960’s in America, from another. To what extent have earthworks that shaped Rio de Janeiro’s landscape in its colonial period fueled the imagination of an architect such as Lucio Costa, and particulary the project of a key work for Brazilian architecture such as the Bus Station Platform of Brasília? To what extent this project reflects the apex and limits of the colonial logic in Portuguese America? And to what extent it recasts an American notion of landscape? Is the limited attention this project has received so far - specially in Northern countries – related to an Eurocentric approach of the Americas that remains rather unchanged? These are some of the questions this paper wants to address, while engaging in the call to rethink colonial and postcolonial cities and landscapes.

Visando a divulgação da profissão e a desmistificação da ideia da Arquitetura como algo fora do alcance da população em geral ou artigo de luxo no processo construtivo, o Complexo Vitruvius de Arquitetura propõe espaços para a exposição da Arquitetura em suas diferentes camadas como forma de aproximar a profissão da realidade cotidiana dos soteropolitanos.

What is prison architecture and how can it be studied? How are concepts such as humanism, dignity and solidarity translated into prison architecture? What kind of ideologies and ideas are expressed in various prison buildings from different eras and locations? What is the outside and the inside of a prison, and what is the significance of movement within the prison space? What does a lunch table have to do with prison architecture? How do prisoners experience materiality in serving a prison sentence? These questions are central to the texts presented in this anthology. Prison, Architecture and Humans is the result of a collaboration between researchers and architects from Italy, Norway and Sweden. It presents new approaches to prison architecture and penological research by focusing on prison design, prison artefacts, everyday prison life and imprisoned bodies. The book will be of interest to students, researchers, architects and politicians.

La realidad es siempre una organización, o configuración compleja, que se está constituyendo constantemente. Así planteada, esta afirmación deja entrever un principio de fondo muy simple: el hecho de que algo se construya constantemente no lo hace menos real, independientemente de cuáles sean las piezas que integren esa construcción. El hecho de que desde la arquitectura se pueda afirmar que algunas de esas piezas sean necesariamente discursivas e incluso significativas (otros prefieren simbólicas), no las hace menos reales. La arquitectura nunca debe negar, ni en el ámbito más conceptual posible, que haya una realidad material, debe sostener, en oposición a algunas ideas actuales, que lo constructivo forma parte de lo propiamente arquitectónico en lo más esencial, en su discurso primigenio y que la técnica constructiva de tal o cual elemento no es más que una elevada forma de expresión capaz de encerrar los componentes más firmes de una narración específica dada, y esconder las más sutiles interpretaciones de la razón. Tradicionalmente se han tratado de limitar las pretensiones de lo constructivo, predicando una especie de diferenciación cualitativa: lo constructivo como lo real y ligado a la técnica y el oficio, y lo constructivo como discurso, con apenas seguidores y comúnmente despreciados estos por la sospecha que tras el discurso se esconde una voluntad eminentemente técnica. No con cierta displicencia, se asume que estos dos dominios de lo constructivo (similares en cierta forma al dualismo de Descartes entre la materia y la sustancia) son ontológicamente distintos y, con excepción de circunstancias específicas y limitadas, existen en planos distintos que deben ser comunicados. Pero me parece que la idea contemporánea de lo constructivo debería rechazar esta dicotomía radical al afirmar que, por el contrario, el mundo está constituido por organizaciones complejas de diferentes tipos de eventos constructivos y construidos, algunos de los cuales son siempre expresivos, en el sentido amplio del término, y que el discurso es únicamente una forma más de su expresión.

The economic, ecologic, social crisis we are dealing with generated, in the recent academic discussions, a widespread re-emergence of political engagement, felt as a necessary alternative to the neo-liberal pensée unique that dominated the latest decades. The mid-1960s, with their concentration of important theoretical contributes, their ambiguous mixture of populism and formal research, of radicalism and reactions against modernism, are therefore back in the architectural debate. Among the various approaches produced by that agitated moment, the Italian ‘Tendenza’ contributed to redefine the disciplinary field in terms of language and autonomy, shifting its focus from design to composition and from the transformative attitude of the zeitgeist to the continuity with existing typo-morphological contexts.
Partner in some early projects of Aldo Rossi – leader of that group – and with him and other young architects member of the Casabella’s ‘think tank’, Gianugo Polesello shared that theoretical operation, conducted, however, through a more explicit and precise medium, to the limits of tautology: architectural design or, more precisely, architectural drawing applied to design. His approach provides an interesting vantage, able to shed some light on a period and a generation that, at a closer look, appear less coherent than their latest reconstructions.

Manfaat yang diharapkan dapat diperoleh dari kegiatan pelestarian arsitektur antara lain adalah kekayaan estetika visual, memori akan tempat/artefak untuk kesinambungan masa lalu-masa kini, dan masa yang akan datang, sebagai objek studi, dan terlestarikannya makna kultural yang terkandung di dalamnya. Pada kenyataan dinamika budaya yang terus-menerus berubah, makna kultural menjadi hal yang dipertanyakan. Makna kultural yang mana? Ketidaktepatan menjawab pertanyaan ini menjadikan objek konservasi justru kehilangan makna hakikinya dan terjebak pada kemanfaatan tertentu saja, atau bahkan terabaikan. Pada kasus Candi Sumberawan, candi yang menurut ahli purbakala merupakan peninggalan agama Budha jaman Singosari, kini justru digunakan untuk kegiatan spiritual berbagai pemeluk agama, di samping juga untuk kegiatan non-spiritual. Maka dalam melestarikannya, perlu dipahami makna kultural yang dimaksud. Artikel ini mengkaji mengenai makna kultural, dan menemukan rumusan yang tepat bagi makna kultural yang dimaksud, dengan menyoroti kasus yang terjadi pada Candi Sumberawan.
Kata-kunci : pelestarian, makna kultural, Candi Sumberawan

En 1933, à quelques semaines d’intervalle, sont inaugurées la nouvelle École nationale d’horlogerie de Besançon et la nouvelle École nationale d’optique de Morez. Emblématiques des dynamiques industrielles locales mais aussi des politiques engagées dans l’entre-deux-guerres pour développer l’enseignement technique, elles figurent parmi les premières réalisations qui expriment de manière tangible les ambitions de ce programme.
La construction de ces deux écoles, abritant aujourd’hui le lycée Jules Haag et le lycée polyvalent Victor Bérard, associe deux architectes. Elles reflètent les convictions de Paul Guadet (1873-1931), architecte-conseil de l’Enseignement technique, en matière d’édifices publics et leur chantier est supervisé par André Boucton (1891-1977), son jeune collaborateur bisontin, qui achève les bâtiments après la mort prématurée de son aîné.
La relation que nouent ainsi les deux hommes invite ici à mettre en lumière leurs personnalités et leur productions respectives. Ce portrait « en miroir » constitue aussi la première rétrospective monographique qui leur soit consacrée.

The use of artificial neural network (ANN)modeling for prediction and forecasting variables in water resources engineering are being increasing rapidly Infrastructural applications of ANN in terms of selection of inputs, architecture of networks, training algorithms, and selection of training parameters indifferent types of neural networks used in water resources engineering have been reported. ANN is a vigorous technique to develop immense relationship between the input and output variables, and able to extract complex behaviour between the water resources variables such as rainfall, inflow, capacity of the reservoir and sediment deposition. An appropriate training based ANN model is able to adopt the physical understanding between the variables and may generate more effective results than conventional prediction techniques. Annual rainfall; annual inflow and capacity of the reservoir were chosen as inputs. Fifty three years of data pertaining to Shivaji sagar Reservoir on the Koyna River in Maharashtra, India, were used in this study. The pattern of the sediment volume retained in this reservoir was well captured by the Multi-Layer Perceptron 3-10-5-1 ANN model using the back propagation algorithm. Based on several performance indices, it was found that the ANN model estimated the volume of sediment retained in the reservoir with better accuracy and less effort as compared to conventional regression analysis

This paper will attempt to highlight land reclamation as an instrument of urban planning. To achieve this goal, Dubai will be considered a case study and, especially, Reima and Raili Pietilä’s proposal for the Deira Sea Corniche Competition as a visionary proposal that anticipated the creation of artificial islands in the city. Describing the history of Dubai’s coastline and analyzing the Pietiläs’ project for its innovative and -at the same time- contextual ideas, the paper will not only offer a new way to approach urban design in Dubai but also consider the value of land reclamation as a tool for urban development -with its strengths and weaknesses- in order to avoid land consumption and to allow the preservation of most of the coastline.

Research in the field of ambience has clearly evolved in our era; the field of investigation lists all the typologies of space, ranging from the architectural to the urban. There is a lot of research, but the relationships between investigations are minimal. Currently, we have no way to treat or perceive space as a whole, from the macro (urban) to the micro (architectural) environment. In this work, we have taken sound as a parameter of ambience, using a literature review to understand how the existence of sources of sound is studied within urban and architectural spaces. This helps to verify the existence of a correlation between the various methodological palettes that support sound in different types of space. Our objective is to achieve a sound-based analysis model that could support all types of sound environments, whether urban or architectural, in order to create or improve ambience.

Research in the field of ambience has clearly evolved in our era; the field of investigation lists all the typologies of space, ranging from the architectural to the urban. There is a lot of research, but the relationships between investigations are minimal. Currently, we have no way to treat or perceive space as a whole, from the macro (urban) to the micro (architectural) environment. In this work, we have taken sound as a parameter of ambience, using a literature review to understand how the existence of sources of sound is studied within urban and architectural spaces. This helps to verify the existence of a correlation between the various methodological palettes that support sound in different types of space. Our objective is to achieve a sound-based analysis model that could support all types of sound environments, whether urban or architectural, in order to create or improve ambience.

This research paper approaches a new insight toward reducing the manual, mechanical and codependent systemization as an upcoming trend for architectural sustainability and autonomous power providing. By describing some new methods of applied and tested functional features through enhancing or rearrange the properties of ordinary and composite materials in the field of build and construction, it demonstrates a new prospect of wider investments in innovative material production in architectural design and actuation. Also, reveals new methodologies for individual and non-linear autonomy to providing long-term maintenance in extreme conditions or sudden damages as a supportive capability for the used materials to be adopted in design processes.

This essay briefly reflects on the period in the 1980s
between two of my academic encounters with Susana
Torre. The first took place in 1979, when I was a student,
at the beginning of her teaching career; and the second, in
1991, as a new faculty member, when Torre became the
first chair of the Department of Architecture at Parsons
School of Design. This personal perspective is formed
within a specific window into an important generational
shift in architectural education. I was born at the tail end
of the baby boom, caught between the ideals of the ’60s
boomers and the realities of the neoliberal world order
introduced at the end of the 1970s. My age group directly
experienced the cognitive dissonance that resulted from the abrupt shift to a return to “autonomy” of the discipline
of architecture from the progressive social and
environmental concerns brought to the academy since the
’60s. Torre served as an effective bridge over this
paradigmatic chasm, as she taught and practiced the
integration of architectural design and progressive social
change, a message crucial for the restoration of the ethics
by Generation X.

This paper aims to highlight the most salient developments in early modernity that made it possible to identify “design intelligence” as a recognizable form of cognition. The intent behind such a move is to highlight what might be called the conceptual resources inherent in the original, early modern conception of _disegno_. Focusing particularly on the contributions of early architectural theory, I analyze the historical moment of the Italian Renaissance during which _disegno_ (“drawing”) developed from a semi-theoretical formulation of a basic artisanal technique into a fully fledged method for reasoning, on par with the so-called “topics of invention” that were taught as catalysts for rhetorical creativity. The three most distinctive features of _disegno_ are (1) its essentially semantic character, which is evidenced by its close etymological relations to modern English words such as “sign,” “signal,” and “designate”; (2) its amphibious ontological status, such that it must be conceived as both a manual practice and a form of cognition; and (3) its susceptibility to improvement through regular exercise.

I begin by briefly articulating each of these three features of early modern _disegno_, providing a few representative texts in support of its analysis. I then formulate these three features as conceptual constraints that broadly govern the potentialities and constraints of design intelligence, thereby rendering those constraints available as conceptual resources. Efforts by contemporary writers—such as Michael Jemtrud and Michael Speaks—to valorize design intelligence and to commend its exercise to those who are not professional “designers” inevitably rely upon the philological situation of the term design. A better understanding of that situation will enable a more adroit articulation of the value of design intelligence and the pedagogical techniques that have evolved to inculcate and refine it.

As an example, I will examine the practice of prototyping. I will argue that prototyping enacts design intelligence insofar as it (1) symbolizes the original intention expressed in the animating program; (2) deliberately conceives making and thinking as informed by one another; and (3) aims to improve a design (understood as both mental concept and material object) by enriching the practitioners’ experiential understanding of the project.

In this chapter we consider computer tools for architectural design based on shape grammar design systems and evaluate the advantages and disadvantage of handing over these tools to citizens for the design of their apartments. This evaluation is qualitative by considering the values of citizens, cities, and architects that are realised by this hand-over. First, it is argued that the use of shape grammar design systems by citizens for designing their apartment realises the values of customisation and citizens’ autonomy without compromising design quality and structural safety, making these systems a means for the architectural vision of empowering citizens. Second, it is argued that a wide-spread use of these grammar design systems creates for cities a bottom-up citizens-led renewal of neighbourhoods and urban structures that maintains the social fabric in neighbourhoods and the architectural identity of cities. Values that are less realised by the hand-over are financial feasibility and ecological sustainability. Third, shape grammar design systems are analysed as a technology for design for values in architecture. It is argued that these systems enable the incorporation of values as customisation, citizens’ autonomy, social fabric, and city identity in architecture. Moreover, it can be taken as a technology that allows for value flexibility in architecture since it allows citizens’ to adjust their apartments to their developing needs and wishes.

Il progetto “ARCHEO MAPPA. OPEN DATA CHIAROMONTE (PZ)” ha come obiettivo la ricostruzione delle vicende storiche della Contea di Chiaromonte (PZ), attraverso quello che è il riconoscimento dei punti cardine del medioevo lungo la media valle del Sinni nel meridione della regione Basilicata.
Le famiglie succedutesi al governo della Contea di Chiaromonte hanno sempre avvallato e favorito la fondazione di complessi monastici direttamente sulle loro proprietà terriere, consapevoli delle loro notevoli capacità di organizzazione del territorio, tanto da tramutare terreni incolti in fattorie altamente redditizie. Notevole importanza ha rivestito l’opera dei monaci cistercensi presenti sul territorio di Chiaromonte, permettendo di ricostruire un quadro quanto più completo delle fasi di vita del centro.

Buildings must have well design against tsunami impact to mitigate the damages. This study presents the numerical simulations of tsunami impact on a building model structure. Series of experiment were carried out in the laboratory for a simple building model structure for different initial tsunami bore heights. Numerical simulation with the newly improved three-dimensional moving particle semi-implicit (3D-MPS) method performs here to validate with the physical experimental results and also comparing with the original MPS method. The newly improved 3D-MPS method shows good qualitative and quantitative agreement with the experimentally recorded pressure and height. Consequently, tsunami bore impact on the building model structure was investigated by the numerical simulation. The changes of the tsunami bore height and velocity around the building model structure has been found which can lead to varied tsunami bore impact. This study can help in understanding the mitigation against the tsunami bore impact around the coastal houses and infrastructures.

Research in the field of ambience has clearly evolved in our era; the field of investigation lists all the typologies of space, ranging from the architectural to the urban. There is a lot of research, but the relationships between investigations are minimal. Currently, we have no way to treat or perceive space as a whole, from the macro (urban) to the micro (architectural) environment. In this work, we have taken sound as a parameter of ambience, using a literature review to understand how the existence of sources of sound is studied within urban and architectural spaces. This helps to verify the existence of a correlation between the various methodological palettes that support sound in different types of space. Our objective is to achieve a sound-based analysis model that could support all types of sound environments, whether urban or architectural, in order to create or improve ambience.

Research in the field of ambience has clearly evolved in our era; the field of investigation lists all the typologies of space, ranging from the architectural to the urban. There is a lot of research, but the relationships between investigations are minimal. Currently, we have no way to treat or perceive space as a whole, from the macro (urban) to the micro (architectural) environment. In this work, we have taken sound as a parameter of ambience, using a literature review to understand how the existence of sources of sound is studied within urban and architectural spaces. This helps to verify the existence of a correlation between the various methodological palettes that support sound in different types of space. Our objective is to achieve a sound-based analysis model that could support all types of sound environments, whether urban or architectural, in order to create or improve ambience.

The most important component that forms the values, lifestyle, beliefs, traditions, in short, the whole of the material and spiritual values of a society is culture. Culture is the whole of the things that the human learned, applied and maintained as long as they exist. Culture shows change and sustainability as a result of differentiation of factors which compose the culture. The architecture that is one of the important components that reflect the culture is also affected by this change process. The characteristic features of existing cultural identity in architecture are observed in houses where the daily life is maintained. The functional changes occurred in houses are reflected physically and they mostly affect the frontage construct as well. Thus, the character of the street where the houses are located is also changed. In this context, in study, there was aimed to examine the effect of spatial changes occurred dependent on time on frontage construct in houses where non-Muslim...

As atividades industriais na península, ainda que impactantes, foram concomitantes às demais por mais de um século desde meados do XIX. A inserção das fábricas - especialmente com a linha férrea, os volumes de maiores dimensões, as chaminés e a maior densidade com as vilas operárias - transformou fortemente esse espaço da cidade. Contudo, mesmo a industrialização, artificialidade maior nesse cenário, deu-se em concordância com suas características naturais, especialmente por ser um porto natural de terras planas.