Architecture Urbanism

Historic urban spaces are emplacements that present a particular special interest due to their cultural value and their both urban and architectural pattern. The built environment of cities is composed of a number of variables – anthropic, spatial, morphological, environmental, social, constructive and atmospheric – and all of them must be part of a system that is capable of generating more comfortable and efficient environments. Currently, the work of expert professionals linked to the built environment implies an environmental challenge related to the buildings and their direct harmony with the natural environment; the development of comprehensive plans capable of administering, preserving and protecting historical-heritage constructions in areas susceptible to certain natural disasters; as well as the incorporation of sustainability criteria in urban planning instruments, which is one of the main objectives for regional and state public administrations. This research work intends...

Spring 1935. After twenty-five years of fascination for heights and six of flying, stimulating experiences, Le Corbusier published Aircraft, a real “Manifesto for a New Era”, according to his own words. Even though Vers une architecture had limited the aeronaoutic model validity to the framework of housing and easthetics ten years before, the reference then was expanded to the city and its fitting within the natural framework, to the definition of a new global habitat in which public space became the focus.The flying experience allowed him to look into the past and find the subtle balance of man and nature. Revelation and rebellion at the same time. Thanks to the new visual as well as mental perspective provided by height, he would drive his reflec-tions towards “geoarchitecture”, a definitive, Humboldtian approach to Earth.His aerial observation of the Algerian M’Zab valley or the layout of the settlements along the Paraná crystallised both into texts such as Sur les quattro routes...

Culture in North Sumatra is a very scant appreciation from the public. In particular, the community's enthusiastic Karo Ground against art objects tend to be low and continues to decline; it is also affected by the impact of the modernization of Western culture. It is required for a container or a place that is used to introduce, studying, preserving culture Karo, addressed to the community, domestic and foreign, the purpose is to make many parties better understand or know about the culture that exists in the land of Karo. Neo vernacular Karo was chosen as the theme of the design so as not to eliminate the side of culture Karo as well as local wisdom applied physical and nonphysical. The theme is used in the concept of building mass Si Walu Jabu into the project by taking the basic shapes in Karo, as well as custom homes, apply flexibility in floor plan traditional house Karo on every space in the cultural center. Design of area designated as Tahura with consideration of its st...

Lodging in the form of resort hotels are needed in tourist areas such as Lake Toba, to provide a place to rest as well as recreational areas, Tuktuk Siadong Village is one of the villages in Simanindo District which has many recreational areas. The design of resort hotels in the area of Lake Toba must consider the characteristics of traditional buildings around, responsive to tourism potential, and responsive to the climate. These considerations are used to create a resort hotel that has it has characteristics and attracts tourists to visit and stay overnight. The method used in this design is the glass box method by collecting data related to design. The data obtained is then analyzed to find the right hotel resort concept for the design area, namely the concept of Tropical Architecture. They are designing resort hotels in this area as a form of support for government programs in advancing Lake Toba Tourism and advancing the regional economic sector.

The article identifies the principles of private public partnership (PPP) in social and green infrastructure and urban development of modern cities.The paper also focuses on the methodology that explains how local or national governments and the initiative of the private sector can become a strong factor in sustainable urban planning. The most important goals of developing urban areas and architecture policies include the enlargement of sustainable territories and legislative basis of governance, financial mechanisms and improvement in PPP; however, these measures are impossible to achieve without consistent implementation. One of the major goals for governments is to find effective ways to encourage society to be cooperative and involved in the process of expanding social and green infrastructure, public space and territorial communities in cities. It is obvious that limited resources require cooperation between businesses, government and society. The obtained results have shown th...

House mean different things to different people. House could be a dwelling, home, hut, place for; entertainment, rest, sleeping, receiving guest, and a palace. The interpretation of house as shelter makes it a basic necessities of life. Thus the focus of the paper is to identify and document house types in Benin by observing the physical characteristics and type’s classification from the organization and pattern of architectural plan documented. The study explored qualitative and quantitative approach using observations, descriptive frequency, architectural sketches, photographs and interview guide. The findings revealed a cross sectional characterising and classifying houses in Benin City, Nigeria which reflect the typical cross section structure of a traditional city. The result of study would however, influence professional in built environment and policy maker decision positively.

This paper is a contribution to the significant research program having developed around the concept of the global city over the last four decades in urban sociology and in political geography. Global cities can be defined both as places and as locations in a network of flows. We use a network and complexity theory perspective to contribute to the debate about global cities and we apply this approach to a rising global city: Shanghai. Cities are networks from which locations emerge, and global cities are the places that emerge as interconnected command centres in the most dynamic and connected nodes in the global network of flows. As places, global cities present a highly unequal landscape of economic growth at intra-urban scale, with peaks of extreme concentration of wealth creation in specific locations within their urban space. To acquire a similar intensity of agglomeration economies in high-end services and in finance as global cities such as London, New York, Tokyo, Seoul, Sin...

The paper deals with architectural space designed and/or built on an equilateral triangular plan, and designated for a sacred function. The author discusses the exceptional features of equilateral triangle in comparison to other central layouts. The visual attractiveness of this geometrical shape is stressed. The architectural space built on this figure has a strong semantic potential in Christian culture in Europe, since a sacred object using such a shape is associated in an easy and unambiguous manner, which also points to the popularity of patrocinium of the Holy Trinity, as well as that of the Virgin and Child with St. Anne, among the analysed structures. A comprehensive catalogue is presented of sacred objects based on an equilateral triangular plan, which have been identified in the European culture area, and were created in the period between the 12th century and contemporary times. At the nexus of the Eastern and Western Church, which differentiate their teachings in terms o...

One effect caused by a calamity is the psychological impact on the community. In December 2019 covid-19 viral infected many countries including Indonesia which later changed his status to make cause serious problems because there is no vaccine to prevent transmission of the virus. This condition requires every society to comply with government regulations as quarantine, PSBB, WFH, social distancing. The psychological impact that is often found in society is afraid of panic and other stress. Psychology is closely related to conducting this study will discuss architectural behavior that plays a role in the relationship between people and space. This research as if would explain what occurred in behavior and how your family made the architect can solve this problem by emphasizing psychiatric problems through the application for building design, occupancy of a room. The theory of architecture as a guide in determining objects for the attention that the occupants need through analysis of...

During the 20th century, a variety of concepts were developed aimed to provide frameworks for green space planning and design in urban areas. Both China and Scandinavia represent important experience in green space planning and management. However, none of the current concepts is generated based on the explicit combination of both a Western and Eastern context. In this paper, based on the analysis of various green space planning concepts and their development, a novel “hybrid’ approach is introduced. This “Green Network’ concept focuses on green and blue connectivity in urban areas and comprises the network of green spaces and the surface water system within and around settlements. The concept offers a platform for integrating best practices from Scandinavian and Chinese open space planning and can provide a guiding tool for sustainable urban development.

Locality and cultural identity aspects are very important to create humane cities in the midst of globalizing world. Kauman Semarang is the city’s cultural identity which has lasted for more than three centuries. Traditionally, Kauman is a village in downtown which reflects Moslem daily live. The physical and social characteristicschange are the reaction of modernization-capitalization pressure of the downtown. The purpose of the research is to find out how Kauman adapts to the incoming pressures. The research was based on ethnographic method by combining ideographic and architectural approaches. In the end of the research, it found that there is a spatial control having protective characteristic or a control of spatial protection conducted by the community. Socioreligious values have influenced in strengthening socio-religious space that produces immaterial products associated with the community’s mentality. Meanwhile, the modernization-capitalization pressures influence the form o...

Spatial identity is a result of a connection between people, physical elements of places, and activities associated with them. The development of identity occurs through the psychological process place attachment. This article is based on a research project that observed the spatial identity of young adults living in kampungs (urban villages), in Surabaya city. The young adults are faced with the contrast of a two-sided modernity between the kampungs and the city, which affects their attachment. The study of place attachment has been undertaken through an observation of social life of the participants and spatial perception. Through this study of spatial identity not only physical characteristics were identified, but also social characteristics. This is due to physical conditions of space and social interactions in these spaces are intertwined. The study found that the identity with the strongest attachment is related to social behaviour of the young adults but which is not recognis...

Urban design is a component of art and science of architecture and an indispensable field of architectural activity. Subsequent to restoration of independence, Lithuania started travelling down the path of democratic urban design of towns and districts, which resulted in an inevitable evolution of concepts as well as mindset. Two decades of independence have passed, yet one could hardly say that everything is clearly and uniformly perceived by all players involved in activities of urban design. There is still a clear lack of common understanding of the object of art and science of urban design. As a branch of science, urban design is still somewhat misplaced in the scientific classification. This article discusses definitions of urban design used in Lithuania and abroad, gives summarised information on the formal position of urban design in documents regulating professional training, and assesses (within the context of the European Union requirements for professional qualifications)...

Critical Regionalism as expounded by Kenneth Frampton has found its use in many parts of the world as a reaction to the international architecture practised in the Western world. India, which was deprived of exposure to the advanced developments in architecture in the US and Europe was at one stroke brought into world contact after gaining independence. This paper traces the exposure of the Indian architects to Western training and philosophy and how they developed their works to suit the regional context. Important aspects of the paper are mentioned below: ‒ International exposure of the Indian architects after independence. ‒ Their designs and their approaches to the creation of an Indian flavour on their return to homeland. ‒ Examined the works of a few prominent architects and inferred on their special regional contributions.

Mount Sinabung is a volcano on the plateau of Karo Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Mount Sinabung suddenly erupted in 2010. The last eruption of the volcano occurred since February 19, 2018, and until now become an attraction to find out more about volcanic disasters. Museum Mount Sinabung is present to provide the means for education, dissemination of information in the aspect of the volcano and geological disaster with recreative and educative of nature. The problem raised was "How to design a volcano museum using the neo-vernacular architectural approach?". By applying one flow that develops in this post-modern era to revive memories of a semi-historical culture, representational, plural and eclectic cultural Agenda on to evoke the Design of Museum Mount SinabungIn the application of the neo-vernacular architectural approach to the building of the Museum, the principle of building the Siwaluh Jabu is restored, physically and non-physically.By using the qualitative me...

The traditional Balinese house, manifested and translated in an agricultural context, has roles to accommodate domestic and socio-cultural activities. Once the house accommodates tourist activities as an additional function, many parts of the house are transformed. The transformation presents a conflict between economic gain and the preservation of Balinese traditions in the house. In order to illustrate this paradoxical phenomenon, this paper first shows how the traditional house has been reconfigured as a response to address the specific challenges of the tourist economy. Then, using architectural examination and interviews, the paper shows that the infiltration of the tourist activities has blurred the house’s configuration so that the transformed house is no longer able to express its original characteristics, hierarchy values and symbolic meaning.

The design of successful public spaces is not merely a simple stylistic problem, but also a reflection on the social circumstances of a certain era, an architectural answer to the demands of society (Shields 1986). By following the continuous change in public spaces, we can observe a particular slice of history. This study is an investigation of the changing roles of two very different types of public spaces common in Hungary: the new urban squares of the '50s and the centres built in the '70s for public institutions. The study accomplishes this primarily by analysing them within their different contexts. The conclusion of this study is that public squares built in the communist period can meet contemporary space use demands in different ways. However these square types’ problems have great differences in scale and nature, during their renewals the deep knowledge of their history is essential. This is the precondition to creation public spaces that are intimately linked to t...

Zonuz architecture has originated from prehistoric era by having worthwhile architectural signs of the Kura – Aras culture related to Bronze Age (3800 BC), as seen in Qiz Qala and Oğlan Qalasi, located about 5 km from the city. This architecture by the dry stone method is standing at the top of the mountain and has been made of field stone which was undoubtedly outstanding in its period. This technique has reached its style as back to back diagonal stones placed within 30–45 different degrees among them with respect to the wall making evolution during the period of 6000 years. This method has been used in all buildings and walls of house-gardens of the city for millenniums appropriately. The technique reveals that instead of brick, natural elements with more resistance have been applied. Availability of travertine is the reason of using it along with mortar in order to constructing the entire city and many other buildings. However, in some cases like Qizil-Korpi bridge plaster has b...

The cities of Dezful and Boroujerd can be considered a treasure trove of traditional houses in Iran whose social, functional, and cultural roots are reflected in their architectural body. Traditional housing includes and expresses the lifestyles and behavioral systems of its inhabitants. Therefore, by analyzing the spatial structure in different traditional dwellings, we can understand the structural differences in them. The main purpose of this study is to identify and express the structure and spatial differences in traditional housing in Dezful and Boroujerd, which have many differences in terms of environmental structure. This study seeks to answer the question: What are the differences between structural patterns and spatial configuration in traditional housing in Dezful and Boroujerd? The method of this research is generally qualitative and software that includes analytical-descriptive approaches and logical reasoning. First, using observation, field survey, and library studie...

This study aims to determine the green concept of a slum “kampong” with the green concept and carbon footprint approach based on daily activities, building materials and fuel consumption as well as to deliver the concept of renewable energy. The carbon footprint is the measure of total amount of carbon dioxide gas emissions directly or indirectly caused by daily main activities and accumulation of products used daily. It is the case study of Kampong Gampingan-Pakuncen, Yogyakarta. This kampong is known as a densely populated kampong located in the city centre not far from Malioboro, the centre of commercial and business districts in Yogyakarta City. The employed methods were the quantitative-comparative method between carbon footprint of existing and planning condition and the quantitative approach of renewable energy. The results showed that the carbon dioxide concentration of Kampong Pakuncen in the existing condition is 1,712.767 tonnes CO2/month while the total amount of carbon ...

The contemporary neoliberal city exists within the context of the immateriality of the contemporary economy, the dominance of financial speculation over commodity exchange and the transition of the city from the political subject to a mere resource used by global corporations and institutions (Hirst 2005; Harvey 2012; Marazzi 2010). There is an obvious conflict between the city as a material entity, and the immaterial forces of global capitalism. In this context, Carl Schmitt and Jacob Taubes provide useful tools with which to create a theoretical framework to re-establish discussion of the city as a political and economic subject. I will begin by referring to Schmitt’s considerations of territory and the conflict between the telluric logic, the sea logic and the air logic as presented in his work ‘The Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of the Jus Publicum Europaeum’ (Schmitt 2003). I will continue by discussing Jacob Taubes, who in his Occidental Eschatology (Taubes 2009) ...

Schools in Indonesia are conventional schools where students and teachers do activities which are commonly referred to as teaching and learning activities even though the school is not a place to lure students with stacks of information but also to train in terms of maturity of thinking and maturity of attitude. Now has developed a nature school that uses nature as a learning space, media, and teaching materials and learning objects that can take advantage of nature and can preserve nature for the next life. However, Medan only has a few nature schools. This nature school design uses the problem-solving methodology approach to solve existing problems, starting from the formulation stage, data collection, analysis to synthesis using survey techniques, interviews, literature studies, and comparative studies. So, through the design of Medan Nature School is expected to be able to educate students who emphasize education, character, and skills with the Ecological Architecture design app...

Incremental housing, supported by governmental funding, denotes a solution for low-income households where they can gradually customise their dwelling. The Chilean government officials and architects proposed phases of construction which fell short of addressing the households’ capabilities and motivation to finalise their units. Hereof, this article looks at two incremental housing projects: Lo Espejo condominium (2007) and Las Higueras (2006) in the Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile, to inquire capacities of government officials and architects’ comprehensive assistance to families’ housebuilding. The hypothesis holds that the greater responsibility of government officials and architects engaged with incremental housing will enhance motivation of low-income families to customise their house by self-building practice. Arguing for the importance of the self-building the author proposed the guideline for customising houses that comprises four phases: introducing the incremental cons...

Childhood is one phase of human that plays an important role for children, especially of the child’s brain. Besides that, generals in this phase, the creativity and the character development of children also begin to form. Indonesia has diverse cultures, religions, and languages. Traditional games are also included in cultural diversity. But unfortunately, as the development of science and technology progresses like digital games, these games have gradually begun to extinct and is rarely played by children. The project tries to overcome the problem by designing a building that can become an educational and recreation area. The methodology of this project starts from conducting site selection by literature studies, then the design problem-solving phase, namely by searching ideas, collecting data, literature studies, observation studies, comparative studies. This research produces buildings that can respond to these problems by applying the concepts of ecology architecture to the desi...

After the publication of Urban Sprawl and Public Health, the argument of providing nice pedestrian facilities is not only concerned about the aesthetic and social aspects, but also about the health improvement of the people. The shift has made the world's major cities realize the importance of good pedestrian design. Walkable city has become the current goal in city development for most countries in South-east Asia, including Indonesia and Singapore. Indonesian cities such as Surabaya and Jakarta have made attempts on promoting walking habits through several programs such as children friendly public space development and riverfront revitalization. Yogyakarta, one of Indonesia’s major cities, still struggles in encouraging its citizens to walk more. This study observed the current condition of the city’s pedestrian system and facilities. The result showed that the main cause of the discouragement is the street condition that doesn’t put the pedestrian as the prime user. Improveme...

The high energy use for building operations in humid tropical climates is mostly used for operational mechanical ventilation such as air conditioning (AC) and fans. The use of large amounts of energy, especially fossil energy can reduce the quality of the environment, causing an increase in the temperature of the earth. Need more efforts for management of energy use by reducing fossil energy consumption. One effort that can be done is to replace mechanical production and utilize passive ventilation in buildings. this study is a literature review regarding the use of passive ventilation using a windcatcher integrated with solarc himneys. The use of windcatcher and the solar chimney is still very rare in Indonesia, but has the potential to solve thermal problems, especially in densely populated residential areas in cities that have the character of a humid tropical climate. The results of this study recommend criteria from windcatchers and soler chimney that might be applicable and ad...

The architecture of Iran is wholly based on the comprehensive use of knowledge of both metaphysical and physical sciences. Architecture and structural engineering in Iran involve a great range of buildings distributed over a vast area from the borders of China to the Mediterranean coastlines. Certain design elements, developed by Iranian architecture and aesthetics, persisted for thousands of years and exerted a marked effect on other successive styles of construction throughout the world. Architecture in Iran solved complicated structural problems and created magnificent architectural masterpieces. In this paper, the evolution of Persian traditional architecture is discussed and a general overview of the paramount virtues of the traditional architecture and historical buildings of Iran with emphasis on structural and scientific features will be presented.

The formative influence of the Mughal gardens on the urban spaces of the Capitol Complex, Chandigarh is discussed as part of Le Corbusier’s vision in realising new urban symbols to represent an independent India. Corbusier had not only “regionalised” Modernist elements of architectural design but had “modernised” past urban forms by artfully rejecting the traditional gridded patterns and urban traditions such as the Mughal gardens, and transforming them into a dynamic restructuring and interplay of urban forms and spaces. To disassociate the new capital from its Colonial past and to create a new sense of spatial drama symbolising the nation’s hopes for the future, Fatehpur Sikri’s renowned orthogonal and gridded urban plazas with its interconnected courtyards and cloisters, became part of Corbusier’s arsenal of precedents, and these were abstracted and reworked into a new orchestration of urban spaces; and integrated with Modernised concrete architectural forms. The garden archetype...

Ulos weaving craft is one of the most famous cultures of the Batak tribe. And the Lumban Suhi-Suhi Toruan Village in Samosir District is one of the traditional villages that still maintain customs and native Batak Toba village. The residents of Lumban Suhi-Suhi Toruan village especially the women working as Ulos weavers, and Ulos from Lumban Suhi-Suhi Toruan village, have been quite well-known to foreign countries, however, at present, the number of weavers has diminished, and many types of Ulos cloth have become extinct because of losing its craftsman. The Samosir Ulos Weaving Craft Center is present as a tool that can maintain the Ulos handicrafts of the local community and also empower the community as a place to produce various types of Ulos. The research methodology starts by collecting data, literature studies, Surveys to research locations and also design problem-solving. From the research process by the existing one, this building use metaphor architecture theme as its conce...

Berastagi sub-district is located in the Karo district of North Sumatra province. The majority of people in the Berastagi sub-district are the Karo tribe. The space arrangement settlement is very inspired by grade local culture, makes this area have traditional characteristics. Besides grade culture is very impressive, Berastagi is also be known as a tourism place. In the expected research, settlement can be well-identified it can be was found the spatial formation so that the development of the area will be carried out to be adapted with public expectation. So as the expansion expected can improve the standard of available living in term convenience, harmony and safety to serve life routinely.

Human has a dimension of knowledge named the tacit knowledge that the main important part of it is obtained through experience and direct connection with phenomena over time that turns into a pattern. Based on knowledge and intelligent use of it, the garden-house pattern appears to have an unbreakable bond with the nature and the understanding of both social and cultural rules of users. The research questions at first place discuss the role of tacit knowledge in shaping the architecture of garden-houses of Meybud and how this knowledge has appeared in architecture of garden-houses of Meybud. Qualitative research method and data collection method relies on library studies and field research. The results indicate that the patterns of housing in Meybud have shaped based on the recognition of two components of environment (the climate and natural context) and human (social norms), understanding of these two and applying them. The tacit knowledge and reliance on experiences is very influ...