Archaeolgy

1. Chadhar, Mohan Lal. “PUNCH MARKED COINS FOUND FROM ERAN, MADHYA PRADESH.” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 77, 2016, pp. 915–918. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/26552723. Accessed 23 July 2020.
2.Chadhar, M. (2016). PUNCH MARKED COINS FOUND FROM ERAN, MADHYA PRADESH. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 77, 915-918. doi:10.2307/26552723

Archaeologists agree that ancestors figured prominently in the lives of the Classic (CE 250-900), particularly in the Late Classic (600-900), the period for which we have a wealth of epigraphic, iconographic, and archaeological evidence.  Most data are from monumental site centers where royalty were lavishly interred in large pyramids.  Much less is known, however, of the roles ancestors buried in small, often rural, shrines played in the lives of commoners--the remaining 90-98% of the Classic era population.  Still less is known regarding the origins and development of ancestral practices int he Lowland Maya area.  In this chapter I review archaeological evidence for ancient Maya ancestors rather than the deceased in general.  I approach this from a chronological perspective, beginning with the earliest evidence of ancestor during the Preclassic (1000 BCE- CE 250).  In so doing I emphasize changes in burial practices, including body position, architecture, and symbolic elements of grave goods.  I also evaluate practices of kings and commoners in the Classic era, with a focus on the ongoing use of various Preclassic symbols and practices in the continued creation of ancestors.  My emphasis is on the material manifestation of these ancestors, the practices associated with them, and the resulting implications for our understanding of ancient Lowland Maya society.

The extraordinary record of prehistoric rock art depicting tens of thousands of animal images in the Coso Range of eastern California provides an opportunity to study the relationship between aboriginal hunting, forager ecology, bighorn prey population levels, and the production of rock art. We review archaeofaunal evidence that the Coso desert bighorn sheep population was strongly depleted during the Newberry era after 1500 B.C. We discuss the dating of the rock art and show a correlation between bighorn depletion and increased rock art production. These data are consistent with the arrival of Numic foragers ca. A.D. 600 who competed with the Coso Pre-Numics and eventually terminated the Coso rock art tradition. An ecological predator-prey computer simulation of the human populations (Numic and Pre-Numics), the sheep population, and the rock art ‘‘population’’, demonstrates these proposed interconnections and gives a reasonable fit to the observed rock art production rate.

During the 2009 field season the Italian Archaeological Expedition at Aksum (Tigray) of the Università degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale” (UNO), Naples (Italy), conducted a preliminary reconnaissance of the archaeological site at Yeha, near Adwa, for a preliminary assessment of the archaeological area. In conformity with the requirements of the Authority for Research and Conservation of the Cultural Heritage (ARCCH), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, the activity of the expedition strictly focused on the area currently occupied by the village of Yeha where a) the systematic survey of the ancient settlement, and b) a Laser Scanner survey of the main temple were conducted. In addition, the expedition continued the archaeological survey of the region to the north of Aksum, along the May Gwodae river, where few new sites were documented and included into the archaeological map of Aksum elaborated in 2005/2006 as part of the World Bank Ethiopian Cultural Heritage Project - Aksum Branch - Site Inventory and Documentation Component. Moreover, a Laser Scanner survey of the Mausoleum was carried out in the Stelae Park to generate a detailed 3D model of the funerary complex.

El hecho de contar con una reconstrucción material parcial de la estructura denominada Templo Ibérico de La Alcudia de Elche ha supuesto la difusión de un resto patrimonial que contaba con elementos arquitectónicos con una fiabilidad discutible, así como con la presencia implícita de la Dama de Elche en el interior de la estructura merced la teoría de su descubridor, Rafael Ramos. Pretendo en este artículo mostrar la hipótesis alternativa a la estructura del edificio y, tras el proceso de investigación, los resultados a los que se ha llegado. Quiero hacer constar el caso del principal elemento arquitectónico sustentante del edificio, que, tras el estudio del proceso de excavación, la planimetría y los paralelos arqueológicos, ha deparado una sorpresa que ha provocado una recreación del edificio diferente a la hipótesis inicial. En último término la finalidad de esta recreación es la difusión de un modelo del que se han eliminado los elementos poco fiables y por otro, plantear una teoría totalmente novedosa que ha arrojado a la luz una conclusión sorprendente pero difícilmente cuestionable tras mi investigación: la fase A del Templo Ibérico de La Alcudia de Elche aún está por descubrir.

The fact of having a partial physical reconstruction of the structure called Iberian Temple of La Alcudia de Elche has led to the spread of an equity moiety had architectural elements with questionable reliability, as well as the implicit presence of the Lady of Elche inside the structure theory mercy its discoverer, Rafael Ramos. I intend in this article show the alternative to building structure hypothesis and after the research process, the results that have been reached. I want to state the case of the main load bearing architectural element of the building, which, after examination of the process of excavation, surveying and archaeological parallels, has brought a surprise that caused a recreation of different initial hypothesis building. Ultimately the purpose of this recreation is the diffusion of a model that were removed unreliable elements and on the other, pose a completely new theory has shed light questionable but hardly a surprising conclusion from my research: phase A Temple of the Iberian Alcudia de Elche is yet to be discovered.

Vác and its surrounding areas geographically lay in the Ipoly-valley along the Danube. Here due to the local stone and other raw materials in the mountain and hill regions, the proximity of the rivers, which make a great way of transportation, it was a popular place to settle nearly throughout the whole prehistoric period. As a result, the archaeological collection area of the Tragor Ignác Museum of Vác is rich in prehistoric fi nds. That is partly why the metal detectorists, who are collaborating with the museum, can hugely enrich the museum’s collection. There are many fi nds throughout the Iron Age, which are worth presenting. In my article, I chose two unique archaeological fi nds to showcase. First, a particular fi nd of the La Tène culture will be presented, a bronze ring with knot-like applied ornament. In the archaeological literature, it is widely known as Knotenringe after its designated German name. Followed by a large-scaled, on one side decorated, but unfortunately fragmentary iron knife will be addressed, which could be paralleled to the Iron Age.

Der Beitrag stellt die Fundgeschichte und die Zusammensetzung zweier Sichelhorte aus Südostsiebenbürgen wieder auf. In Cristian wurden bis 1905, 12 Sicheln gefunden, die durch einen Bronzedraht zusammengebunden waren. Weitere acht Sicheln wurden 1911 entdeckt. Nur für die letzten ist der genaue Fundort bekannt, u.z. „Büchel”, ein kleiner Hügel neben der Ortschaft. Es wurde angenommen, dass die zwei Horte zu einem einzigen vermischt wurden. Ein anderer Fund, und zwar drei Sicheln, ist für Feldioara zu verzeichnen. Bis jetzt nicht veröffentlichte Daten ermöglichen eine bessere Kontextualisierung der zwei Funde.

Сравнительный анализ сообщения ал-Мас‘уди о кашаках (касогах) Северо-Западного Кавказа, как о “маджусийа”, с другими известиями мусульманских авторов о “маджусах” Европы заставил автора статьи усомниться в том, что здесь речь идет о магах-зороастрийцах. Как удалось установить, мусульманские авторы при описании народов Европы, включая Северный Кавказ, использовали термины "маджус" и "маджусийа" для обозначения тех язычников-огнепоклонников, которые сжигали своих
умерших. Это находит подтверждение в данных археологии, согласно которым в хазарское время на землях Северо-Восточного Причерноморья, где с первой половины Х в. письменные источники фиксируют касогов, наряду с ингумационными погребениями получили распространение кремационные захоронения.

On the occasion of rescue archaeological excavations carried out in the historical centre of
Timişoara, one of the most important medieval and early modern towns of the Banat region, researches have
been made in the “core” of the late medieval and then Ottoman-period settlement. A rich and diverse archaeological
inventory has been recovered on this occasion; however only a part of it has been studied and thus
published in a fi rst monograph. Th e present study aims at presenting a small category of ceramic artefacts dated
to the Ottoman period (16th–17th centuries), namely the tobacco pipes. Th e habit of smoking and the use of
tobacco pipes have been introduced to this region by the Ottoman and Balkan populations settled here after the
Ottoman conquest of Timişoara and of the northern part of Banat in 1552. Based on already existent typologies
we have placed the items into categories; however, due to the diversity of their shapes and ornaments, there still
are individual and yet unique pipes. As for the workshops that produced them, we could conclude that some of
the pipes come from the Balkans (one even bears a craftsman or workshop mark) or even as far as the Orient,
while others can be labeled as local products.

The Late Classic Maya village of Joya de Cerén's extraordinary preservation by the Loma Caldera eruption circa 660 CE allows for a unique opportunity to study ancient Mesoamerican landscape management and agricultural practices. Various fruit trees, annual and root crops, fiber producers and other useful plants were cultivated within the village center, creating productive house-lot gardens. Extensive agricultural outfields of maize, manioc, squash, common beans, and numerous weedy species also have been documented through intensive paleoethnobotanical recovery methods and demonstrate the practice of multi-cropped or polyculture farming during Prehispanic times. The assorted array of economically useful species reveals the diversity of foodstuffs readily accessible to the inhabitants on a daily basis that were not simply the annual crops planted within the outfields. The long history of paleoethnobotanical research at this exceptionally preserved site provides the opportunity to not only understand what plant species the ancient inhabitants of this village utilized in their daily lives but also how the villagers perceived, managed, and manipulated their landscape in order to ensure a diverse and nutritional diet.

Oldenburg was part of a close network of pan-European scholars interested in Asia and exploration. This paper discusses Oldenburg’s correspondence with scholars based in Britain, including Cecil Bendall and F. W. Thomas but concentrating on M. Aurel Stein. It follows on from previous papers, by the author and by Wang Jiqing, adding to the these by considering the Oldenburg correspondence in the archives of the St Petersburg Branch of the Academy of Sciences.  It shows that the relationships moved beyond the professional and scholarly and that, although rarely meeting, these scholars became friends. It also points out the high regard in which both Oldenburg and the Russian Academy of Sciences were held and their importance for furthering scholarship and knowledge in this field.

Since 1982 thirty-one bronze cast coins of Selinus have been kept in the Martin-von-Wagner Museum, the University Museum in Würzburg. The coins offer an important addition to the study of the 5th century coinage of Selinus since specimens of cast bronze coins from this mint are still relative rare in collections and auction catalogues. The publication of these particular specimens invites us to revisit scholarship on this coinage to date and to explore what might be added by these coins.

Like most of the world, I am in lockdown, writing this NBC during the social distancing measures designed to limit the spread of the novel coronavirus. Restrictions in travel, movement and social encounters, and being fully reacquainted with domestic surroundings, lead us all to re-evaluate the routine actions of our daily lives. It is appropriate then that the volumes that are the focus of this NBC each, in their own way, consider the value of the prosaic norms that we usually overlook. They include detailed, thoughtful studies concerning what we can learn about societies from their domestic architecture; the social networks that underpin craft technologies and shape urban existence; the social frameworks and everyday life that belie objects and images, often regarded as having been symbols of power; and the ordinary lives and identities negotiated in border zones.

Antik Dönemde Orta Toroslarının kuzey kesimi Isauria olarak adlandırılmaktaydı. Bu alanın kuzeyinde Lykaonia, batısında Pisidia, doğusunda Kilikya yer almaktaydı. Bu makale, 1980-1991 yılları arasında bu bölgedeki yüzey araştırmaları ve antik kaynakların ışığında yapılan bir değerlendirmedir. .

nr. TH3-12 HOW TO MAKE A FIELD SCHOOL WORK: managing issues, dangers, opportunities Archaeology Field School is supposed to be a training environment for students who aspire to ultimately become archaeologists, but is it the right place? Archaeological projects have faced for many years now an increase in field school offers, the majority of them asking students to pay a fee or tuition for joining the field school where they would be trained by professional archaeologists. Very often these projects ask for very high fees which students cannot always cover, consequently forcing them to search for some other training opportunities. What are the reasons for such high fees? Do these high fee projects train better archaeologists than other archaeological fieldworks? What is the best technique to build up a successful field school project? What expectations do student have when they apply for a field school? Should field schools be led by universities, non-university institutions, or partnership between the two? Would a management plan and a business plan help to provide a better working place for all the parties involved? The primary purpose of this session is to analyse archaeologists' working methods on developing a successful field school, with the aim of answering the questions above. The discussion should focus on issues encountered during the development of projects and on means for providing the best training for archaeology students, where the focus should be placed on improving their skills in a limited time-span, but also reducing the costs of running the field school. The ultimate purpose of this session is to provide the base for further improvements in the creation of effective and well-organized projects, which can turn archaeology students into actual professionals on archaeological sites. Presentation Preference-Regular session (half day)

The present work aims to quantitatively explore and understand the relationship between mobility types (nautical versus pedestrian), specific technological traits and shared technological knowledge in pedestrian hunter–gatherer and nautical hunter–fisher–gatherer societies from the southernmost portion of South America. To that end, advanced statistical learning techniques are used: state-of-the-art classification algorithms and variable importance analyses. Results show a strong relationship between technological knowledge, traits and mobility types. Occupations can be accurately classified into nautical and pedestrian due to the existence of a non-trivial pattern between mobility and a relatively small fraction of variables from some specific technological categories. Cases where the best-fitted classification algorithm fails to generalize are found significantly interesting. These instances can unveil lack of information, not enough entries in the training set, singular features ...

Promoting standards as an effort to allow more diversity might seem counterintuitive but providing a stable, yet dynamic, core of archaeological science will allow archaeologists better accessibility to scientific methodology and with it a broader range of multi-disciplinary and diverse research. 
The argument I propose is composed of two major components which generally lie in the philosophy of science. 
The first is the Domain, the body of knowledge that underlies archaeological practice, provides definition to the discipline, and establishes the discipline as a certain type of practice.  Archaeologists have never fully established the basics of an Archaeological Domain which has allowed the discipline to become fragmented and without strong definition, and with that fragmentation comes large variations in scientific methodology.  Better establishing the foundational ideas of archaeology will support a stronger diversity in archaeological sciences. 
However, this cannot be done without the second major component which is international institutional conventionality or an international organization of collaboration that can support the standards of an entire discipline.  The fragmented state of the discipline is most notable in the many national and quasi-international organizations that support archaeologists which are usually focused on specific aspects of archaeology rather than the discipline as a whole. 
Ultimately, introducing a basic archaeological domain and establishing that domain collaboratively on an international level would help prevent the goal posts from moving, so to speak, introducing standards of science while increasing accessibility and possibility of outreach, essentially leveling the playing field.

full title: "Terenowa weryfikacja danych z archiwum Feliksa Jakobsona. Przykład cmentarzyska w Sternwalde na Mazurach. Die Verifizierung der Informationen aus dem Archiv Feliks Jakobsons im Gelände am Beispiel des Gräberfelds Sternwalde in Masuren. Fēliksa Jākobsona arhīva informācijas verifikācija. Šternvaldes kapulauka (Masūru apgabalā) piemērs", T. Nowakiewicz, A. Rzeszotarska-Nowakiewicz [in:]  Archeologiczne dziedzictwo Prus Wschodnich w archiwum Feliksa Jakobsona. Das archäologische Vermächtnis Ostpreußens im Archiv des Feliks Jakobson. Austrumprūsijas arheoloģiskais mantojums Feliksa Jakobsona arhīvā, Aestiorum Hereditas II, Ostbalticum, T. Nowakiewicz ed. , Warszawa 2011, 512-533

Depuis le colloque international organisé à Strasbourg en 1991 et celui qui s'est tenu à Athènes, à l'Ecole française d'archéologie, à l'occasion du centenaire des fouilles de Delphes, aucune rencontre internationale n'a été eu lieu. Ce volume est donc le fruit d'une rencontre devenue vraiment nécessaire, organisée conjointement par l'Ecole française d'Athènes et l'Université Toulouse 2-le Mirail, grâce au CRATA (Culture, Représentation, Archéologie, Théâtre antique), équipe de recherche membre du laboratoire PLH (Patrimoine, Littérature, Histoire). Toutefois, notre ambition n'était pas de faire un bilan complet d'une recherche trop riche, mais de s'interroger sur un aspect sur lequel les recherches récentes ont apporté de nouveaux éléments : les relations que Delphes entretenait avec le monde. Sur le plan de la topographie, le cas de Delphes offre une particularité assez rare dans le monde antique. Le sanctuaire d'Apollon a acquis un rayonnement international, alors qu'il s'agissait d'un sanctuaire urbain, situé au sein d'une ville, maîtresse d'un territoire, comme toutes les cités grecques. La gestion de ce sanctuaire, en tout cas celle de ses temples, murs d'enceinte (péribole), de son téménos, revenait à une organisation multinationale nommée l'Amphictionie. Ainsi, l'interface entre Delphes et le reste du monde a l'étonnante caractéristique d'avoir été double : à la périphérie de la cité, par les frontières du territoire, redessinées lors d'accords frontaliers notifiés dans des inscriptions, les actes de bornages, et au cœur de la ville, à la limite entre les sanctuaires et la ville, là où siège l'Amphictionie, là où les cités du monde antique déposaient des offrandes ou élevaient des trésors, eux-mêmes votifs. Ainsi, interroger les relations entre Delphes et le monde extérieur, c'est s'interroger sur les relations entre les sanctuaires et la ville, dans sa topographie, et c'est, plus classiquement, s'interroger sur l'intégration de la ville dans sa région, c'est enfin s'interroger sur son rayonnement, jusque dans le domaine colonial, et sur ses fréquentations.

I presented this paper at Cairo University on the 23 April 2019 and to the 'Museums' Sectors', Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities on the 12 December 2019 at the Islamic Museum of Art. The aim of this talk is to spread the word regarding the regulations and guidelines of the publication in Egyptian Archaeology.  The talk tackled why is it important to publish? what shall I publish? What are the journals in which scholars can publish? How can I find an idea or object to be published?. It also explored many other questions and points on the journals with impact factors, the procedures/deadlines/guidelines of the different famous journals in Egyptian Archaeology, and how can a researcher avoid a rejection of his/her paper.