310 The Iron Age Pottery from Kommos storage jars of the earliest IA; the type is a direct descendant of the storage jars of the Bronze Age.41 The third group consists of the mass-produced “crisp ware” or “torpedo” storage jars known from Sarepta, Tyre, Keisan, and so on. That mass production, which began in the late ninth or early eighth century B.C., resulted in very uniform rim types that are easy to classify.42 Between the time of the disappearance of the first group and the beginnings of the manufacture of the third group, coastal Phoenician storage jars are of the type called Storage Jar 9 at Tyre. All the Kommos rims are of that type. They are generally similar but rarely identical, which may indicate that they are the products of small household workshops. They are more or less vertical and average 1.0–2.5 cm in height and ca. 1.0–1.5 cm in thickness.43 Of the 3,063 such rims recovered in the Tyre sounding, the vast majority occurred in Strata XIII through VI (Bikai 1978: 45–46), which can be dated to 1070/1050–ca. 800 B.C.44 At Tyre, Storage Jar Rim Type 9 seemed to occur with Base Type 20 in Strata XIII through X, dated to 1070/50–850 B.C. Base Type 20 is a slightly articulated “bulb” (Bikai 1978: 46); one fragment that might be of this type was identified at Kommos (15). The same type of storage jar occurred in quantity at Sarepta and at Keisan, across similarly broad date ranges.45 Anderson compares 2, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 13 from Kommos with Sarepta Storage Jar 14B of Stratum D (ca. 1025/1000–850/825 B.C.), and 14 (which is from a later context at Kommos) with Sarepta Storage Jar 11 of Substratum D1 (ca. 950–850/825 B.C.).46 Evidence from Cyprus has already shown that such storage jars were exported. Examples have been found in Palaepaphos-Skales Tombs 44 and 58 of the first part of the CyproGeometric I (1050–1000 B.C.); in Tomb 49, which covers the whole of the Cypro-Geometric I (1050–950 B.C.); in Tomb 80, of Cypro-Geometric II (950–850 B.C.); as well as at Kition in floor 3 and in Salamis Tomb 1, both generally of the Cypro-Geometric III (850–750 B.C.; Bikai 1987b: nos. 590–91, 594, 595–96, 600–1, 616–18). Thus the dating of these fragments from Kommos will have to come from their context at the site rather than from information available from other sites, as there is as yet little clear evidence for a chronological sequence within the general date range of ca. 1050–750 B.C. The occupation gap at Kommos lowers the earliest possible date for these fragments to ca. 925 B.C. The similarity of the pieces with incised bands below the rim to one another suggests that a good number of the storage jar sherds at the site are the product of a single shipment. That shipment had to have taken place no later than the time of Temple A, Floor 2, for a fragment that joined 2 was found in 33C/85, which belongs to the first part of the Floor 2 phase, dated to 920/880 B.C.; other fragments, for example, 6 and 11, came from equally early contexts. These fragments are not important in themselves; at a mainland Levantine site they would hardly be noticed. They are so insignificant, in fact, that it is a credit to the excavators that they were recognized at all. Evidence for early Phoenician expansion toward the Western Mediterranean is scarce at best. The explanation may well be that the evidence takes the lessthan-spectacular form of the Kommos sherds and is not being recognized. The appearance of this material at Kommos raises the known date of Phoenician expansion Phoenician Ceramics from the Greek Sanctuary 311 to Crete perhaps a full century from where it stood just a few years ago with the discovery of Phoenician jugs of ca. 800 B.C. at Knossos (Coldstream 1984a: 123, fig. 1.2). The eleventhcentury finds some years ago at Palaepaphos-Skales on the west coast of Cyprus (Bikai 1983) made this find somewhere on Crete almost inevitable, for they ended the myth of the mirage phénicien. The oldest Phoenician ceramics found to date west of Kommos are the red-slipped sherds from Huelva (Spain), which date to ca. 800 B.C. (Fernandez Jurado 1984). It is now undoubtedly only a matter of time before much earlier materials are identified in the far west. Selected Catalogue 1 (C 7378I). SJ shoulder with three incisions. Pls. 4.63, 4.64. Ware 5 YR 6/6 reddish yellow; even core, red inclusions. Road 17, later and mixed deposit (59A1/51). Probably same vessel as 3. 2 (C 6451E and Y). SJ rim and shoulder with three incisions. Pls. 4.63, 4.64. D at rim edge 15.0. Ware 5 YR 6/6 light red, surface 10 YR 8/2 pale brown; uneven core, red inclusions. Temple A, Floor 2, and early and late dump deposits (33C/85, 51A/31, and 63A/53). Reconstruction based on Bikai 1987b: no. 594. See Callaghan and Johnston, Section 1, 30. 3 (C 7378H). SJ shoulder. Pl. 4.63. Ware 5 YR 6/ 6 reddish yellow; even core, red inclusions. Road 17, later and mixed deposit (59A1/51). Probably same vessel as 1. 4 (C 4617A). SJ shoulder. Pl. 4.63. Dump deposit possibly related to Temple A, Floor 2 (42A/76). See Callaghan and Johnston, Section 1, 118. 5 (I 16). SJ handle. Pls. 4.63, 4.64. Max h 14.6, max w 8.9. Ware 5 YR 6/6 reddish yellow, interior 2.5 YR 6/4 light reddish yellow, exterior 2.5 YR 6/ 8 light red; uneven core, white inclusions. Incised sign on upper handle and finger impression at base. Early dump deposit related to Temple A, Floor 2 (34A2/42). See Csapo et al., Chap. 2, 1. 6 (C 8190). SJ rim and shoulder with three incisions. Pls. 4.63, 4.64. Max pres h 4.9. Ware 5 YR 6/6 reddish yellow; even core, red inclusions. Early dump deposit related to Temple A, Floor 2 (63A/68). 7 (C 7378J). SJ handle. Pls. 4.63, 4.64. Ware 5 YR 6/6 reddish yellow; red inclusions. Road 17, later and mixed deposit (59A1/52). 8 (C 3528). Rim and shoulder with traces of incisions. Pls. 4.63, 4.64. D ca. 20.0, th 2.0, max dim 7.7. Ware 5 YR 7/6 reddish yellow, exterior 10 YR 8/3 very pale brown; even core, red inclusions. West of Temple B, Floor 2 (37A/13). 9 (C 8610A). SJ rim. Pl. 4.63. Ware 5 YR 6/6 reddish yellow; red inclusions; stance and diameter uncertain. Temple A, Floor 2, second courtyard (63A/64). See Callaghan and Johnston, Section 1, 63. 10 (C 4617G). SJ rim. Pl. 4.63. Ware 10 YR 6/2 light brownish gray; even core, red inclusions. Dump possibly related to Temple A, Floor 2 (42A/76). See Callaghan and Johnston, Section 1, 118. 11 (C 8191). SJ rim. Pls. 4.63, 4.64. Dim 2.65 x 3.2. Ware 5 YR 7/4 pink; red inclusions. Incisions at base of rim; stance and diameter uncertain. Early deposit related to Temple A, Floor 2 (63A/68). 12 (C 8413). SJ rim and shoulder with two incisions. Pls. 4.63, 4.64. H 3.0, w 6.2. Ware 7.5 YR 6/6 reddish yellow; even core, red inclusions. Stance and diameter uncertain. Building Q, Room 38 (64A2/81). 13 (C 8097). SJ rim. Pl. 4.63. Max pres h 3.3, est d of rim 14.0. Ware 5 YR 7/4 pink; even core. Temple A, upper level dump (63A/51). 14 (C 4072F). SJ rim. Pls. 4.63, 4.64. Max h 3.3, d of rim 10.0. Ware 5 YR 6/6 reddish yellow; even core, red inclusions. 312 Temple B, dump buildup (37A/10, 14, 37, and 38). See Callaghan and Johnston, Section 1, 170. 15 (N88). SJ base fragment. Pls. 4.63, 4.64. Early dump deposit related to Temple A, Floor 2 (63A/71). 16 (C 3078). Jug neck. Pls. 4.63, 4.64. Max h 6.8; max d 4.5, d at lower end 3.2. Ware 5 YR 8/7 reddish yellow, core 7.5 YR 8/2 pinkish white, blue and white inclusions, slip on exterior 10 R 4/6 red. Temple B, dump buildup (34A2/34). Reconstruction based on Bikai 1987b: no. 160. 17 (C 8050A). Jug body fragment with handle stub. Pl. 4.63. H pres 3.7, w 6.5. Ware 7.5 YR 7/ 4 pink; traces of red slip on exterior. Dump related to Temple A, Floor 2 (63A/48). Probably from the same vessel as 16. The Iron Age Pottery from Kommos 18 (C 3245A). Fragment with handle stub of a large jug. Pls. 4.63, 4.64. L 6.5, w 8.5. Ware 7.5 YR 6/4 light red, interior 7.5 YR 6/4 light brown; red inclusions, traces of self-slip exterior. Temple B, dump buildup (36B/21). Reconstruction based on Bikai 1987b: no 175. Possibly ca. 800–750 B.C. 19 (C 7855). Fragment of a large jug. Pl. 4.63. Max h 7.1, max pres w 8.1. Ware 5 YR 7/6 reddish yellow, interior 5 YR 7/3 pink; red inclusions, traces of self-slip on exterior. Temple B, dump buildup (65A1/14). Probably from the same vessel as 18. Possibly ca. 800–750 B.C. 20 (C 6450E and F). Incised SJ shoulder sherds. Pl. 4.64. Ware 5 YR 7/6 reddish yellow; even core. Dump related to Temple A, Floor 2 (51A/31). 3. Roman Pottery from the Sanctuary John W. Hayes Introduction The pottery assemblage from the final phase of occupation (Phase 6) is essentially domestic in character, almost totally lacking the votive or ceremonial shapes present in the Hellenistic levels. The same seems to be true of the glassware (Hayes, Chap. 5, Section 1), here present in significant amounts. Only the lamps (Hayes, Chap. 4, Section 4), of which a significant number of complete specimens were found, scattered in small caches around the site, have the appearance of offerings—more indicative of the occasional worshipper or the lingering continuation of a cult than of the mass events of Hellenistic times. A normal range of Cretan and Aegean fine and coarse wares is present, including some well-preserved specimens—the latter, with the matching glassware, perhaps the household effects of the last custodians of the shrine. The date for these, indicated chiefly by the fine wares, spans the period ca. A.D. 70–170. The latest material has stylistic links with the large initial destruction deposit from the Villa Dionysos at Knossos (suggested date ca. A.D. 180–90; Hayes 1983: 102–36 passim, 140–63 passim), but should be somewhat earlier. While clearly of second-century date, it is perhaps contemporary with the final construction phase at the Villa Dionysos, with Henry S. Robinson’s group G III in the Athenian Agora (ca. A.D. 140–160/ 170; H. S. Robinson 1959: 40–44, pls. 7–8, etc.), and with a basement deposit briefly noted from Eretria (Themelis 1982: 177, pl. 113 [context details pp. 175–76]). No Kommos item need be later than ca. A.D. 170, which I here adopt as the terminal date of occupation. The initial date for the final phase is less clearly defined, resting as it does on mere fragments and on Roman Pottery from the Sanctuary 313 the local Roman lamp series (see Section 4). Although the latter include a few mid-first-century types (here perhaps to be viewed as cult offerings), there seems to be no datable pottery from the first two-thirds of the first century after Christ. A few of the latest of the Hellenistic series of votives may extend into this period (see Callaghan and Johnston, Section 1), but the earliest of the domestic pottery types going with the final phase need be no earlier than A.D. 60–70. Virtually no overlaps occur among the pottery and glass with the material from the Augustan period to the mid first century after Christ published from Knossos (Hayes 1971; Sackett 1992b: 178–218, pls. 125–65, 200–13), and the “Augustan” version of the common local lamp type, bearing a frill against the handle (e.g., Rizza and Santa Maria Scrinari 1968: 65, fig. 102b; Hayes 1971: pls. 39e right, 40a top left, 40c), is not in evidence. An isolated copy of a fine ware type dating to the early first century after Christ, 22 would appear to date the shadowy intermediate Hellenistic/Roman presence in and around Building B (Deposit 55), with its burning (wasters and dump; see 43–45, 54–56). The wasters match ones visible on the surface of the abandoned hilltop town site at Matala (personal observation) and so could attest an extension of the same industrial activity on the fringes of the Kommos site during its abandonment period. Two late wheelmade lamps (Hayes, Section 4, 77 and 78) also come from this area. Deposits 55–57 (Augustan and Roman)47 The occupation of the sanctuary area after the dilapidation of the buildings in the complex lasted for over a century. Unfortunately, although some relatively minor architectural developments may be assigned to this phase, redeposition, clearing, and the informal nature of some of the squatter reoccupation present problems of interpretation. For this reason the catalogued objects have been grouped typologically, although a few comments on their archaeological contexts may be proffered. Deposit 55 represents a squatter reoccupation in the upper levels of both rooms of Building B. There were no made-up floors, but a few small and flimsy walls provide absolute proof that some attempt was made to adapt the building to contemporary needs. Some pots can be isolated stratigraphically and by type as belonging to this period. The survival of a subHellenistic tradition in pottery forms together with the type of associated lamp suggests an Augustan date for this phase (probably A.D. 1–20). For a specific listing, refer to the contexts delineated in Table 1.5. Deposit 56 is a typological grouping represented partly by material above the Hellenistic dump south of the temple, in particular by local Cretan lamps of the period A.D. 50–100 and, probably, the associated transport amphorae of Matala type. A possibility exists that some of the latest types of votive bowls (published as part of Callaghan and Johnston, Section 1, Deposit 48, Stage 5, 824–26 and 832–35) from the same dump belong here and to the squatters in Building B, for similar votive bowls were found in the upper reoccupation levels of Building 314 The Iron Age Pottery from Kommos B (C 8910 in 10A/12) and within Temple C’s upper floor deposit (C 8896 in 29A1/30). For the lamps see Section 4, 3–11. Deposit 57 dates to the period A.D. 100–160+. Most vases were found within the temple, and many were associated with a dirt floor laid above the flagstones of the Greek naos. Once again the unusual number of fine lamps, along with the single votive bowl (C 8910), just mentioned, suggests a low-key continuation of religious practice—a feature arguably shared by all three phases of the imperial reoccupation. For Deposit 57, see the listings in Table 1.5. Fine Wares The mix of fine wares here is typical of second-century-after-Christ Aegean sites, with Çandarlı ware dominant.48 Of the listed items, 1, 2, 6–8, and perhaps 9, come from the latest levels and may approach A.D. 160 in date, whereas the flanged bowls 4 and 5 should, on context evidence, be rather earlier (i.e., early in the second-century Çandarlı sequence). The best preserved of the thin-walled mugs (17, 20, and 21) all come from the lowest of the Roman layers on the site and are early examples of their respective types; a date of ca. A.D. 100 (or in late Flavian times) may be suggested for them. The fragmentary pieces of Italian sigillata and other firstcentury wares (10–16), found out of context, generally belong to the same Flavian or Trajanic orbit. One or two scraps of thin-walled wares of first-century types (not listed) may push the beginnings of this occupation phase slightly earlier, although probably not beyond the A.D. 60s. As at Knossos slightly later (Hayes 1983: 104; Sackett 1992b: 160–61, with fig. 2 on p. 163), African wares of the second century after Christ are infrequent; the two specimens found (7 and 8) are of an unusual type. The lack of any local (or indeed Cretan) fine ware here—with the possible exception of 8 and 22—may be noted; an analogous situation prevails at Knossos in the second century (although less so in the first century; Hayes 1983: 110; Sackett 1992b: 161–62, with fig. 2). Very little fine ware other than the inventoried specimens presented below occurs at Kommos. Çandarlı Ware Standard “late” fabric. Classification here follows Hayes 1986: 71–78; for “H” and “L” series, see also Hayes 1972: 318–22; Loeschcke 1912. 1 (C 2127). Large bowl or basin, over half preserved. Pl. 4.65. Est d ca. 32.7. Round-bodied variant of form H 1. Six-petaled rosette stamp at center. Temple C, upper earth floor (29A1/21). For other versions of the shape, cf. Hayes 1983: 118, fig. 3, nos. 14–18; Kenrick 1985: 263, fig. 47, form B 369. 2 (C 2129). Basin, part of wall and rim. Pl. 4.65. Est d 34.0. Form H 1. Temple C, upper earth floor (29A1/21). Cf. Hayes 1983: 118, fig. 2, no. 2. 3 (C 2133). Deep dish, three-fifths preserved. Pl. 4.65. Est d ca. 27.2. Form L 26B. Undecorated. Marks of kiln pads on floor. Temple C, on side bench (29A1/23, 30, and 32). The loose rim C 1890 (from 29A1/3) may belong. An early second-century-after-Christ shape, normally bearing grooves on floor: see Hayes 1972: 319, fig. 63c; 1986: pl. XVII.11. 4 (C 2128). Flanged bowl, one-third preserved Roman Pottery from the Sanctuary 315 (base missing). Pl. 4.65. Est d of flange ca. 21.5. Form H 3. Temple C, upper earth floor (29A1/21). Although found in the same context as 1 and 2, this may be rather earlier (note context of 5). Pl. 4.65. Est d of flange 8.5. Eastern Sigillata B2 ware. Center lost (presumably stamped). Temple C, northeastern enclosure (29A1/24). Hayes form 70 (1986: 66–67), late version, ca. A.D. 100–170. Cf. H. S. Robinson 1959: J 29, pls. 9, 62. 5 (C 2506). Flanged bowl, rim fragment. Pl. 4.65. Form as 4. Temple C, lower slab floor (29A1/30). From same context: C 2507 (as 4 and 5, fragmentary, lip missing). 10 (C 2904). Bowl, rim fragment. Pl. 4.65. Est d of body 11.1. “Pontic” Sigillata. Smooth pinkish clay; red semigloss slip, ending halfway down outside. Dump south of Temple C (34A/1). Hayes form IV (1986: 93, pl. XXIII.4). About A.D. 50–100. 6 (C 1980). Flanged bowl, base and fragments to rim (profile restored). Pl. 4.65. H 5.1, est d of rim 11.5. Form L 19, late, transitional to H 3. East of Temple C in sand (29A/9). Cf. Hayes 1986: pl. XVII.6. African Red Slip Ware and Variants No examples of the standard second-centuryafter-Christ types present. 7 (C 2899). Flat-based dish, over half preserved, fragmented. Pl. 4.65. Max d 28.2. Form 26/182 variant. Standard texture, but underside with drab brownish tint, and slight scratches from dragging of particles. Thin polished red slip on inside and over rim. Temple C, above upper earth floor (29A1/14, 18, 19, and 23). African, source uncertain; not standard (Carthage region) form 26 (for which see, e.g., Kenrick 1985: form B 613, fig. 64). Ware comparable to form 181 from Sousse-Monastir region but lacks its line-burnish treatment. 8 (C 2900). Flat-based dish, half of base and onethird of rim preserved, fragmented. Pl. 4.65. Est d 27.4. Variant of 7. Standard color and texture but some fine red and gray specks. No slip; brushsmoothed interior, slight spatula marks. Temple C, upper earth floor and northwestern enclosure (29A1/19 and 40). African (unclassified), or a close imitation. Various Eastern Sigillata–Type Wares Few scraps only. 9 (C 2171). Small carinated cup, one side only. Italian Terra Sigillata Scrappy, mostly residual in contexts dating to the second century after Christ. Classification follows Conspectus 1990. 11 (C 283). Sherds of flat-based bowl: rim, etc. Pl. 4.65. Est d 6.3. Building B, eastern room, upper collapse (10A/ 12)—same layer as Hayes, Section 4, 20. Conspectus 1990: form 29. Mid to late first century after Christ. J. W. Shaw et al. 1978: 138–39. 12 (C 1914). Plate base, fragmentary. Pl. 4.65. Est d of foot 9.3. Very eroded (waterworn). Stamp effaced, traces of rough rouletted band on floor. Temple C, sand clearing (29A/7). As Conspectus 1990: form 20.4. Mid first century after Christ or later. Probably “Late Italian” class. 13 (C 380). Body sherd of plate. Pl. 4.65. Max dim 3.3, est d ca. 16.0–17.0. Conspectus 1990: form 4.6. Wall rounded, curving in sharply at bottom; part of an applied dolphin(?) motif to right. Altar C, top (10A1/23). After ca. A.D. 50? 14 (C 2316). Dish base, center (with stamp) missing. Pl. 4.65. Est d of foot 9.8. “Late Italian.” Rather poorly fired, with dull gloss. Temple C, court, southern sand scarp (29A2/ 33). Conspectus 1990: form 3.2. Late first to early second century after Christ. 15 (I 31). Dish base, complete. Pl. 4.65. D of foot 8.1. “Late Italian,” as 14. Stamp, rather off-center: LⴢRⴢP in planta pedis (length 2.3; short toes; Pls. 2.8, 2.15). Temple C, northwestern enclosure (34A5/81). 316 By L. Rasinius Pisanus (Oxé and Comfort 1968: no. 1558—see stamp form C, p. 377). See Csapo et al., Chap. 2, 99. About A.D. 80–125. Thin-Walled Ware, Italian 16 (C 279). Carinated bowl or cup fragment; joining sherds of wall. Pl. 4.65. Max dim 7.45, est max d 10.8, pres h ca. 5.1. Hard clean ware, light gray 5 Y 7/1–6/1; thin patchy gray slip (black patches on exterior). Barbotine leaves (parts of two) on wall, slight groove above. Altar C, around sides (10A/28). Mid/late first century after Christ. Thin-Walled Mugs, Late First/Second Century Types Earlier versions of the Knossos finds (Hayes 1983: 107, types 1–2). For further Cretan finds of these classic types, see Markoulaki 1987: 43, no. 2, fig. 1, pl. 12β (type as 17), and pp. 43–44, no. 5, pl. 13α (type as 20), from Kastelli Kisamou. The series a collarino represented by 17 is now seen to be a product of the northeastern Aegean (perhaps the Thracian coast), where it is very common (recent finds from Ainos, Troy).49 A workshop (perhaps the principal one) for the production of mugs as 20 has been excavated at Phocea (Özyiǧit 1991: 138, fig. 14 on p. 148; 1992: 103, photo 9 on p. 115). 17 (C 2364). Boccalino a collarino type; over half preserved (only one scrap of rim preserved). Pl. 4.65. H ca. 8.1. Red-brown core, gray surfaces (a lighter tint on lower part of exterior). Surface slightly rough; base turned (slight scratches). “Sliced” handle. Temple C, on lower slab floor (29A1/47). Early version: Marabini Moevs 1973: form LXVIII. Cf. The Iron Age Pottery from Kommos H. S. Robinson 1959: G 117, pl. 7. End of first century to ca. A.D. 100. 18–19 (uncatalogued). Fragments (rim and base) of two examples. Pl. 4.65. Type and ware as 17. Temple C, above or on upper earth floor (29A1/19). Possibly later in series; cf. H. S. Robinson 1959: G 182, pl. 7. 20 (C 2295). Aegean (Phocean) type with high collar-rim; body unbroken, a piece of rim lost. Pl. 4.65. H ca. 9.5. Standard nonmicaceous ware, reddish brown; upper part of exterior fired brownish. “Sliced” handle. Temple C, northwestern enclosure (29A1/37). Cf. H. S. Robinson 1959: G 103, J 43, pls. 7, 9. Fairly early in series (date as 17?). 21 (C 2965). Type as 20; base and loose pieces up to rim. Pl. 4.65. Est h 8.9. Plain brown ware (5 YR 7/6–8; no discoloration), very thin walled. Temple C, lower slab floor (29A1/30). Import, source uncertain. Local(?) Red-Slipped Ware 22 (C 390). Bowl or cup rim. Pl. 4.65. Est d ca. 13.8. Orange clay (5 YR 7/8), thin dull red slip (2.5 YR 6/7) on upper part only (see profile). Concave upright rim; groove under carination. Altar C, around sides (10A1/25). Imitation of an Italian sigillata or Eastern Sigillata A ware shape. Probably early first century after Christ. Local Thin-Walled Ware 23 (C 2271). Mug or beaker(?); lower part only. Pl. 4.65. D of base 3.6. Pale yellow-beige ware (10–7.5 YR 8/3), fairly clean; no slip. Rouletted decoration. Temple C, lower slab floor (29A1/30). Found with material dating to the early second century after Christ. Coarse Wares, Imported and Local The coarse wares display much the same range of imports and local products as the secondcentury-after-Christ finds from Knossos (Hayes 1983). Buff wares predominate among the local products; the shapes of these essentially match those known from Knossos and other Roman Pottery from the Sanctuary 317 Cretan sites, but the fabric differs somewhat from that of the Knossos series. No parallels are noted with the first-century Knossian cooking ware fabric. The dates of the various types, where known, match those indicated for the fine wares listed previously. 24 (C 1988). “Frying pan”; fragment, comprising one-quarter of rim and handle. Pl. 4.65. Est d ca. 26.0. Light yellowish brown ware (5–7.5 YR 7/ 6) with hard limestone inclusions; exterior fired pale gray. Bottom rough. Flat-topped rim, hollow handle. East of Temple C (29A/9). Early(?) version of a common type of the second century after Christ (see 25), in variant ware. For the rim treatment, cf. H. S. Robinson 1959: G 113, pl. 72; Coldstream 1973a: 49, J 30, fig. 18. in places. Imprint of a handle visible on underside of rim. Temple C, with fabric of construction in northeast corner (72A/1). From a larger deeper version of 26 or 27. 25 (C 2107). “Frying pan,” two-thirds preserved. Pl. 4.65. D ca. 28.0. Type as 24. Classic ware: redbrown (inner surface 5 YR 7/7, break to 2.5 YR 6/ 8), with small mixed grits, including red-brown inclusions; outer surface fired gray (to 10 YR 6/ 2). Interior wet smoothed. Rounded rim; stump of a hollow handle. Bottom rough, bearing remains of a signature in faint relief, partly legible (Csapo et al., Chap. 2, 102). Temple C, above or on upper earth floor (29A1/19). Standard second-century-after-Christ type: J. A. Riley’s Early Roman Cooking Ware 6. For the whole series, see Riley 1982: 253–56, fig. 51 (distribution map), pl. XXe (thin section, cf. p. 239); also Hayes 1983: 107–8, type 1. For the stamps, see Riley 1982: 256, pls. XXIX–XXX. 30 (C 2131). Cooking pot rim. Pl. 4.66. Est d 24.0. Hard grayish brown ware, rather smooth textured. Light ribbing. Temple C, above or on upper earth floor (29A1/21). Context Hadrianic or slightly later. Not standard imported ware; possibly local. For form, cf. 31. 26 (C 6081). Casserole rim. Pl. 4.66. Est d 19.5. Standard ware, badly eroded: light brown (redder at core), fired gray on bottom; fine specks of gold mica, lime, and sand. Early Temple C, in sand (29A1/9). To be restored with two handles. Cf. Hayes 1983: 106, type 2. Type and ware common on Aegean sites: e.g., H. S. Robinson 1959: G 194–95, pl. 7; Themelis 1982: pl. 113γ, top left. Also abundant on wrecks from the Dalmatian coast. Secondcentury-after-Christ version. 27 (C 1997). Casserole rim. Pl. 4.66. Est d 13.6. Variant ware: gray-brown, thickish. Temple C, above or on upper earth floor (29A1/12). Local(?) version of 26. 28 (uninventoried?). Casserole rim. Pl. 4.66. Est d 22.5. Large fragment. Standard ware, as 26: light brown with reddish tint; outer surface fired gray 29 (C 2272). Casserole (or cooking pot) rim. Pl. 4.66. Est d 18. Local(?) ware: red-brown 2.5 YR 5.5/8, exterior fired gray. Rather crude handle. Temple C, above or on upper earth floor (29A1/30). For ware, cf. 27. 31 (C 6079). Cooking pot, rim and wall fragments, eroded. Pl. 4.66. Est d of rim 18.2. Thin “local” ware: brown, fired light gray at surface (7.5 YR 6/6, surface to 6/2); some lime specks, no mica. Temple C, above or on upper earth floor (29A1/12). Variant of standard Aegean type, for which see Hayes 1983: 105, type 2; also Riley 1982: 263–65, specifically Mid Roman Cooking Ware 3a. Cretan, or possibly Cyrenaican. Another Cretan find of this shape: Markoulaki 1987: 44, no. 6, fig. 1, pl. 13β (from Kastelli Kisamou). 32 (C 2360). Trefoil-mouthed jug neck. Pl. 4.65. H pres 4.9, rim 7.4 × est 5.7. Thin rough-textured ware, reddish 2.5 YR 6/6; outer surface gray with slight cream vitrification. Two slight grooves under lip, flat-sectioned handle with slight flanges. South of Temple C, in sand (29A/46). Firstcentury-after-Christ type. 33 (C 378). Cooking pot, most of upper part, with handles, also loose pieces of bottom. Pl. 4.66. H pres 11.6, original est 18.0+; d of rim ca. 13.8, of body ca. 16.6. Coarse red ware (2.5 YR 4–5/6), with lime. Wet-smoothed surface (fired cream in places), eroded. Strap handles. Groove below shoulder. Altar C, top (10A1/23 and 25). Context later 318 The Iron Age Pottery from Kommos first century after Christ? No close parallels noted. 3). Variant of Hayes type 1 at Knossos (1983: 109, fig. 11). 34 (C 1960). Casserole rim to wall fragment, with a handle. Pl. 4.66. Est d of rim ca. 22.4. Brownish red ware, rather gritty, fired cream at surface (wet smoothed). Angular strap handle, probably one of a pair. East of Temple C, in sand (29A/9). Unclassified local(?) product. 38 (C 1995). Basin rim sherd. Pl. 4.66. Est d ca. 48.0. Orange-buff. Round-sectioned handle applied under rim, pushed up (with finger indentation) at midpoint. East of Temple C, in sand (29A/9). Cf. basin type 1 at Knossos (Hayes 1983: 108–9, 132, fig. 15). 39 (C 6082). Basin rim, two pieces. Pl. 4.66. Est d 28.0. “Local” brown-buff ware. East of Temple C, in sand (29A/9). Plain Buff Ware Local counterpart of Knossos buff-ware fabric (Hayes 1983: 108–11), comparable but not identical; shapes similar. 35 (C 2100). Jug, greater part. Pl. 4.66. Restored h 18.3, d of body 11.5. Orange, hard. “Sliced” handle. Slight groove on body below handle. A loose base sherd may belong. Temple C, upper earth floor and lower slab floor (29A1/19 and 30). Early low-rimmed version of jug type 1 at Knossos (Hayes 1983: 109, fig. 11). Similar (not catalogued): C 2126, also from the upper earth floor (29A1/21)—upper half; orange-pink ware, with yellowish surface. 36 (uninventoried). Jug base. Pl. 4.66. D of foot 5.5. Buff ware, not hard, flaking on inner surface. Temple C, within fabric of construction in northeast corner (72A/1F). Perhaps from a jug as 35. 37 (C 1889). Jug or mug rim. Pl. 4.66. Est d 5.7. Orange-buff, thin, hard. High overhanging rim, grooved handle. Temple C, sand clearing near statue base (29A/ 40 (C 1975). Basin (krater?) rim. Pl. 4.66. Est d 41.0. Smooth orange-brown ware, hard-fired, with wet-smoothed cream-buff surface. Frilled rim flange. Possible imprint of an applied handle on underside of rim. East of Temple C, in sand (29A/9). This rim may come from a “krater” related in form and function to a Knossos find (Hayes 1983: 132, fig. 16, no. 193). The Knossos example is, however, shallower. 41 (C 1888). Dish(?) rim. Pl. 4.66. Est d 19.0. Orange, fired cream at surface. Temple C, in sand near statue base (29A/3). 42 (C 2901). Lid, one side missing. Pl. 4.66. D 11.2. Pinkish brown. Wire or string marks on top. East of Temple C, in sand (29A2/17). Date uncertain—Roman? 43 (C 245). Jug, local slip-coated ware. Pl. 4.66. Est d of body 13.2. One side of body (with stump of handle); a loose rim sherd. Tan-buff, smooth; chocolate brown to sepia slip (partly vanished) covering exterior and rim. Building B, western room, within upper wall collapse (10A/8). Date uncertain—late Hellenistic? Augustan period? Amphorae Amphorae make up the great bulk of finds from the Roman layers (see Table 1.5). The main series (44–53) derive in one way or another from the common local Hellenistic type; 44 and 45 should mark a transitional stage (perhaps of Augustan date?). A number of wasters (e.g., 55 and 56, to which 44 and 46 should perhaps be added) may be assigned to this period and provide evidence for amphora production nearby at a time of partial (if not complete) abandonment of the Hellenistic sanctuary. Similar amphorae, with evidence of production, Roman Pottery from the Sanctuary 319 may be observed on the abandoned town site at Matala. The characteristic button bases of the common Hellenistic type survive, apparently somewhat reduced in size, on the Roman types (47 and 51); the parallel Knossian types feature them also (Hayes 1983: 141, 143, fig. 20a left; Sackett 1992b: 178–80, figs. 6–7 passim, pls. 159, 207, nos. N1, 43–45). Both of the two classic Cretan types of Roman date, as defined at Knossos,50 are present here in the “local” ware (see 49, 50, and 53); analogous shapes were also made at a somewhat later date at Keratokambos, further east along the south coast.51 “Local” derivatives of the common Hellenistic Koan type (cf. Dressel 1899: types 2–5) are also present at Kommos (see 47 and 48). It is not clear what proportion of the amphora sherds from the Roman layers may be residual, since body sherds of the Hellenistic and Roman–period local series cannot readily be distinguished; on this site the ribbing seen at a slightly later date is uncommon. Presumably, a fair number should be waste material from the production activities of the “abandonment” period noted previously. Scarcely any sherds of imported amphora types were noted, in contrast to the finds from the larger urban sites of Crete. 44 (C 141). Hellenistic derivative, local; neck of amphora and one and a half handles. Pl. 4.67. D of rim 12.4. Misfired. Rim grooved. Strap handles (without groove down inner face). Building B, western room, within upper wall collapse (10A/3). 45 (C 455). Type as 44; neck of amphora, both handles preserved. D of rim ca. 13.2. “Local” ware (firing normal): core brownish red 2.5 YR 4.5/6, surface brown 5 YR 4.5/6; fine sand, and dark and white inclusions. Handle treatment as on 44. Building B, eastern room, upper collapse (10A/ 12). 46 (C 6076). Neck of amphora. Pl. 4.67. D of rim ca 11.7. Overfired (waster?): gray, core brownish. South of Temple C, in sand (34A, in sand). Early context. Early variant of Knossos type 1 = Crétoise 3 (for which see 49 and 50), with internally ledged rim. 47 (C 2111). Koan derivative, local; whole of upper part of amphora, and one side down to base. Pl. 4.67. H ca. 69.0; d of rim 6.8–7.4, est d of body 30.0. Local ware: brown, soft, rather clean (faint brown specks, a few lime particles). Surface wetsmoothed, flaking. Asymmetrically grooved handles, “button” base. Scarp just east of Altar L (29A/20). Shape transitional to second-century-after-Christ versions. Related to the West Cretan series of Koan deriva- tives (Crétoise 2: see Markoulaki et al. 1989: 566– 70), but with rather different handle treatment. For counterparts with “Rhodian” peaked handles, see Knossos types 3–5 = Crétoise 4 (Hayes 1983: 143–45; Markoulaki et al. 1989: 574–77); a few neck and handle sherds from the Kommos site seem to represent these. 48 (C 1940). Koan derivative, local; neck of amphora and a handle (second handle restored on profile). Pl. 4.67. H pres 21.8, d of rim 8.4. Orange ware; whitish and rare brown specks. Short bulging neck, asymmetrically grooved handle(s). Temple C, upper level on east (29A/7). As 47 and 48: six or more handle sherds from Trenches 29A, 29A1, and 29A2. 49 (C 6091). Knossos type 1 = Crétoise 3; neck fragment of amphora, with a handle. Pl. 4.67. Est d of rim 9.5+. Overfired: hard, gray, with purplebrown tint at core; clean fabric, with some specks of lime. Scarp just east of Altar L (29A/20). For the type, see 50; typologically fairly early. 50 (C 2722). Knossos type 1 = Crétoise 3; neck of amphora. Pl. 4.67. D of rim ca. 9.1. Normal ware; red-brown, fired yellowish on exterior, hard. Partly burnt. Slight “rough cast” adhering to shoulder (from stacking in kiln). Body lightly ribbed. Temple C, above or on upper earth floor 320 (29A1/12). Other identifiable sherds of this type are rather few on the site; seven or more rims from Trenches 29A, 29A1, and 29A2; very few ribbed body sherds. For the type in general, see Markoulaki et al. 1989: 570–74, with figs. 21–23. Knossos version: cf. Hayes 1983: 142–43, A 1. 51 (C 6092). Cretan type; half of bottom of amphora, and some loose pieces. Pl. 4.67. Est d of body 30.0. Hard pinkish salmon ware, brown on exterior; some fine lime and brown specks, flaking wet-smoothed surface (yellow-buff). Edge of a “button” toe? Temple C, above or on upper earth floor (29A1/12). From an amphora like 47–50, and 53 (most likely 53). Cf. Hayes 1983: 141, A 18–19, fig. 20a. Several other “button” toes are present on the site. Most of these presumably belong to vessels like 53, q.v. 52 (C 2179). Narrow-necked type, Cretan; upper part of amphora, with handles. Pl. 4.67. H pres 18.1, d of rim 6.3. Orange-brown 2.5 YR 5/6, interior to 6/6; fired yellow-buff 10 YR 8/3 on exterior (cf. ware of 53). Tall neck, high flat rim band. Handles more or less oval sectioned. Rough ridge on interior where neck is luted onto shoulder. Scarp just east of Altar L (29A/20). Perhaps related: Markoulaki et al. 1989: fig. 15f (there classed as Crétoise 1 but shape abnormal for this). 53 (C 2723). Knossos type 2 = Crétoise 1; neck of amphora. Pl. 4.67. D of rim 6.8. Local ware: light orange-brown 6.25 YR 7/6, with lime traces; outer surface fired cream-buff 10 YR 8/5. Handle treatment uncertain (oval sectioned?). Temple C, above or on upper earth floor The Iron Age Pottery from Kommos (29A1/12). For a general study of the type, see Markoulaki et al. 1989: 554–66 (figs. 3, 15, and 16 give the range of shapes). For Knossos versions (rather later than those here), see Hayes 1983: 143, fig. 20. The commonest Roman amphora type identified from the site: 75+ rim fragments and 130+ handle fragments from contexts in Trenches 29A, 29A1, and 29A2; also enormous quantities of plain body sherds of this or related amphorae (some probably going with 47 and 48). Valid figures cannot be given for these, since they cannot be clearly distinguished from body sherds of the local Late Hellenistic type. 54 (C 6080). Toe of amphora, unclassified type. Pl. 4.67. D of toe 6.9. Orange-red ware with some fine dark specks; exterior wet-smoothed, with light brownish tint (about 5 YR 6/8; exterior to 7.5 YR 7/6). Light vertical spatula marks on exterior. Temple C, above or on upper earth floor (29A1/14). 55 (C 391). Amphora wasters, six body fragments. Pl. 4.68. Largest piece 19.5 × 12.3, second largest 12.4 × ca. 14.6; th 0.5–0.6. Overfired to gray, with brownish tint on inner face, greenish on outer face. Exterior blistered. From near-cylindrical body of an amphora, distorted (est d uncertain, perhaps ca. 30). Scarp to south of Altar C (10A1/30). 56 (C 395). Amphora wasters, two sherds. One piece (h 3.8, w 4.6) similar to 55 (th 0.5). Second piece (h 6.4, w 6.5) from a thicker vessel (th 0.8– 1.1). Condition as 55. Gray, blistered. South of Building B (10A2/36). 4. The Roman Lamps from the Sanctuary John W. Hayes Introduction As was noted in the introduction on the Roman pottery from the sanctuary (Section 3), many of the rather numerous lamps of Roman date from the site are complete or near-complete specimens, giving the impression of discards from the shrine. Those found in the surrounding sand (i.e., in Trenches 34A and 29A2) tend to be typologically the earliest—some, closely comparable to mid-first-century-after-Christ finds from Knossos, may actually antedate the The Roman Lamps from the Sanctuary 321 final phase of the temple. The corresponding finds from Trench 29A are a mix of early and late types. In contrast, those from 29A1 (including its lower Roman layers) are generally late. About half of the lamps found are of the peculiarly Cretan Hellenistic–derived type current at Knossos, Gortyn, and elsewhere in contexts dating to the first century after Christ,52 although, as was noted previously (see Section 3, “Introduction”), its earliest versions are absent. The rest are Roman-type relief lamps based on Italian models. Many parallels or near-parallels may be noted with the various Cretan finds published by Liliana Mercando (1974). The few identifiable imports are Knidian products53 of late-first- and second-century types, some modeled closely on metalware (see 72–76). Specifically Knidian influences may be seen on some of the local products (e.g., the peltae in relief on the bottoms of 50, 51, 63, and 67). Two phases may be seen in the Romanization of the local series. In the first, volute lamps are copied, and decoration begins to appear on the discus, while the traditional looped handmade handle is retained; in the second, fully Romanized, moldmade handles become normal. The earlier phase is represented by copies of Siegfried Loeschcke’s (1919) types IV and V,54 and some flat-rimmed versions of the earlier Cretan type with volutes added on the nozzles (see 36–38); these seem typologically to belong to the period ca. A.D. 75–100. The “later” series, perhaps already current by A.D. 100—and here already present in some of the earliest Roman layers—comprises almost exclusively versions of the short-nozzled Loeschcke 1919: type VIII, with either plain or heart-shaped nozzles, and decoration normally on both discus and rim. A few of these are signed (see 57 and 65). The presence here of the signature ΓΑΜΟϒ (on 65) helps to date one of the most prolific known Cretan lampmakers.55 The influence of the secondcentury Corinthian lamps (Broneer 1930: type XXVII) is here virtually absent (see remark under 53), which accords well with the proposed terminal date for the site of ca. A.D. 160–70. From Trench 10A come two very late examples (77 and 78) of the common Cretan Hellenistic wheelmade class with pointed nozzle (see Callaghan and Johnston, Section 1, 585, 694, 695, 869, 870, 898, and 899 for earlier versions). These versions, which exhibit a flaring rim, hollowed on top, above the normal neck collar, could represent an Augustan or early-first-centuryafter-Christ continuation of the type, not otherwise known from Roman contexts. In the following catalogue the commoner types are listed by context, in order to keep assemblages together as far as possible. Finds from areas to the east of Temple C are listed first, and then those from the temple. Classic Cretan First-Century-after-Christ Type (1–35; Pls. 4.70–4.72) Elongated “Hellenistic” shape: circular body, moldmade, merging with a long nozzle with expanded discoid end; grooved loop handle, handmade. Wide rounded rim/shoulder, small plain discus. Circular indented base (unsigned). Larger examples have a rim ring added around wick hole. For bibliography, see n. 52. 322 Altar C, around Sides (10A1/28) 1 (C 265). Nozzle broken, surface eroded. Pl. 4.70. Pres length 10.5; d 6.15; h 4.6, of body 3.4. Soft orange clay (6.25 YR 7/8), worn orange-red slip (2.5 YR 5.5/8). Shallow rounded body; rather crudely made. Bottom hollowed, creating low footring. Rim: on each side, dot row flanking nozzle, two sets of oblique grooves and two rows of stabbed dots; knob flanking handle. Nozzle: central groove flanked by dot rows. One groove on handle. Mid first century after Christ or rather earlier (shape, but not decoration, close to Augustan specimens). J. W. Shaw et al. 1978: 144–45, pl. 42e. 2 (C 266). Intact. Pl. 4.70. Length 11.2; d 5.35; h 4.1, of body 2.8. Light orange clay (7.5 YR 7/6), red-brown ca. 2.5 YR 6/6 to sepia slip (worn); lime deposit. Rather shallow. Rim: four knobs, two relief “ivy leaves,” radial grooves. Nozzle: incised herringbone. Same(?) series (but radial grooves differ): Hayes 1971: pl. 40d, no. 62. Mid first century after Christ. J. W. Shaw et al. 1978: 144–45, pl. 42f. Temple C, Dump to South (34A/1) In addition to the nine lamps listed here, for the only other Roman lamp from this area, see 37. Two Hellenistic wheelmade lamps (C 2905 [Callaghan and Johnston, Section 1, 827] and C 3334) come from the same area. 3 (C 2651). Rear half, handle broken off. Pl. 4.70. Pres length 7.0, d 7.8. Orange clay (7.5 YR 7/6), flaking vermilion red slip. Deep rounded body, with faint side frills. Rim: four knobs, three relief “ivy leaves,” radial grooves (cf. 8). Sloping band with grooves around a small discus. Slight footring. A loose loop handle (with two grooves) from same context may belong, if not from a larger specimen. 4 (C 2652). Smallish, nozzle missing. Pl. 4.70. Pres length 8.9, d 5.5. Yellow-brown clay, partial brown slip. Rim: four knobs, two “ivy leaves,” radial grooves. Nozzle: impressed herringbone. Flat circular base. One groove on handle. Type related to Hayes 1971: pl. 40, KW 62; Mercando 1974: pl. 34.5 (not the same series). The Iron Age Pottery from Kommos J. W. Shaw 1981a: 228, pl. 58d. 5 (C 2653). Handle and nozzle broken. Pl. 4.70. Pres length 10.5, d 6.7. Tan-brown clay (10 YR 8/ 4), partly vanished sepia slip. Rim: four “X-andrings” motifs, and radial grooves. Nozzle: herringbone and two rings. Concave discus, grooved. Related series (different discus): Hayes 1971: pl. 40d, KW 63. J. W. Shaw 1981a: pl. 58d. 6 (C 2654). Body sherds, a handle fragment may belong. Pl. 4.70. Pres length 5.0. Yellow-brown clay (2.5 Y 8/4), brown slip. Rim: impressed ovolos, with rings between tips. Flat base. 7 (C 2657). Smallish, complete. Pl. 4.70. Length 11.4, d 5.5. Brown clay (7.5 YR 7/4), sepia to brown slip. Base slightly indented. Rim: long impressed ovolos. Nozzle: “ivy leaf” and three rings. One groove on handle. J. W. Shaw 1981a: pl. 58d. 8 (C 2650). Large version, handle missing. Pl. 4.70. Pres length 14.8, excluding handle 13.7. Yellow-brown clay, washy brown 10 YR 7.5/4 to sepia slip (mostly flaked off). One-nozzled, with rim ring around wick hole, fairly deep discus. Slight side frills. Rim: four knobs, three “ivy leaves” (sharp impressions), radial grooves. Same(?) series: Wardle 1972: 278, no. 102, fig. 5. 9 (C 2656). Large version; most of handle, part of nozzle, etc. lost. Pl. 4.70. Pres length 15.5, d 8.6. Buff clay (10 YR 8/6), red to brown slip. Onenozzled, with multiple moldings around discus, rim around wick hole. Side frills. Rim: impressed ovolos, with row of rings at tips. Nozzle: large “ivy leaf.” 10 (C 2655). Large version, nozzle with rim ring, also a three-grooved handle (from same?). Max dim 7.3, d of rim ring 6.4. Orange clay (5 YR 7/ 6); slip worn. Same context: one or two pieces of similar nozzle disks. 11 (C 2688). Large acanthus-shaped handle guard (probably from this type), handle missing. Pl. 4.70. H 10.4, max w 6.8. Orange clay (5 YR 7/ 6), red slip. “Bubbles” indicate use of a plaster mold. Fairly close to Hayes 1971: pl. 40, KW 64. J. W. Shaw 1981a: pl. 58d. The Roman Lamps from the Sanctuary Temple C, Court, Southern Sand Scarp (29A2/33) Apart from the three lamps listed here, no lamps of other types are catalogued from this trench. 12 (C 2297). Handle broken. Pl. 4.71. Pres length 14.35, d 7.9 (excluding frills). Orange clay (5–7.5 YR 7/6), red slip (worn). Side frills. Rim: four knobs, three “ivy leaves,” radial grooves. Plain recessed discus. Rim ring on nozzle. Related to 3, with different discus treatment. Close to Mercando 1974: pl. 34.7. 13 (C 2296). Handle missing. Pl. 4.71. Pres length 12.8, w 8.35. Soft orange body-clay (7.5 YR 6/6), red slip (almost all lost). Same series as 12. 14 (C 2298). Intact. Pl. 4.71. Length 11.7, d 5.8. Soft orange ware (5 YR 7/6), red slip (2.5 YR 5/8). Deep-bodied. Rim: impressed egg-and-dart pattern; two knobs and “ivy leaf” at junction with nozzle. A variant of 33 and of Mercando 1974: pl. 34.10. Court Near Room A1 (10A2) 15 (C 351). Two-thirds of body, with stump of handle and part of base; a loop handle broken off. Pl. 4.71. Pres length 9.0, d 7.6, h ca. 3.75. Fine soft orange ware (7.5 YR 7/6), red slip (3.75 YR 6/ 8). Rim: radial grooves; “ivy leaf” facing nozzle, between two knobs and pairs of grooves. East wall, robber’s trench (10A2/46). Early: mid-first-century-after-Christ(?) development of Hayes 1971: pl. 40c, MW 63, without the frill against handle. 16 (C 393). Loose handle, and base sherd (both worn). Pl. 4.71. Length of handle 4.4, h of handle 4.3, est d of base ca. 6.0. Rather soft light brown ware (7.5 YR 6–7/6), worn red slip (2.5 YR 5/6). Looped handle, bearing three grooves. Ring base. Early Room A1, south of Building B, in court (10A2/34). From a large-sized version? 17 (C 394). Fragment of top. Pl. 4.71. Max dim 5.6, est d of body 7.3. Soft light brown clay (7.5 YR 7–8/6), brown slip (6.25 YR 5/6). Rim: doubleoutline ovolos; herringbone between grooves. A groove around discus (cf. treatment on 33). Early Room A1, south of Building B, in court (10A2/34). 323 18 (C 396). Large version; single handle fragment, and nozzle disk (from same?). Pl. 4.71. H of handle 7.45, w of handle 2.15, d of nozzle disk 5.9. Soft orange ware (7.5 YR 7/6); red-brown slip (ca. 3.75 YR 6/8), part-blackened on top of nozzle disk. Looped handle bearing three deep grooves. No applied ring on disk. Early Room A1, south of Building B, in court (10A2/42). Early in series? Building B (10A) 19 (C 478). Fragmentary (several pieces); nozzle lost, handle loose. Pl. 4.71. Est d of body 7.5, d of discus 3.85. Ware and slip as 18 (same colors, with slight blackening in places). Rim: two “ivy leaves”, two knobs (towards nozzle?), radial grooves. Nozzle: traces of a herringbone. Eastern room, upper later reoccupation level (10A/24). Similar to 2. 20 (C 255). Large version: whole of handle, four to five loose fragments. Pl. 4.71. Max dim 11.45. Ware and color as 18. Rim: radial ribbing (= tongues and darts?). Three deep grooves on handle. Two small knobs on a loose fragment. Eastern room, upper collapse (10A/12). J. W. Shaw et al. 1978: 139. Above and around Temple C (29A) 21 (C 1978). Nozzle and handle broken. Pl. 4.71. Pres length 8.6, d 6.4, h 3.6. Buff clay (2.5 Y 7.5/ 4), black to sepia slip (7.5 YR 3/2). Rounded profile; base hollowed. Rim: on each side, “ivy leaf,” radial grooves, two knobs. Nozzle: impressed herringbone. East of Temple C in sand (29A/9). Cf. Mercando 1974: pl. 34.5. Mid first century after Christ? 22 (C 1987). Handle missing. Pl. 4.72. Pres length 10.3, d 6.9, h 3.2. Light grayish buff clay (10 YR 6.5/2), brown slip (7.5 YR 5/6). As 21, but short herringbone on nozzle. Cf. 2. East of Temple C in sand (29A/9). 23 (C 1994). Fragment. Pl. 4.72. Max dim 5.3, est d ca. 8.0. Light brown clay (7.5 YR 6.5/4), dark brown slip. Frill and “ivy leaf” at side (as on 12 and 13). Above Temple C in sand (29A/9). 324 24 (C 1996). Fragment: half of an acanthus handle guard. Pl. 4.72. Max dim 6.9. Light orange clay (7.5 YR 7/6), red 2.5 YR 7/8 to sepia slip. East of Temple C in sand (29A/9). Elaborate type. Perhaps compare Hayes 1971: pl. 40, no. 64. 25 (C 1977). Large version: nozzle and handle missing; surface eroded. Pl. 4.72. Max w 9.5, h 5.1. Light orange-brown clay (7.5 YR 6.5/6), dark gray to red slip (10 YR 4/2 to 2.5 YR 5.5/8). Slight side frills. Rim: impressed ovolos, with row of double rings at tips. “Ivy leaf” flanked by grooves and knobs at junction with nozzle. Four stepped ridges around discus. Low footring. East of Temple C in sand (29A/9). Late in series? 26 (C 1877). Large version: rim fragment. Pl. 4.72. Pres l 6.5, pres h 3.8. Smooth orange clay (7.5 YR 7/7), traces of red slip. Rim: radial grooves, with “ivy leaf” and two rings at midpoint of side. Temple C, found wedged against southern side of statue base (29A/3)—i.e., construction period? See 34 for a possible handle. 27 (C 2180). Loop handle lost. Pl. 4.72. Pres length 11.8, d 6.4, h 3.2. Light brown clay (10 YR 7/4), sepia to brown slip (worn). Rim: four knobs, three “ivy leaves” (one behind nozzle is larger than rest). Three steps around discus. Scarp just east of Altar L (29A/20). Type related to Mercando 1974: pl. 34.1. 28 (C 2109). Loop handle lost. Pl. 4.72. Pres length 10.0, d 5.75, h 3.3. Beige clay (10 YR 7–8/4), with remains of sepia-black slip (worn). Rather small and deep-bodied; hollowed base. Rim: row of separate impressed spirals (as on 30), flanked by rows of single circles. Nozzle: herringbone. Scarp just east of Altar L (29A/20). 29 (C 2181). Loop handle broken. Pl. 4.72. Pres length 11.05, d 5.85, h 2.8. Red-brown clay (5 YR 6.5/6), red slip (2.5 YR 4–5/8). Rounded body, slight base ring with groove under edge. Rather sharp relief. Rim: row of ovolos with ring fillers. Nozzle: “ivy leaf” flanked by oblique incisions. Moldings around discus. Scarp just east of Altar L (29A/20). 30 (C 2108). Loop handle broken. Pl. 4.72. Pres length 12.4, d 7.3, h 3.4. Light orange clay (5 YR 7/6), fired yellow 10 YR 7/6 on exterior; glossy sepia to red slip (5 YR 4/2 to 2.5 YR 5/8). Wide flattish body, rim ring on nozzle, slight footring (groove/offset at junction with bottom). Rim: The Iron Age Pottery from Kommos stamped ovolos (double outlines), outer row of spiral hooks; a large knob and three lines flanking nozzle on each side, “ivy leaf” on junction with nozzle. Scarp just east of Altar L (29A/20). Temple C (29A1) 31 (C 2151). Handle lost. Pl. 4.72. Pres length 11.3, d 6.8, h 3.2. Light brown clay (10 YR 7/4), black to sepia 10 YR 3/3 slip. Slight burning on nozzle. Rim: stamped ovolos, with row of double circles between tips. “Ivy leaf” and two knobs at junction of rim and nozzle. Found with 32, 33, and 38 on bench in southwest corner of temple (29A1/23). Late first century after Christ. J. W. Shaw 1980a: 223 n. 34. 32 (C 2152). Mended; one side of nozzle lost. Pl. 4.72. Pres length 13.1; d 6.6; h 4.6, of body 3.0. Soft beige ware (10 YR 7/4); dull red slip, lost on top. Rim: stamped egg-and-dart (rings within eggs). “Ivy leaf” on junction with nozzle. Sloping band and grooved ridge around discus. Found with 31, 33, and 38 (29A1/23). Late first century after Christ. J. W. Shaw 1980a: 223. 33 (C 2154). Nozzle broken. Pl. 4.72. Pres length 12.55; d 6.65; h 5.1, of body 3.9. Beige clay (10 YR 7/3), black to dark brown slip (eroded). Deep rounded body. Rim: long egg-and-dart motifs; “ivy leaf” and two knobs on junction with nozzle. Raised band with impressed “wreath” around discus. Found with 31, 32, and 38 (29A1/23). Late first century after Christ. J. W. Shaw 1980a: 223. 34 (C 2278). Large version: acanthus handle guard, triangular (top lost). Pl. 4.72. Pres length 7.5, w 7.15. Brown local ware (7.5 YR 6–7/6), flaky red slip (2.5 YR 5/8, tending to sepia). On lower slab floor (29A1/30). Temple C, Northwestern Enclosure (34A5/81) 35 (C 6073). Nozzle disk from a very large lamp. D of disk 6.5. Reddish clay, red slip (some burning). Added ring on top. The Roman Lamps from the Sanctuary 325 Transitional Cretan Type (36–38; Pl. 4.73) 36 (C 318). Nozzle damaged. Pl. 4.73. Pres length 11.5, d 5.95. Buff clay, glossy red slip. Deepbodied; two grooves on loop handle, long volutes. Rim: on each side, two knobs, “ivy leaf,” and radial grooves. Between volutes, herringbone and three rings on each side. Scarp south of Altar C (10A/30). J. W. Shaw et al. 1978: 144–45, pl. 42g. 37 (C 2691). Loop handle missing. Pl. 4.73. Pres length 9.8, d 6.0. Orange clay (7.5 YR 7/8), red slip. Shape close to 38; slight footring around a flat bottom. Rim: two rows of impressed rings forming zigzag. Nozzle: long semivolutes, with oblique hatching along sides, and three rings in middle. End of nozzle slender, carinated underneath. Southeast of Temple C (34A/6). Loeschcke 1919: type IV variant, perhaps under Knidian influence. 38 (C 2153). Intact. Pl. 4.73. Length 13.25, d of rim 7, h 2.9. Beige clay (10 YR 7.5/4), red slip (2.5 YR 5/7); ware soft. Burning on nozzle. Flattopped, with deep recessed discus (plain). Rim: plain, with groove at inner edge. Nozzle: long, tapering, flat topped, with long semivolutes in relief. Standard loop handle (one groove). Found with 31–33 (29A1/23). Late-firstcentury-after-Christ type (under Knidian influence?); for the volutes, cf. Broneer 1930: type XXI; Loeschcke 1919: type IV. J. W. Shaw 1980a: 223, with n. 34. Cretan: Various Romanized Types (39–46; Pl. 4.73) 39 (C 2187). Discus fragment. Max dim 5.7. Orange clay (7.5 YR 6.5/6), red slip (2.5 YR 4/8); ware soft. Shallow discus (one or two grooves at edge). Relief decoration: deer (or boar) to right, very debased; small dog to left below, and possibly another small animal above. Temple C, above lower slab floor (29A1/26). End of first century after Christ (in context). Loeschcke 1919: type IV? Motif not illustrated by Mercando 1974. 40 (C 1993). Handle missing. Pl. 4.73. Pres length 11.2, length of body 10.5; d 7.25; h 2.8. Light brown clay (10 YR 7/4); dull sepia slip (7.5 YR 3.5/2), partial on bottom, flaking. Loeschcke 1919: type IV, with loop handle. Flat base with groove on edge. Discus: boar to right, being attacked by a hound to right. East of Temple C (29A/9). End of first century after Christ? 41 (C 2190). Nozzle and most of handle missing. Pl. 4.73. Pres length 8.2, d 7.0, h pres 2.7. Brown clay (7.5 YR 6/4), red slip (2.5 YR 4/8–3/4). Loeschcke 1919: type V variant: narrow rounded rim, deep discus, loop handle (cf. shape of 37 and 38). Discus: Athena standing to left. Temple C, lower slab floor (29A1/30), “from column packing” (i.e., construction phase). End of first century after Christ (in context). As Mercando 1974: pl. 35.5; Sapouna 1998: 22, no. 7, p. 176, pl. 33:1. 42 (C 2132). Body unbroken, loop handle missing. Pl. 4.73. Pres length 10.5, d 7.2, h of body 2.8. Yellow-brown clay (7.5 YR 7/5), purplish brown 10 YR 4/3 to sepia slip. Loeschcke 1919: type V. Rim: stamped ovolos. Discus: cupid seated to right, with dog(?). Temple C, upper earth floor (29A1/22). End first/early second century after Christ. Motif not figured by Mercando 1974. J. W. Shaw 1980a: 223. 43 (C 1959). Rear part, with handle; worn, discus lost. Pl. 4.73. Est d 7.8, d of discus 4.5; h 5.2, of body 3.2. Light buff-brown clay (10 YR 8/5), sepia-black slip (partial). Loeschcke 1919: type V (or VIII), with upright moldmade handle (three fine grooves down front). Slight grooved ridge around discus. Sloping rim, bearing row of blurred stamps (oblique leaves, flowers). Temple C, upper level (29A/7). About A.D. 100–160. Cf. Broneer 1930: type XXV, in the Corinthian series. 44 (C 2024). Base fragment. Max dim 4.35. Local orange ware (7.5 YR 7/6), red to sepia 5 YR 4.2 326 The Iron Age Pottery from Kommos slip on exterior. Bottom concave, with two circular grooves; a low footring defined by further grooves. East of Temple C (29A/9). Unclassified. (10A/24). Probably local. Loeschcke 1919: type IV, V, or similar; second half of first century after Christ. 45 (C 479). Scraps of rim (two fragments) and base. Pl. 4.73. Max dim of rim 2.9, est d ca. 7.0. Fine buff ware (7.5 YR 7/6), dull brownish red slip (ca. 3.75 YR 6/6). Flat undecorated rim, grooved ridge around discus. Flat bottom. Decoration lost. Building B, upper later reoccupation level 46 (C 387). Wall sherd. Pres h 2.65, est d ca. 7.7. Rather soft buff-tan ware (7.5 YR 7/5), worn reddish brown slip (5 YR 6/6). Flat rim, slightly raised base. Lower part of a grooved handmade handle. No decoration preserved. Temple C, upper level (10A3/51). Type uncertain. Cretan Versions of Loeschcke 1919: Type VIII (47–71; Pls. 4.73–4.75) Handles moldmade. Unsigned, unless specified. None found in 34A/1. Temple C (29A1) 47 (C 2119). Virtually intact (some new chips). Pl. 4.73. Length 10.1; d 7.55; h 4.5, of body 3.0. Light orange to light brown clay (7.5 YR 7/4, core 5 YR 7/6), glossy bronze-brown to sepia slip. Deep-bodied; flat rim, deep discus. Heart-shaped nozzle. Handle: large perforation, two slight grooves down front. Bottom flat, grooved on edge. Rim: impressed ovolos. Discus plain; large filling hole. Upper earth floor (29A1/19). Top-quality Cretan product of the early second century after Christ? Cf. Mercando 1974: pl. 37.13–14. J. W. Shaw 1980a: 223. 48 (C 2326). Top of handle missing; spalling. Pl. 4.73. Pres length 10.05, d 7.55. Orange clay (7.5 YR 7/6–6/4), sepia slip (5 YR 3/2–2.5 YR 5/6, partial on bottom). Flat base, grooved on edge. As 47, but filling hole small, and a vent present. Northwestern enclosure (29A1/40), found with 49, 50, and 61). J. W. Shaw 1980a: 225, with n. 40. 49 (C 2327). Top of handle missing. Pl. 4.73. Pres length 10.75, d 7.85. Orange clay (7.5 YR 7/6–6/ 4), sepia-black slip (partial). Early version with narrow sloping rim, wide discus; base molded in four relief rings. Nozzle: plain(?), inset, flanked by small stamped rings. Discus: rosette, with circles at center. Found with 48, 50, and 61 (29A1/40). End of first century after Christ? Treatment of bottom copies lathe-turned metalware (here via Knidian lamps?). As Mercando 1974: pl. 37.9, 11, 15. J. W. Shaw 1980a: 225. 50 (C 2328). Back of handle lost, other minor damage; mended. Pl. 4.74. Length pres 10.7, d 8.15. Soft ware, fired light orange (5 YR 7/6–7.5 YR 7/4); sepia slip all over. Normal version, with inset plain(?) nozzle. Flat base, grooved on edge, with three blurred relief peltae under edge. Rim: ovolos. Discus: dog(?) to right, with a bird(?) under forepaw; vent. Found with 48, 49, and 61 (29A1/40). Early second century after Christ? Type not listed by Mercando 1974. Pelta motifs copied from metalware and from Knidian lamps. J. W. Shaw 1980a: 225. 51 (C 2964). Rear half, mended. Pl. 4.74. Pres length 9.5; d 8.0, of base 4.5; h 5.1, of body 2.7. Light orange-brown clay (7.5 YR 7/7), reddish bronze to purplish brown slip (2.5 YR 5/8–10 YR 3/2; partial). Rim plain. Discus: head of a standing figure, and a bent arm(?) at same level; raised edge bearing two grooves. Two grooves down front of handle. Base (not shown) as on 50, with peltae and also a debased planta pedis stamp. Lower slab floor (29A1/30). 52 (C 2275). Various small pieces missing. Pl. 4.74. Pres length 10.0, d 7.65. Light brown clay (10 YR 7/3), sepia to gray 10 YR 4/2 slip (partial). Early version with narrow sloping rim and thin high moldmade handle. Four faint grooves on The Roman Lamps from the Sanctuary bottom, the outer pair defining a slight footring (cf. 49). Nozzle: plain, inset; a vent. Discus: large rosette. Lower slab floor (29A1/30). Same series: Mercando 1974: pl. 37.9, 11. 53 (C 2274). About two-thirds, in pieces. Pl. 4.74. D ca. 8.6, max h 4.7. Orange clay (7.5–10 YR 8/ 6); red slip (2.5 YR 5.5/8), fired sepia-black in parts. Wide-bodied variant of Loeschcke 1919: type VIII, with small lateral knobs (as on “factory” lamps). Flattish top, low rounded wall, flat base marked off by a groove, moldmade handle (three grooves down front). Rim: between knobs, stamped ovolos with long incisions between. Discus: wreaths around sides, flanking two small ridges and small central filling hole; “slave” mask in front of handle. Lower slab floor (29A1/30). Early(?) second century after Christ; form close to Broneer 1930: type XXVII. Type not listed by Mercando 1974. Note: Scraps of at least two other Romanized lamps are listed under same inventory number. 54 (C 2277). Base missing, nozzle detached. Pl. 4.74. Pres length 6.8, d 7.55. Soft orange ware (7.5 YR 7/6), sepia-black slip (partial?). Early version: rim very narrow, with two grooves around discus. Plain nozzle, moldmade handle. Discus: siren, frontal. Lower slab floor (29A1/30)—in context. End of first century after Christ? Cretan; same series as Mercando 1974: pl. 36.15–16; Sapouna 1998: 37, no. 126, pl. 185, pl. 42:2. 55 (C 2963). Near-complete, mended, warped. Pl. 4.74. Length 10.9, d 7.9. Light brownish clay (7.5 YR 8/5–7/6), sepia-black slip (7.5 YR 4–5/2). Circular (plain) top to nozzle, which is inset. Rim: large ovolos. Discus: dolphin to right? Two grooves on front of handle. Ill-defined flat base. Lower slab floor (29A1/30). Not early within type: second century after Christ. 56 (C 2172). Near-complete. Pl. 4.74. Length 10.5, d 7.3. Orange clay (5 YR 6/8), brick-red slip (2.5 YR 4/8). Early version: narrow flat rim, two grooves, wide discus with small filling hole, plain projecting nozzle. Undecorated. Lower slab floor (29A1/30)—in context. Late first century after Christ. Plain counterpart of Mercando 1974: pl. 37.8. 327 57 (C 2188). Intact (slightly eroded). Pl. 4.74. Length 10.35, d 7.75. Pale yellow-tan clay (10 YR 7/4), thin red 2.5 YR 4/8 to sepia slip (partial on bottom). Narrow rounded rim; wide plain discus, with small filling hole and vent. Nozzle: plain, inset. Rim: ovolos. On bottom, faint signature: NoH or H°N (Csapo et al., Chap. 2, 100). Lower slab floor (29A1/30). Cf. Mercando 1974: pl. 37.14. 58 (C 2025). Discus broken, most of moldmade handle lost. Pl. 4.74. Pres length 9.9, est d 8.0. Buff clay (5 YR 7/5), sepia slip (partial, vanishing). Lime deposit. Fairly deep, with plain nozzle, plain(?) rim, flat base with groove on edge. Discus: head of a figure preserved. Above upper earth floor (29A1/14). 59 (C 2026). Fragment: top of body. Pl. 4.74. Max dim 7.95, est d 8.0. Light brown clay (7.5 YR 7/ 4), black slip. Developed second-century-afterChrist shape: rather wide rim, three moldings around discus. Motifs sharp, in high relief. Rim: relief tongues. Discus: hound (or a debased lion) to left, with head of another animal(?) below. Above upper earth floor (29A1/14)—in context. First half to mid second century. Same series as Sapouna 1998: 53–54, nos. 274–76, p. 193, pl. 38:1, 3. Cretan or Imported 60 (C 2276). Pieces missing on one side. Pl. 4.75. Length 10.05, d 7.8+. Light yellowish tan clay (10 YR 7/4–6/4), sepia slip (vanished in parts); hardfired. Motifs sharp. Rim: ovolos. Discus: gladiator to right. Nozzle: heart-shaped, flanked by small impressed rings. Flat base with groove on edge. On bottom, relief mark: T (Csapo et al., Chap. 2, 96). Lower slab floor (29A1/30). Possibly Italian. Same series as Sapouna 1998: 42, nos. 168–69, pl. 15, pp. 188–89. 61 (C 2324). Body intact, top of handle missing. Pl. 4.75. Length 10.35+, d 7.6. Clay and slip as 60 (clay 10 YR 7/4, slip 10 YR 4/3). Heart-shaped nozzle. Trace of planta pedis stamp on bottom. Rim: three rows of globules. Discus: eagle (upright). Northwestern enclosure (29A1/40), found with 48–50. Series not noted by Mercando 1974; possibly Corinthian or Italian. Perhaps cf. Sapouna 1998: 58, no. 316, pl. 26. J. W. Shaw 1980a: 225. 328 62 (C 2721). New breaks (some scraps lost). Pl. 4.75. Length 10.1, d 7.8, h 3.3. Brown clay (7.5 YR 7/6), purplish sepia slip (partial, slightly glossy on top). Debased heart-shaped nozzle, flat base, three fine grooves down front of handle. Rim: small blurred ovolos. Discus: standing frontal nude figure with couch or stool at right. Above upper earth floor (29A1/12). Probably Cretan; no parallels noted. Temple C and Area to the East (72A, 34A5, and 29A) 63 (C 8893). Mended; handle and part of rear missing. Pl. 4.75. Pres length 8.8, w 8.1, h of body 3.2. Yellowish brown 7.5 YR 7/7, well-fired; orange-red to sepia slip. Faint trace of burning at wick hole. Narrow plain shoulder, raised band bearing two fine grooves, concave discus with off-center filling hole and vent. Discus: Eros standing, frontal pose, bearing Herakles’ club upraised in left hand, and with altar(?) to side (at right); slight plinth. Large wick hole, in faintly heart shaped panel. Base flat, defined by groove; indented line (a debased planta pedis?) at center, three relief peltae at edge. Cleaning in northeastern corner (72A/1). Cretan; for related motif (without the altar) see Bailey 1985: nos. C 843–47, pp. 123–24, fig. 8, pl. 24, with parallels cited; Sapouna 1998: 25–26, pl. 3, pp. 178–79, pl. 34:2–3. 64 (C 3513). Several pieces, splintered; base missing. Max dim 9.0, est length ca. 11.0, est d 8.0. Thin fine ware, orange-buff (10 YR 8/4–7.5 YR 7/7); orange-red slip (3.75 YR 7/8). Obliquely sloping rim, wide discus, handle with large perforation, plain nozzle. Rim plain(?); discus motif lost. Two grooves on top of handle. Northwestern enclosure (34A5/81). Early? 65 (C 1878). Mended; top lost. Pl. 4.75. Length 10.0, w 7.4, h of body 3.0. Pale beige clay (10 YR 8/5), thin orange to brown slip (partial). Heartshaped nozzle; flat base, grooved on edge; thin handle. Faint signature on bottom: ΓΑΜΟϒ (Csapo et al., Chap. 2, 101). Upper level, near statue base (29A/3). The Iron Age Pottery from Kommos 66 (C 1884). Fragment. Pl. 4.75. Max dim 7.0, est d 9.2+. Yellow-orange clay (7.5 YR 7/7), worn orange-red slip (3.75 YR 6/8) all over. Plain nozzle, low footring. Rim: stamped ovolos (double outlines). Edge of a relief pattern on discus, two stepped grooves at edge. Upper level, near statue base (29A/3). 67 (C 1885). Fragmentary, mended. Pl. 4.75. Max dim 9.8; est d 8.2, d of base 4.6; h 4.65, of body 3.0. Light brown clay (7.5 YR 7/6), brown (7.5 YR 6/8) to black slip, slightly glossy in parts, partial on bottom. Raised band with two grooves around discus. Rim: row of oblique lentoid stamps. Discus: cock to right; filling hole at lower right. Flat base, with groove at edge, three relief peltae under edge, and debased planta pedis stamp at center. Two grooves down front of handle. Upper level, near statue base (29A/3). Cf. Sapouna 1998: 59, nos. 323–24, pls. 26–27, p. 196, pl. 40. 68 (C 1886). Two sherds. Pl. 4.75. Max dims 5.9, 4.0; est d ca. 7.4. Clay and slip as 67. Rim: ovolos. Molding between grooves surrounding discus. Upper level, near statue base (29A/3). 69 (C 1887). Sherd. Pl. 4.75. Max dim 6.5. Smooth light buff-brown clay (7.5 YR 8/5), flaking; remains of blackish slip (cf. ware of 67). Rim plain. Discus: Maenad to right, with thyrsos at left and hand raised at right. Upper level, near statue base (29A/3). Cf. Mercando 1974: pl. 36.15–16. 70 (C 1892). Three pieces, including handle. Pl. 4.75. Est d ca. 8.5. Thin smooth orange-brown ware (7.5 YR 7/7), thin red slip (2.5 YR 6/8; worn). Rim: ovolos. Discus: plain, concave, with multiple stepped moldings at edge. Handle thin, with large perforation, two fine grooves on top. Upper level, near statue base (29A/3). 71 (C 1992). Nozzle and other pieces missing. Pl. 4.75. D 8.75, h 3.7. Light orange clay (7.5 YR 7/ 6), remains of sepia slip (partial?). Probably Loeschcke 1919: type VIII. Low footring. Rim: flat, with row of impressed ovolos and row of knobs. Discus: beads around edge, rest plain. Small filling hole, and a vent. East of Temple C (29A/9). No parallels noted. The Roman Lamps from the Sanctuary 329 Knidian, Various Types (72–76; Pl. 4.76) Broneer 1930: Type XXI 72 (C 2173). Large temple lamp: one-third of discus. Pl. 4.76. Max dim 12.1, pres d ca. 18.0. Gritty brownish ware (5 YR 6/6), remains of a brown slip (flaking off). Three sets of concentric moldings on discus, enclosing an outer row of indistinct ovolos(?) and an inner row of small five-branched motifs (possibly menorahs?). Temple C, above lower slab floor (29A1/26). Broneer 1930: type XXI or similar. 73 (C 1976). One-nozzled(?) version: about half (one side and nozzle). Pl. 4.76. Pres length 12.4, est d ca. 9.5, h 3.3. Hard brown ware (5 YR 6/6), sepia slip (5 YR 4/3–5/4; partial); lime and fine grits. Large nozzle, large volutes; plain rim with sharp outer edge, three grooves around discus. Slight footring defined by grooves. Discus: eight-petaled rosette with smaller rosette at its center. Part of a two-line cursive signature on bottom: (= ROM]ANES[IS ?; Csapo et al., Chap. 2, 97). East of Temple C (29A/9). About A.D. 75–100. For discussion of the ROMANESIS workshop, see principally Heres 1968. Knidian identification: see, e.g., Bailey 1972: 8; 1985: 91, 181. Loeschcke 1919: Type IV or V 74 (C 2361). Rim sherd, eroded. Max dim 6.85, est d 7.5. Sandy Knidian fabric, light brown 7.5 YR 6/4. Rim plain. Inner end of a nozzle volute. South of Temple C (29A/46). Loeschcke 1919: Type VIII 75 (C 1876). Near-intact (slight spalling). Pl. 4.76. Length 9.3, w 7.35, h 3.0. Light orange-brown clay (5 YR 7/6) with fine inclusions, reddish brown slip (3.75 YR 6/8; partial). Narrow sloping rim, bulbous nozzle. Motifs blurred. Discus: large rosette. One pelta attachment(?) preserved on eroded bottom. Temple C, upper level, near statue base (29A/ 3). Late first (or early second) century after Christ. 76 (C 1979). Front half. Pl. 4.76. Pres length 7.8, est d 7.0, h 2.8. Light pink-brown clay (5 YR 7/ 4), rather rough (fine dark and light inclusions); remains of a reddish slip. Narrow rim, as on 75; large bulbous nozzle, slightly blackened. Discus lost. Flat base, grooved at edge, with small stamped ring at front, and trace of a signature(?) (Csapo et al., Chap. 2, 98). East of Temple C (29A/9). Probably Knidian. Uninventoried Finds In most of the Roman layers, a few fragments of the aforementioned types were present. Scraps of the later types tended to concentrate in those areas already indicated. Hellenistic Wheelmade “Teapot” Shape (77 and 78; Pls. 4.69, 4.76) 77 (C 241). Handle missing; chipped under nozzle. Pls. 4.69, 4.76. Length of body and nozzle 10.3; d 6.0; h of body 4.5, with handle 4.7. Some oil staining around wick hole. Smooth orangebrown ware (6.25–7.5 YR 7/8); no slip. Rounded sagging body profile; long nozzle with pointed scooplike extremity. Slight wire marks on bottom. Stumps of a looped handle (w ca. 1.4, flat-sectioned). Building B, western room, upper late reoccupation level (10A/14), found with 78. Local fabric. A later version of C 2905 (Callaghan and Johnston, Section 1, 827). Perhaps ca. 20 B.C.– A.D. 30? 78 (C 242). Handle missing, tip of nozzle and rim chipped; spalling on body. Pls. 4.69, 4.76. Length of body and nozzle 10.8, d 6.3–6.4, h of body 4.0. Oil stain around nozzle. Light brown ware (5 YR 7/8), with fine lime inclusions. Type and ware as 77, but body rather flatter (cushionshaped). Building B, western room, upper late reoccupation level (10A/14), found with 77; date presumably similar. 330 The Iron Age Pottery from Kommos Table 4.4. Phoenician sherds from Building Q. Number Trench/Pail Description 1 64A/24 2 SJ sherds 2 62B/19 13 SJ sherds 3 62B/27 2 SJ sherds 4 62B/22 13 SJ sherds 5 62D/47 1 SJ sherd; th 1.1, red inclusions 6 64A2/60 2 SJ sherds; 1 rim and shoulder, 1 handle 7 64A2/70 1 SJ shoulder 8 64A2/81 1 SJ rim and shoulder (C 8413), red inclusions, identical with ceramics from earlier strata (Bikai, Section 2, 12) 9 64A3/84 Rim of small red-slipped bowl, 7.4 YR 7/8 reddish yellow, slip 10 R 5/6 red 10 64A3/86 Jug rim, soft flaking ware, d 12 11 65A3/50 SJ handle, h 8.5, many inclusions of all colors, possible mica; color of surface redbrown, core similar, ware 5 YR 6/6 reddish yellow SJ = Shoulder jar Appendix 4.1 Note on the Phoenician Imports from Building Q Patricia Maynor Bikai About half of the ceramic material from Building Q was reviewed for possible Phoenician imports. Owing to time limitations, the review was cursory. Whereas there were a number of body sherds in each group examined that might have come from Phoenician storage jars, and one handle was subsequently located by Dr. Alan W. Johnston (Table 4.4, no. 11), the specifically Phoenician storage jar of the seventh century B.C. on is difficult to differentiate from the common Mediterranean transport amphora of the era (Bikai 1987b: no. 585). It is likely that by the seventh century this apparently Levantine type of amphora was being manufactured at a number of centers outside the Levant, certainly in North Africa and Spain. The presence of red ferrous inclusions is often an indicator of actual Levantine manufacture, and only two sherds with such inclusions were found (Table 4.4, nos. 5 and 8); one of these (no. 8), however, was identical with sherds found in earlier levels at Kommos, and so it was most likely carried up from the lower strata. One piece (Table 4.4, no. 9), although very small, appears to be the rim of a small redslipped bowl similar to Bikai 1987b: no. 500, a type known in the seventh century. Another fragment (Table 4.4, no. 10), may be the rim of a jug similar to Bikai 1987b: no. 178, a type Chemical Analysis of Phoenician Imports at Kommos 331 that was most common from the late ninth to the eighth century, and thus may be a holdover from an earlier stratum at Kommos. In sum, although some sherds from Building Q possibly came from the Levant, the near absence of sherds with red ferrous inclusions may indicate that such jars came from other sites under Phoenician influence (e.g., Carthage). In any case, the numbers of these sherds were proportionately insignificant. That fact in itself is significant, for when Building Q was built, Phoenician/Punic materials were quite common at many other sites. Appendix 4.2 Chemical Analysis of Phoenician Imports at Kommos Richard E. Jones Material Twenty specimens (Table 4.5). Table 4.5. Compositions of Phoenician sherds expressed as element percentage oxides. Sample Al Ca Mg Fe Na Mn Cr Ni K 1. C 3078 6.1 31.5 1.5 2.8 0.43 0.056 0.011 0.006 0.52 2. C 3245 10.0 30.1 1.5 3.7 0.24 0.017 0.013 0.006 0.80 3. C 8050 6.6 32.9 1.6 3.2 0.39 0.058 0.011 0.008 0.57 4. C 4617 10.8 26.6 1.7 4.2 0.32 0.022 0.034 0.006 1.21 5. C 6451A 12.5 25.2 1.7 4.3 0.38 0.021 0.013 0.009 1.81 6. C 6451B 13.6 26.6 1.8 4.7 0.49 0.017 0.015 0.009 1.99 7. C 6450 10.6 25.9 1.9 3.6 0.38 0.017 0.013 0.011 1.81 8. C 8411 13.0 12.7 1.7 4.4 0.42 0.013 0.020 0.013 1.87 9. C 3528 11.5 24.5 1.7 3.8 0.44 0.017 0.015 0.011 1.81 10. C 3294 14.0 24.5 1.8 1.9 0.35 0.019 0.018 0.013 1.98 11. Uncat. from 63A/5:71 11.7 21.7 1.7 4.2 0.54 0.017 0.018 0.009 2.89 12. Uncat. from K85A/63A/5:53 11.3 23.1 1.6 4.0 0.34 0.019 0.020 0.008 1.69 13. Uncat. from K85A/63A/5:67 11.3 24.5 1.8 1.1 0.35 0.017 0.018 0.009 1.57 14. C 8413 13.0 27.3 1.8 4.7 0.35 0.019 0.020 0.008 1.81 15. C 3737 8.3 21.0 1.4 3.6 0.65 0.093 0.023 0.008 1.33 16. Uncat. from 37A/10 9.1 27.3 1.9 2.7 0.36 0.019 0.023 0.011 2.35 17. Uncat. from 68A/10:46 8.1 19.6 1.4 3.6 0.54 0.103 0.025 0.009 0.96 18. Uncat. from 68A/9:37 11.5 24.5 1.7 3.2 0.35 0.019 0.025 0.011 2.35 19. Uncat. from K81A/42A/5:75 13.0 25.2 1.7 4.7 0.34 0.017 0.025 0.011 1.75 20. Uncat. from K82A/47A/4–5:58 11.5 25.9 1.8 4.0 0.27 0.017 0.025 0.013 1.69 332 The Iron Age Pottery from Kommos Chemical Analysis The samples were analyzed in 1992 by atomic absorption spectrometry in the Fitch Laboratory, following the procedure described by R. E. Jones and S. J. Vaughan (1988: 391). Nine elements (in their oxide form) were determined. Results All twenty samples are uniform in composition and form one group, characterized by a high calcium content (>20 percent, except for sample no. 8 with 12.7 percent calcium oxide [CaO]) and low aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), and trace element (manganese [Mn], chromium [Cr], and nickel [Ni]) contents. The examples of Bikai’s “crisp ware” (sample nos. 6, 10, 17, and 19) do not stand apart chemically. The best comparanda seem to be with the chemical Group A “Canaanite” jars from MaaPaleokastro in Cyprus, as defined by Jones and Vaughan (1988); the match is good, especially in Mn, but the Kommos pieces are consistently richer in calcium. As for their origin, since the Maa Group A jars were tentatively assigned by the writer to the central Levant, it seems not unreasonable to attribute the Kommos pieces to the same general region. The next two steps are (1) to examine the samples petrographically in thin section, and (2) to compare both the chemical and petrographic compositions of the Kommos samples with those of material from the source areas. Notes 1. A. W. Johnston will treat some of the material in question in more detail in a separate article. 2. The topic has been widely treated in recent years; for a range of views see the contributions in de Angelis and Tsetskhladze 1994; also Snodgrass: 1994. 3. Reviewed by Oren 1984: 7–44. 4. See bibliography in nn. 2–3; for the earlier period, a variety of approaches to the apoikia/ emporion question are offered in Greco 1994; D’Agostino 1994; Ampolo 1994; with surveys of previous work. 5. This layer was originally thought to be a dump. In 1992, however, Trench 82A/B showed that the pottery was from a building that was then given the designation Z (see J. W. Shaw, Chap. 1; Johnston 2000). 6. C 9110, from the area of Building V, is the best-preserved example. 7. It cannot be ruled out that some may be Cretan. 8. A fragment of a Phoenician red-slip plate (C 9551) was found in the 1992 campaign in a mixed, primarily seventh-century-B.C. context by Building F, and a fragment of a second (C 11310) was isolated in 1997 in material from the temple dump. 9. This is an area where labeling remains somewhat uncertain. Published material from various contexts at Knossos has been variously labeled in the past, with the tag “Euboean” gradually becoming more prevalent. For probable Euboean pedestaled kraters of MG date see Coldstream 1992: 72, 87, GD36; Hood and Boardman 1961: 77, re. no. 7. No scientific analysis has been carried out on the Kommos material, and the generic label should be retained for most of the pieces. A small fragment of rim of a late pendent semicircle skyphos (C 3878 from 43A/30, together with seventh-century-B.C. material), scarcely demonstrates significant Euboean presence (cf. Kearsley 1989: 101–4, type 6). Some pendent semicircle Notes skyphoi of uncertain origin found at Knossos are treated by Popham et al. 1983: 281–90; further by Kearsley 1989: 40–41; and in detail by Coldstream 1996b: 403, although without a clear reference to Popham. 10. See Rocchetti 1974–75: 297–98; Johnston 2000. 11. The material in question is in general terms a range of amphorae (probably hydriai too), of normally hard fired, micaceous clay and with restricted banded decoration, although further motifs may be, fragmentarily, preserved. They are first found in what seem to be PGB/MG contexts and continue into the seventh century B.C. There is probably a range of workshops involved; some pieces are very close to what may be Milesian products (Johnston 1993: 366–68, especially no. 120), while others of coarser clay may rather be Cycladic. See also n. 22. 12. One further Thapsos sherd was found in later seasons, in Trench 81C (C 9559, in Building F). Linear kotylai are fairly well represented, as are ovoid and piriform aryballoi; three of the latter, one hare-hunt, one scale-pattern, one linear, were found in a cluster near Base Y in 1993. The other Corinthian forms include rare pyxides. 13. Most Corinthian A amphora fragments from the site are noted in Johnston 1993: 370. Diagnostic fragments were also found in the area of Building V (C 9294 and other small pieces) and in the most southerly trench, Trench 78 (C 9257). The meager record when compared with that of Attic SOS amphorae might be put down to the relative “invisibility” of Corinthian A body sherds against the general “pithos ware” background of many pails at Kommos were it not for the equally difficult problem of distinguishing SOS body sherds from those of “Laconian” jars or indeed local (or Knossian) pithos-amphorae. The apparent ratio of the two types, Attic and Corinthian, is therefore probably soundly based. 14. Most material is included either in the catalogue or in Johnston 1993: 351–55. There are a few more scraps of bird bowls and several miniature cups that may be East Greek; a small fragment of a plate (C 9922) adds to the rare figured pieces. 15. Most fragments come from Building Q (Johnston 1993: 370). More fragments were found in the general area of Building V in Trenches 72B, 73A, and 74A, including a pithos handle (C 8869, from 72B/8). 333 16. This is not the place for a detailed treatment, but I note a few points of interest. Among the earlier pieces there are some SOS amphorae of an early phase (C 9631, from the rear of Gallery 3 of Building P; C 3912 from a piece close to that from Mende, inscribed by a Cypriot [Vokotopoulou and Christides 1995]; also C 9670, which seems to be a very early Lesbian rim (from upper levels in Trench 83C). A better-preserved Lesbian jar with twisted handles (not known to me when I wrote Johnston 1993: 362) is C 7912, from Trench 63A. The publication of a “pseudo-Lesbian” amphora type from Phokaia (Özygit 1994: 88–90) alerts one to further possibilities: a “red” Lesbian handle (C 9697) is a possible candidate for Phokaian attribution. It was found in a context in Trench 83C, where most pottery was of the seventh century B.C., not of the LA period, otherwise the sole home of Lesbian jars fired in oxidizing conditions. Yet the handle diameter, ca. 3 cm, does not seem to tally with that of the Phokaia piece. Very little by way of Phoenician material has been found in the recent campaigns at Kommos. 17. Skyphoi predominate and are mostly of the fourth century B.C. There are some fragments from related open shapes: one lekythos fragment (C 9247), from the lower body, certainly dates to the fifth century, while two net-pattern lekythoi (C 2909 and C 3606) are likely to be later. A lekane rim (C 10431) and a pedestal base (C 7800), possibly from a small bell krater, almost complete the picture. In 1997 the first scrap of red figure was found, a later-fifth-century skyphos fragment from mixed fill in the central court area, with part of the torso of a youth (C 19761 from 101D/18). 18. See Csapo et al., Chap. 2, 94. A second stamp (Csapo et al., Chap. 2, 92), of the fabricant Dios, was found in a mixed context east of Building Q in 1994, and a Rhodian toe (C 10182) in the area of House X (74A/16). See also 620 and 621, the former almost certainly an import. C 2806 is a Koan handle from the temple area (34A/11). A further “mushroom” lip probably of fourthcentury-B.C. date was found in the southern part of Building P (86F/95). 19. Most significant for present purposes, although by no means affording complete coverage of the material, are the contributions by James Brock (1957), Peter J. Callaghan (1992), Nicolas Coldstream (1972, 1973a, 1992), and Mervyn Pop- 334 ham (Popham et al. 1983; Popham 1992). The Fortetsa cemetery, it should be stressed, does not continue into the last years of the seventh century, nor does the Knossos North Cemetery (Coldstream 1996b: 722). 20. See most recently Coldstream 1992; Callaghan 1992; Huxley 1994; Coldstream and Huxley 1999. Didier Viviers (1994, especially p. 243) urges caution. The record at Kommos gives little support to the idea of Sarah Morris that the collapse of Phoenicia in the later seventh century B.C. caused the collapse on Crete; Rhodes and Cyrenaica would require some special pleading to remain unaffected, as archaeologically they clearly are (Morris 1992: 170). 21. For Gortyn see Papadopoulos 1988: 170; Rendini 1988: 266; and add the material presented by Rizza and Santa Maria Scrinari 1968 and Di Vita 1993: 322–23 (Cypriot limestone figurine). The Kourtes cemetery appears to have been devoid of imports (Rocchetti 1988–89), nor does that part of the material from Phaistos so far published have much that is non-Cretan about it (Rocchetti 1974–75, especially pp. 197–98; this material presents a similar, if fainter, picture to that of Kommos), but I note that Jeanette Papadopoulos says that there is “pregevoli” unpublished, presumably Classical, Attic material from Chalara (Phaistos) and Gortyn (1988: 170). The Hellenistic pottery from Phaistos will be published shortly. On current evidence there is a much larger imported element in the material from Arkades, some distance to the east (D. Levi 1927–28). 22. Csapo 1991; 1993; Csapo et al., Chap. 2, 17. Such a Central Greek presence at Kommos throws an interesting sidelight on Aeginetan aspirations in Crete in the following century. For some thoughts on the increasing evidence for broad Hellenic participation in Archaic trade see Snodgrass 1994; Vokotopoulou and Christides 1995; Johnston 1995. Metaxia Tsipopolou (1990) notes Cycladic and possible Euboean imports and influences in East Crete, notably in larger pots. 23. Some fragments with light-on-dark decoration from 81B/50E (C 9650) could perhaps come from such a pithos, as might fragments, generally small, of lids, although the range of possible shapes to which they may have belonged is wide. 24. It should not be assumed that 299 is the only possible example from the seventh century B.C., but it is not easy to find other assured exam- The Iron Age Pottery from Kommos ples of the shape (or range of shapes). The problem with BG body sherds noted in the above discussion (n. 13) exacerbates the issue. 25. For the well, see J. W. Shaw and M. C. Shaw 1993: 167. 26. Attic stemmed cups are uncommon at Kommos, as a perusal of Coldstream 1973a (especially pp. 58–59, with mainly LA material) and 1973b and Callaghan 1978 and 1992 reveals; stemless varieties are more evident but by no means frequent. See also Viviers 1994: 243 (Afrati). Nearer home, the skyphos is found at Kamilari (Englezou 1989: 78, pl. 50a). 27. 282 and 810 are the only two pieces included in the catalogue, and they are obviously of two very different types. See also nn. 8 and 14 for Phoenician and East Greek pieces; C 10450, a probably Late Classical BG example of Cretan manufacture, from 14A/6, has at least one band of applied colour on the floor and is perhaps the sole plate of “regular” type so far located. 28. The extremely fragmentary panther vase (294) is of strong Orientalizing style, but, as its fellows, is of local manufacture. For the type see Boardman 1962: 33–34; Hampe 1969. 29. See Johnston 1993: 355, no. 68, from Building Q; also C 9254 from the southern Trench 78. 30. The material has not been systematically reviewed in this respect, and of course the nozzle is not always preserved. 31. I appreciate very much the invitation by Dr. Joseph W. Shaw to study this material and the helpfulness of the other members of the 1989 staff. I also thank Dr. William P. Anderson for a number of suggestions he made. For the Phoenician imports from Building Q, see Appendix 4.1. For a 1992 report on the chemical analysis of some of the Phoenician material, see Jones, Appendix 4.2. 32. For example, C 6451U from 63A/49, ware 5 YR 6/6 light red; surface 10 YR 8/2 very pale brown; gray core; see also 8; on the cause, see W. P. Anderson 1988: 320, and references there. 33. These groups could probably be consolidated further; e.g., considering the contexts, Fabrics C and D may be the same. Considering its size, Fabric A may represent more than one jar of identical fabric. 34. Bikai 1987b: no. 160; see also nos. 161, 162, also in the Cyprus Museum collection; these are nearly identical, with red slip, but also have no Notes provenance. There is a painted example in the collection, ibid: no. 159. 35. Bikai 1987b: nos. 133–46; see also 1987a: 1–19; Coldstream 1987: 21–31. 36. Bikai 1987b: nos. 147–49, 158, all painted. 37. Bikai 1978: pls. 36.3, 35.1; a Late Bronze II example comes from Stratum XV (ibid: pl. 44.4) with a finger mark and an incision at the top of the handle. See also Briend and Humbert 1980: pl. 48.6, one mark at the top of each handle, ninth century. 38. See Bikai 1978: pls. 3.6, 4.5; Sagona 1982: fig. 1.3, type 2.48 from Hazor, fig. 1.7, type 3.16 from Megiddo; Briend and Humbert 1980: pls. 25.1, 47.2. 39. Hamilton 1935: pl. XII.81; on the dating, see Balensi and Herrera 1985: 103. 40. Pritchard 1988: 15, no. 18, fig. 3.18; information on the context from William P. Anderson, personal communication. 41. For examples, see Bikai 1978: pl. 49.3–5; W. P. Anderson 1988: pl. 49, storage jar types 6–9; Briend and Humbert 1980: pls. 59.3, 5, 60.3. 42. For examples, see Bikai 1978: pls. 2–3; Sagona 1982: figs. 1.2–7; Bikai 1987b: pl. 23, nos. 588–89, 619–26; W. P. Anderson 1988: pl. 49, types 15–17; Briend and Humbert 1980: e.g., pl. 47.1–4. 43. Bikai 1978: pls. 14.13, 16; 18.12; 21.1, 5, 11– 13; 24.2, 4; 26.13, 15, 17–18, 21; 29.13, 14; 31.19; 35.11, 13; 37.14; 41.5, 9. 44. Bikai 1978: 68, dated the end of Stratum VI to “?760.” In light of the evidence from Cyprus, particularly from Salamis Tomb 1 (Bikai 1987b: 50, 64, 68–69) that Strata V/IV at Tyre should be dated at least as high as ca. 775–750 B.C., then Stratum VI must be somewhat earlier than originally thought. 45. W. P. Anderson 1988: 195–97; pl. 49, storage jar types 12 and 14; according to his table 9B, type 12 peaks ca. 1150–825 B.C., while 14 appears to peak in frequency slightly later. For similar data from another area of Sarepta, see Khalifeh 1988: tables 9A–C. Briend and Humbert 1980: pls. 48.1, 4; 49.1–3, 5, 7; and 54.3 from levels 6 through 8, dated (27) to 980–800 B.C.; the jar in level 5 (ibid: pl. 47.7), which is dated to 720–650 B.C., has a rim that is much higher than those of any of the Kommos examples except 14. 335 46. William P. Anderson, personal communication, and see his 1988: 407, 423, pl. 49. 47. Text by Joseph W. Shaw. 48. Hayes 1972: 417. For the situation at Knossos, see Sackett 1992b: 156–59, 163–64, with fig. 2, pls. 169–86 passim, 213–14. 49. Ainos finds (late-first/early-second-century-after-Christ versions): Erzen and Başaran 1988: 100, fig. 13; 1991: 110, figs. 11, 14–15; 1993: 208, photo 13. Troy finds: Hayes 1995: 187, 190, fig. 3, nos. 27–29. 50. See Hayes 1983: 141–43, fig. 20 (types 1–2), with mention of the Kommos finds p. 140 n. 50. These correspond to Empereur’s types “Crétoise” 3 and 1 (Markoulaki et al. 1989: passim; see now also Marangou-Lerat 1995). Further Knossos examples: Sackett 1992b: 178–80, with figs. 6–7. 51. Personal observation: see Hayes 1983: 140 n. 50. Clay analyses of these: Krywonos et al. 1982: 65, 70–72. 52. See Menzel 1954: 19, nos. 53–54, fig. 12; Hayes 1971: 269, nos. 62–63, pl. 40d; Wardle 1972: 274, 276, 278, nos. 5, 6, 102, figs. 3–5, pl. 52d; Coldstream 1973a: 44, 50–51, H 114, J 34–39, pls. 26, 30; Mercando 1974: 235, pl. XXXIV.1–2, 4–11 (with parallels cited); Carington Smith 1982: 291, nos. 133–37, fig. 7 right, pl. 44a–c; Bailey 1985: 4–5 (noting Kommos finds), pl. 1; Lyon-Caen 1986: 54, no. 121, with illustrations in text. 53. For the Knidian series at large, see Heres 1968; Bailey 1985: 90–97, C629–72, and p. 181, group 5, figs. 7, 14, pls. XVIII–XIX; 1988: 325–65, pls. 74–97. 54. Some other examples: see Wardle 1972: 274–76, no. 3, fig. 3, pl. 52c. 55. Cf. Guarducci 1935: nos. VIII.42 (p. 79, with further refs. cited), XII.6, XVI.54; 1939: nos. XXIV.19–20, XXX.6; 1942: no. III.61; 1950: no. 540; Menzel 1954: no. 316, fig. 47.4 (with peltae on base); Hayes 1971: 273, no. 53; Coldstream 1973a: 51, under no. 48; Mercando 1974: 236–37, fig. 1; Davaras 1980: 38, no. 47, pl. 11 β–γ; G. Rethemiotakis in Lyktos [Iraklion] 1 (1984): 61, fig. 13 on p. 60, left (ref. on p. 64), from Lyttos; Bailey 1985: 123–24, 132, 183, fig. 16 (under group 7), with comment on p. 176, arguing for a Cyrenaican source.