Santa Clara University Scholar Commons English College of Arts & Sciences 3-30-2003 Firdaus Kanga John C. Hawley Santa Clara Univeristy, jhawley@scu.edu Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.scu.edu/engl Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Hawley, J. C. (2003). Firdaus Kanga. In J. C. Sanga (ed.), South Asian Novelists in English: An A to Z Guide (pp. 118-121). Greenwood Press. South Asian Novelists in English: An A-to-Z Guide by Jaina C. Sanga, ed. Copyright © 2003 by Jaina C. Sanga. All rights reserved. Reproduced with permission of ABC-CLIO, LLC, Santa Barbara, CA. This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts & Sciences at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in English by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact rscroggin@scu.edu. Firdaus Kanga ( 1961- ) John C. Hawley BIOGRAPHY Firdaus Kanga was born in Bombay with osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease), a condition that prevented his bones from growing beyond a certain point. A lso this condition meant that his bones had the potential of breaking easi ly. As a result, he spent most of his early years bedridden, not attend ing school, leaving his home only occasionally to attend the cinema with his family. It was not until he was nineteen that he obtained his first wheelchair. Kanga 's family expected him to become a solicitor, but he did not find his experiences in law school satisfying. On the other hand, he did study journalism and, in 1987 , was awarded a prize in a British Counci l short-story competition. After receiving a degree in history from the University of Bombay, he moved to England in 1989 and it was there that his publishing career began with the appearance of Trying to Grow in 1990 and a travelogue, Heaven on Wheels, the next year. He is now working on a second novel, which is set in India. MAJOR WORKS AND THEMES In an interview with Nandini Lal for the Hindustan Times, novelist Bapsi Sidhwa was asked whether she had "mothered this whole Parsi brood in fiction." Her response suggests one of the major themes that informs Kanga 's work: "Firdaus Kanga met me in London," she says, "and very sweetly said he didn't think Parsis could be worth writing about, and with humor, till [her novel] Crow Eaters." Whether this was his motivation, in his fiction and other prose Kanga has been very interested in portraying the Parsi community, whether in Bombay or in London. Trying to Grow, for example, is a broadly autobiographical novel set in Bombay, told through the eyes of young Daryus Kotwal , son of Sam and Sera and brother of Dolly. Older than Daryus, Dolly serves as his best friend and his nurse, often sacrificing her own happiness to ass ure her brother's. Not surprisingly, given the fact that the narrator is restricted to a wheelchair, the setting for the story is limited to a one-square-mile area of the city. Most of the action is interior, in fact, and even when Daryus (nicknamed "Brit" not because of his fami ly's admitted Anglophi lia but because of his defective bones) is wheeled off the grounds to the cinema or the seaside, the narrator is busy analyzing his position in society and his potential for love. Brit's relationship with his father is somewhat strained; the father tries to disguise his disappointment in hi s son's prospects but finally commits suicide when his FIRDAUS KANGA 119 daughter marries and leaves home and he is left with his crippled son. Brit is close to his mother, who accepts her son's disability with grace, and to Tina, his deaf cousin. As with any bildungsroman, the principal focus of the plot is the young man 's attempt to break free of his necessarily protective parents and to carve out an independent life. In the process, he discovers his own awakening sexuality in encounters with a neighbor, Cyrus, and also with Cyrus's gi rlfri end, Amy. Cyrus appears to be everything that Brit can never be, and Brit's infatuation is immediate and intense. But the relatively idyllic world of childhood soon passes. Dolly moves to America and marries; Brit's father accompan ies her and walks into oncoming traffic; Tina is sold into prostitution; Brit's mother dies; Cyrus and Amy decide on marriage- all potentially melodramatic but recounted simply. The author seems to be clearing the decks for his narrator because at this point in the novel Brit sees himself as free to move to England. He does so, and his life, in a sense, begins anew. Kanga 's next book, Heaven on Wheels, is something ofa travelogue that records hi s early impressions of the Great Britain to which "Brit" moved. In short, he is very favorably impressed by what he sees, offering frequent comparisons with India that portray his mother country as backward and insensitive, especially to the needs of the disabled. His Parsi friends in India ask him to send them favorite foods that had become less obtainable after independence: "And I thought how ironic it was that this is what the Emp ire had meant to its most loyal subjects-something to salivate over." He utilizes the points in his itinerary to make socio logical or political observations, many of them relating to his own situation as a gay disabled immigrant from a former colony. Trying to Grow has been translated into four languages and forms the basis for the screenplay that Kanga wrote for the film Sixth Happiness ( 1998). The film , directed by Waris Hussein and produced by Tatiana Kennedy, was made in Britain and financed by the BBC, the British Film Institute, and the Arts Council of Great Britain. Between these two major efforts, Kanga wrote and presented "Double the Trouble, Half the Fun," a program on gays and lesbians with disabilities, and "Taboo," which were produced on Channel Four in Britain. He also wrote the play A Kind ofImmigrant, which was produced by the Graeae Theatre Company, the leading theater group of the disabled in England. He has subsequently produced a Channel Four travelogue on the Coted' Azur and the possibilities of travel for the disabled. CRITICAL RECEPTION Salman Rushdie, in the introduction to his and Elizabeth West's anthology ofrecent Indian writing- Mirrorwork: Fifty Years of Indian Writing: 1947-1997 ( 1997)- remarks that in his various writings Firdaus Kanga has "transcended physical affliction with high styl e and genuine comic brio" (xvi). Coming to much the same conclusion, Uma Mahadevan-Dasgupta, writing in the Indian Express, observes that Kanga "writes luminously and affectionately of hi s city [Bombay], remembering it even in his travels ... delightfully ... and with a touch of irony." Trying to Grow drew a good bit of critical attention, most of it echoing the characterization made by G. G., in a review in the West Coast Review ofBooks, who noted that it offers "a formidably unique version of life lived beyond the pale" (25) . Maria Couto, writing for the Times literary Supplement, notes that the narrative is "remarkable for its unselfconscious detailing of what it is like to be four foot nothing, to move only with the aid of a wheelchair, and to have a sou l which yearns and a body bursting with irrepressible sexuality" (257). She admires his ear for the spoken word, his frequent reflec- 120 SOUTH ASIAN NOVELISTS IN ENGLISH tions on "the moral rights and duties of individuals within the tightly knit system of the Indian family" (257), and his wit, warmth and humor. Some reviewers were not as impressed. G. R. Taneja, from the University of Delhi, writes in World literature Today that the novel is "one of the most delightful to be published in the 1980s [sic]," in prose that has "extraordinary charm, fluency, and wit and exhibits remarkable contro l," but the novei " lacks a substantial center." It misses the opportunity to stretch the boundaries of the form of the novel , and has "poorly conceived" fictive elements (768) . Heaven on Wheels met with a good deal of critic ism, especially in India, for its Anglophilia- the very tendency lampooned in Trying to Grow and described as the Parsi disease. The book sold quite well , nonetheless, but was strangely criticized for being too foc used on the viewpoint of a disabled person. Ian Buruma, in the Times literary Supplement, notes that Kanga is a "true-blue Thatcherite" full of"unusual views and eccentric associations," a "cultural as well as a political conservative" (8). In this travelogue throughout Britain, the novelist finds the English kinder than the Indians back home. But Buruma complains that Kanga's "juxtaposition of Western enterprise and Eastern inertia, or European freedoms and Oriental bondage, of Thatcherite individualism and Indian/socialist collectivism, is too neat" (8). The portrayal of non-Western immigrants in the book is quite good, writes Buruma, but especially good is the portrayal ofKanga himself- "intensely personal without becoming sentimental" (8). The most enthusiastic reviews have resulted from Kanga's screenp lay Sixth Happiness, which was based on his first novel , and from his acting in the lead ro le. The film won the Audience Award at the London Film Festival. Variety, however, notes that the script "downplay[s] melodramatic potential and pathos in favor of a quirky, humorously anecdotal approach. Unfortunately, [it] se ldom carr[i es] it off Kanga's adaptation remains literary in fee l, saddling east with sti lted dialogue." The same journal observed that the decision to have "thirtysomething" Kanga play himself from age eight onward demanded an immediate suspension of disbelief and seemed awkward. Responding to the fi lm 's subtext, Gay Times suggests that " it's about looking at ourselves in the mirror and seeing not the distorted reflection of the fairground, but a picture of how beautiful we really are." As Kanga remarks in a review of Roland Joffe's fi lm City ofJoy that he wrote for the Times Literary Supplement, "Indians watching a fi lm about India wi ll catch the complexities of what they see with one hand; anyone else wi ll need a long course in metaphysics and history, not to mention tropical diseases." Thus, the Indian reviews of his own film offered a more generous response. Jay Pal it concluded that "the film shows the uniquely rich heritage and culture of the Parsee community, compared to the Bollywood practice of using it as comic relief." BIBLIOGRAPHY Works by Firdaus Kanga Novel Try ing to Grow. London: Bloomsbury, 1990. Travelogue Heaven on Wh eels . London: Bloomsbury, I 99 I. Play A Kind of Immigrant. 1992. FIRDAUS KANGA 121 Film Script Sixth Happin ess, 1998 . Television Scripts " Double the Trouble, Half the Fun." Chann el Four, 1992. "Taboo." Channel Four, 1993. "Coted ' Azur." Chann el Four, 1998. Non.fiction "Circle of Misfortune." Tim es Literary Supplement (October 16, 1992): "A Fami ly Album ." Preface to Dario Mitidieri's Ch ildren ofBombay. London : Dewi Lewis, I 994. Studies of Firdaus Kanga Buruma, Ian. "The Twain Meet" : Review of Heaven on Wh eels. Tim es Literary Supplement (Ju ly 12, 199 1): 8. Couto, Maria . "Bombay Brit's Extended Fami ly" : Review of Tiying to Grow. Tim es Literary Supplement (March 9, 1990) : 257. Dawson, Tom. " Review of Sixth Happiness." Whats On (September 30- October 7, 1998). French, Philip. "England is a Small World (and It's in Bombay)." Th e Observer (October 4, 1998). G. , G . Review of Trying to Grow. West Coast Review of Books 16.2 ( 199 1): 25. Gray, Marianne. " Hilarious Yet Tragic Story Set in 1960s Bombay." Film Review (October 1998). Hawley, John C. "Bombay Boys in Ardashir Vakil and Firdaus Kanga." South Asian Review 22 (200 I): 40- 56. Kirkland, Bruce . " Happiness is Not A ll it Could Be." Toronto Sun (October 24, 1998): www.canoe.ca/JanM ovies/ Reviewss/sixth happiness_kirkland.html Lal , Nandini. " Interview with Bapsi Sidhwa." Hindustan Times (January 28 , 2000): www.su lekha.com Mahadeva n-Dasgupta, Uma. "Looki ng for Mumbai." Indian Express (April 30, 2000): www.su lekha.com Pa lit, S. Jay. " Film on Mumbai 's Parsees Well Received in New York." Th e Tim es of In dia (Apri l 18, 2000): www.s ul ekha.com Po rter, Edward. " Revi ew of Sixth Happiness." Sunday Times (October 4, 1998) . Potts, Michael W. " Waris Hussein Shoots Fi lm in Mumbai in India." India in New York (October 17, 1997): www.rottentomatoes.com Taneja, G. R. Review of Try ing to Grow. World Literature Today 65 ( 199 1): 767- 68. Walker, Alexander. " Little Big Man." Evening Standard (October I, 1998): www.rottentomatoes.com