Η Α γορά στΗ Μ εσόγειο από τους ομηρικούς έως τους ρωμαϊκούς χρόνους in The Ag or A The M ediTerr Ane An from homeric to roman times δΙΕθνέΣ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΟνΙκό ΣυνέδΡΙΟ κΩΣ, 14-17 ΑΠΡΙλΙΟυ 2011 inTernATionAL ConFerenCe KoS, 14-17 ApriL 2011 Επιστημονική επιμέλεια ΑΓΓΕλΙκή ΓΙΑννΙκΟυΡή με τη χρηματοδότηση του ΕυΡΩΠΑΪκΟυ ΟΙκΟνΟΜΙκΟυ χΩΡΟυ υΠΟυΡΓΕΙΟ ΠΟλΙΤΙΣΜΟυ κΑΙ ΤΟυΡΙΣΜΟυ ΑΡχΑΙΟλΟΓΙκΟ ΙνΣΤΙΤΟυΤΟ ΑΙΓΑΙΑκΩν ΣΠΟυδΩν ΑθΗνΑ 2011 The Ag orAs of N oT ioN iN ioNiA* ergüN LAfLi, A sLΙ CUMALioĞLU Very few greek and roman agoras in western Asia Minor have been studied in detail.1 Most agoras in ionia and Aiolis remain unexplored, with the exceptions of Kyme (figs 1-2), Priene and smyrna. Although mostly unpublished, some new finds from the recent excavations in the agora of smyrna show that it was a central point for the trade of marble and carved marble artefacts in roman Asia, and that it was an international gateway for the export of Phrygian marble to the western provinces. some other artefacts were also traded in this large roman public market.2 The agora of smyrna thus had a close connection with the city’s harbour. recently discovered remains of a roman bath lie to the west of the agora, between it and the harbour. furthermore, in Late Antiquity there was a synagogue between the agora and the harbour, which reflects the ethnic complexity of commercial life in roman smyrna. This paper focuses on some of the least known agoras of ionia, namely the agoras of Notion, an ionian city situated approximately 50 km southwest of smyrna. Notion is located about 15 km south of Colophon (today’s Değirmendere), an Archaic and Classical ionian city, and 2 km southwest of Claros; the closest modern village to the ancient city is Ahmetbeyli. As a coastal site, Notion is in the neighborhood of Teos and Lebedus to the northwest, Fig. 1. Kyme in Aeolis (Lafli 2011). * We would like to express our gratitude to our greek colleagues, especially to Mrs Angeliki giannikouri (rhodes) and Dr Pavlos Triantafyllidis (rhodes), for their hospitality prior to, during and after the symposium on Kos. We would like to thank too Dr eva Christof (graz), Mr Christopher Lillington-Martin Fig. 2. An exedra at the Agora of Kyme in Aolis (Lafli 2011). (Wellington, somerset), and Dr Michael Metcalf (Catania) for their help in various ways. Documentation in Notion was completed on 21 June 2011. 1. on this subject cf. Köse 2005, 139f. 2. for the finds from the agora of smyrna: gürLer LAfLı 2010. 22 e. LAfLi, A. CUMALioĞLU Fig. 3. Notion from the northwest (Cumalioğlu 2011). Fig. 4. Eastern Agora from the west (Cumalioğlu 2011). Metropolis to the northeast and ephesus to the southeast. it also had direct communications with smyrna, Magnesia ad Meandrum and Priene inland, as well as the island of samos in the Aegean sea. founded in the fifth century BC, Notion stands on a hilltop (fig. 3) overlooking the gulf of Kuşadası. it originally served as a port for Colophon and played a critical role as a naval base and commercial centre.3 Notion occupied an area of 500 x 1000 m. and was surrounded by fortification walls from the early hellenistic period (plan 1). on its acropolis, called a “Kale” by the locals, the main temple was dedicated to Athena Polias, a hadrianic building with marble architecture. The first excava- 3. AKUrgAL 200, 135. 23 The AgorAs of NoTioN iN ioNiA Plan 1: Plan of Notion (Akurgal 2007, 135, fig. 47). 1-2: Gateways to the City; 3: Fortification walls; 4: Temple of Athena Polias; 5: Temple of Apollo; 6: Central Agora; 7: Bouleuterion; 8: Eastern Agora; 9: Theater. tions at the site were begun in 1904, by a french team led by r. Dernangel and A. Laumonier, in the necropolis, and lasted until 1921.4 in 1985 a Turkish team, led by e. Atalay, resumed investigations, which lasted only three seasons and ended in 198 because of the sudden death of the excavation’s director. in the first season the Turkish team focused on the necropolis and in the second season (1986) they excavated the theatre and a part of the necropolis. since 1988, Notion has almost been forgotten. relations between the three nearby ionian settlements of Colophon, Notion and Claros were always strong. Archaic and Classical Colophon and hellenistic Notion were large settlements, while Claros was a religious site and not a real “polis”. even though Notion is mentioned by herodotus,5 this reference is rather problematic, and the site first became influential in the hellenistic period, especially after the time of Lysimachos. Although the settlement pattern in this part of ionia has yet to be studied in detail, relations between these three sites have been examined by L. robert and P. gauthier, and Notion seems to have been the hellenistic “gateway” to the valley from Colophon to Claros. Thus, agoras at this site should have had some specific functions. 4. ATALAy 1986, 69. 5. A short history of the site with a list of all Classical Fig. 5. A part of the famous Notion wall (Cumalioğlu 2011). sources: rUBiNsTeiN - greAVes 2004, 1089. 24 e. LAfLi, A. CUMALioĞLU Fig. 6. Boule of Notion from the west (Cumalioğlu 2011). Fig. 7. A column from the Boule (Cumalioğlu 2011). Fig. 8. Temple of Apollo from the north (Cumalioğlu 2011). The AgorAs of NoTioN iN ioNiA 25 Fig. 9. An inscription from the Temple of Apollo (Cumalioğlu 2011). Fig. 10. A further inscription from the Temple of Apollo (Cumalioğlu 2011). Notion had two agoras; however neither of these has yielded any well-preserved remains. The first one is located in the east and called the “Persian Agora” or “eastern Agora”6 (fig. 4), and the second is centrally planned and called the “Central Agora” or “state Agora”. The eastern Agora lies in the east part of the acropolis and to the southeast of the theatre. it may have been given this name by the excavators because of its location, while it is alternatively known as the Persian Agora because Persian allies settled in the east part of the city. During the time when Colophon was governed by the Persians, Notion began to develop and was partly administered by Athens. During the fifth BC century BC the citizens of Notion split into two factions, one allying with Colophon and Persia, and the other allying with Athens. in that same period a wall was built across the city (fig. 5), dividing it into two parts; the Persian allies tried to separate themselves from the Athenian allies with 26 e. LAfLi, A. CUMALioĞLU Fig. 11. An architectural element from the Central Agora (Cumalioğlu 2011). Fig. 12. An inscription fragment from the Central Agora (Cumalioğlu 2011). this wall. This famous wall ran between the theatre and the eastern Agora. Today, very few ruins of the eastern Agora of Notion can be traced. The site of the eastern Agora must have been chosen because of its proximity to the harbours, which were on the east side of the city. Thus, it can be assumed that the eastern Agora had a commercial function. The Central Agora is located between the Bouleuterion (figs 6-) in the south and the Temple of Apollo in the north (figs 8-10). The bouleuterion was attached to the east wall of the agora. The Central Agora of Notion must have had an administrative function; therefore it can also be called a “state Agora”. it is more or less square in shape, measuring approximately 50 x 50 m. A few marble architectural fragments (fig. 11) belonging to this construction are still visible on the surface. A fragmentary inscription (fig. 12) was found in its central part. it is noteworthy that in the bouleueterion, as well as at the theatre, conglomerate was the main building material, but in the Central Agora the use of marble is significant. ergüN LAfLi, AsLı CUMALioĞLU Dokuz eylül üniversitesi, edebiyat fakültesi, Arkeoloji Bölümü, Tınaztepe/Kaynaklar yerleşkesi, Buca, Tr-35160 izmir, Turkey <elafli@yahoo.ca>; <aslsaka@hotmail.com> 6. ATALAy 1986, 0. . ATALAy 198, 148 ff. The AgorAs of NoTioN iN ioNiA 2 BiBLiogrAPhy AKUrgAL, e., 1989. Anatolian Civilizations and Ruins of Turkey, istanbul. ATALAy, e., 1986. 1985 yılı Notion Kazıları, in VIII. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, Vol. 2, Ankara, 249-264. ATALAy, e., 198. 1986 Notion Kazıları, in IX. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, Vol. 1, Ankara, 14-169. gürLer , B. - e. LAfLı, 2010. Middle and Late roman glass from the Agora of smyrna from the excavation seasons 199 and 2002-2003. in J. DrAUsChKe - D. KeLLer (eds), Glass in Byzantium. Production, Usage, Analyses. International Workshop organised by the Byzantine Archaeology, Mainz, 17th-18th of January 2008, Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, RGZM Tagungen 8, Mainz, 121-144. Köse, V., 2005. The origin and Development of Market-Buildings in hellenistic and roman Asia Minor. in: st. Mitchell/C. Katsari (eds), Patterns in the economy of roman Asia Minor (swansea 2005) 139-166. L. rUBiNsTeiN - A.M. greAVes, 2004. ionia. ii. The Poleis. 858. Notion. in h. hANseN MogeNs - T. heiNe NieLseN (eds), An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis. An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, oxford, 1089-1090. ΠΈΡΙΛΗΨΗ οΙ αγοΡεσ του νοτΙου στΗν ΙωνΙα Ελάχιστες είναι οι αρχαίες ελληνικές και ρωμαϊκές αγορές της Δυτικής Μικράς Ασίας που έχουν ερευνηθεί και μελετηθεί συστηματικά και λεπτομερώς. Στην παρούσα ανακοίνωση επικεντρωνόμαστε σε μία από τις λιγότερο γνωστές αγορές της Ιωνίας, τις αγορές του Νοτίου, ιωνικής πόλης, 50 χλμ. νοτιοδυτικά της Σμύρνης.