Environmental analysis for strategic planning: The case of IIM, Indore
Brijesh K Mishra (2014FPM02)
Strategic Management: Foundation Course for Doctoral Students
Faculty: Prof. D. L. Sunder
"It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the one most
responsive to change."
—Charles Darwin
1
Abstract
IIM, Indore operates in an atypical environment. Having a well-recognized image- tag of being
an IIM makes many things much simpler. But, the vision of IIM, Indore is not just being one of
the best; rather it’s about being the best. In such circumstances, it’s imperative that a thorough
environmental analysis is done to find out the opportunities and threats present for IIM, Indore.
This paper attempts just that. It carries out a PEST analysis to provide a few pointers to work
upon.
______________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
As per the Annual Report of 2012-13, IIM, Indore (referred to as IIMI henceforth) espouses
the following visioni:
1. To have a dominant presence in every segment of management education in India and
overseas;
2. To illustrate and experience the uniqueness of embedding a business school in social
science setting;
3. To propagate, assimilate, and develop contemporary innovative management practices
and systems to contribute to social capitalism;
4. To evolve as a contextually relevant business school with world class academic
standards, and
5. To emerge as one of the top 5 management institutes in the country.
This vision of IIMI certainly has elements of BHAGSii (Big, Hairy, and Audacious Goals),
though the time frame to achieve these goals is conspicuously absent.
In order to attain its vision or strategic goals, the first step to be taken by IIMI would be
to take an exhaustive scanning of it macro-economic environment. Scanning means, “Identifying
early signals of environmental changes and trends”.iii In order to fulfill its strategic goals, IIMI
needs to ensure that environmental forces don’t subdue its ambition, while it should be in a
position to derive the maximum possible leverage emanating through such forces. In fact, many
of these environmental forces will have a bearing on the entire higher management education in
the country; they will have important implications for the creation and dissemination of relevant
human capital in management field in India.
2
In this paper, an exhaustive analysis of the macro-economic environment for IIMI has
been undertaken. There are a number of available tools, such as PEST (Political, Economic,
Sociological, and Technological), PESTEL (PEST factors plus Environmental and Legal),
PESTLIED (PEST plus Legal, International, Environmental, Demographic), STEEPLE
(Social/Demographic, Technological, Economic, Environmental, Political, Legal, Ethical) and
SLEPT (Social, Legal, Economic, Political, Technological) to carry out the macro-environmental
analysis. Given to the fact that IIMI functions in the sphere of provisioning higher education in
the country, the demographics is expected to play a crucial role in determination of a meaningful
strategy for the institute. Moreover, the entry of reputed institution of higher learnings from
abroad has been under discussion for some time now, hence ‘International’ aspect is also worth
taking a note of. In view of the discussion above, it may be argued that we should use a model
like PESTLIED, which extends PEST model to specifically incorporate ‘International’ and
‘Demographic’ elements of analysis. But, it is not obvious that why ‘Demographic’ sub-aspect
cannot be studied in ‘Social’ aspect, and why ‘International’ sub-aspect cannot be studied under
‘Political’ aspect. As the four elements Political, Economic, Social, and Technological cover the
entire gamut of macro-economic factors and as simplicity needs more preference, ‘PEST’ model
has been used for undertaking external environment analysis for IIMI.
The paper tries to present an exhaustive framework for environmental scanning for higher
management education in general and IIMI in specific. To begin with, a literature review of a
number
of
papers
has
been
undertaken
to
understand
the
current
thinking
of
academicians/practitioners and to attempt a framework for IIMI based on this accumulated
knowledge. This paper solely relies on the data available through secondary sources such as data
available from Ministry of Human Resources Development (MoHRD), Government of India;
All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE); IIM, Indore; empirical studies reviewed for
writing this paper etc. Thereafter, a model for IIMI has been presented using PEST framework.
This environmental analysis should prove to be relevant for higher management education as
well.
3
Literature Review
Environmental scanning helps an organization to monitor, evaluate, and disseminate
relevant information from the external and internal environments to key people within an
organization (Wheelen and Hunger, 2012)iv. Hence, it is not only scanning the macroenvironment for its sake, rather it involves deriving relevant and actionable information so that
the responsible persons will have a potent tool to avoid groping in dark. These information points
should be well utilized for formulating and shaping strategy. In fact, keeping its antenna on to
changes taking place in its environment is an absolute must for an organization; else there may
be adverse surprises in store. Frederick the Great (1740-1786) has been quoted to have remarked,
“It is pardonable to be defeated, but never to be surprised” (Calof and Wright, 2008)v . Nearly
thirty years ago, Porter (1980) reported that whilst companies were carrying environmental
scanning informally, in his opinion this was nowhere near sufficient. He advocated the need for a
structured process at all times in order to continuously and systematically identify business
opportunities and threats emanating through the environment in which the organization operates.
This is why environment has been counted as one of the four components of strategic
management: four being environment scanning, strategy formulation, strategy implementation,
and evaluation and control (Wheelen and Hunger, 2012). The problem with environmental
scanning is that it is not in control of the organization, rather it is a given. This creates
uncertainty, and successful organizations learn how to gather relevant information so as to utilize
them for better formulation and implementation of their strategies (Hitt, Ireland, and Hokisson,
2011). But, is it possible to list out all the factors that could possibly affect an organization? Or is
it necessary indeed? In fact it is neither possible, nor desirable to list all the conceivable factors
that could affect an organization. External audit is aimed at identifying finite number of key
variables that offer actionable responses (David, 2011)vi.
One of the simplest models to scan environment is PEST Analysis. PEST stands for the
Political, Economic, Socio-Cultural, and Technological factors that have a bearing on an
organization. As has been discussed, the PEST forces give rise to various opportunities and
threats that are not within the control of the top management of an organization, at least not in
the short-run (Babatunde and Abedisi, 2012)vii. On the question whether PEST forces affect an
4
organization’s performance, an empirical study done by Babatunde and Abedisi revealed that
there was significant relationship between strategic environmental scanning and organization
performance, the coefficient of determination (R2) being 0.297, which shows that about 30% of
the variation or change in effective organization performance is caused by variation in strategic
environmental scanning. Another study undertaken by Mashhadi and Ijaz-Ur-Rehmanviii on the
Pizza Fast-food industry found that even as Political factors were somewhat insignificant, the
other three components of PEST, viz., Economic, Social, and Technological factors significantly
related to performance. Another aspect to note is about the extent of planning vis-à-vis
dynamism of external environment. As per a study Brews and Purohitix, stable environments
were associated with less planning, while the opposite would be observed for more uncertain
environments.
In view of the discussion above, PEST framework has been found suitable to carry-out an
exhaustive macro-environmental analysis of IIMI.
PEST Analysis for IIMI
The four components, i.e., Political, Economic, Social, and Technical factors would now
be discussed in detail for IIM, Indore.
Political, Legal, and Governmental Factors
Political forces, mainly that emanate from the government, whether the union
government or the state government, play a vital role in framing the Political environment for an
organization. It is imperative to note that IIMI was set up in 1996 by the government’s support
only and still receives substantial grants from it. As per the annual report 2012-13, IIMI received
Rs 85.18 Lakhs in 2012-13 as grant from the government. Moreover, the Board of Governors
also has government nominees. So even as IIMI, or for that matter, any other IIM may enjoy
autonomy in their day-to-day functioning, it is still susceptible to any major changes
contemplated or introduced by the government.
5
A case in point is the affirmative action taken by the government to provide reservation
to other backward castes (OBCs) in IIMs since 2008. As it was decided to keep the general seats
at more or less at the same level, the intake of students and hence the number of faculty needed
to be increased substantially. Even as the increase was effected in a gradual manner, it still had
disruptive consequences. In fact, most of the IIMs are still going through acute shortage of
faculty.
Another instance can be cited regarding the recent government decision to set up IIMs in
all the political states. In fact the budget for setting up these additional IIMs has already been
allocated in the union budget of 2014-15. This is when the seven recently opened IIMs, including
IIM Shillong, which was opened in 2007, are yet to move to their permanent campuses and are
still to increase their annual intake to substantial levelx. On the top of that, if new IIMs start
functioning, it will be a tough task to provide for adequate infrastructure and qualified faculty for
all of them. On the face of it, not much of planning has gone into how the basic infrastructure
and faculty support would be provided for, especially when the existing IIMs themselves are
feeling a shortage of qualified faculty. Increase in number of other IIMs may also cause
relocation of many faculty members from one IIM to another, and hence may pose another
challenge for established institutes such as IIMI. Moreover, if a few new IIMs may assume the
position of prominence in the long run, there may be a threat of reduction in prestige for an
established IIM like IIMI vis-à-vis such upcoming IIMs and the same may get reflected in
choices made by prospective recruiters and students.
A study by Bhargava committee (2008)xi, that was submitted to the government on
making IIMs more effective, had made many observations such as- first, it would be enormously
challenging to bring the seven new IIMs to the level of even the existing IIMs; second, the
quality of research in IIMs lagged behind the status of IIMs; third, IIMs were not able to attract
adequate number of faculties especially in view of government determined remunerations; and
fourth, directors of IIMs were not able to provide the desired leadership due to lack of role clarity
among the directors, the board of governors, and the government etc. Even after passage of over
five years since, hardly any action has been taken to ameliorate the shortcomings pointed to by
the committee. In fact, instances have been noted wherein government has taken diametrically
6
opposite action vis-à-vis a recommendation of the committee, e.g., the committee categorically
noted that the journey for making IIMs as thought leaders would be severely hampered with 13
IIMs, but now there would be an IIM in every state! As and when a positive action is taken by
the government on the recommendations of the committee, notwithstanding controversial nature
of some of the recommendations (see Amit Gupta and Ganesh N Prabhu, 2011)xii, they are
expected to have overall positive impact on the functioning and performance of IIMs including
IIMI.
The Foreign Educational Institutions (Regulation of Entry and Operations) Bill, 2010xiii is
still pending in parliament right now. The preamble of the Bill says:
“A BILL to regulate entry and operation of foreign educational institutions imparting or
intending to impart higher education (including technical education and medical education and
award of degree, diploma and equivalent qualifications by such institutions) and for matters
connected therewith or incidental thereto.”
As and when the bill is passed and entry of top international universities is allowed for
opening their independent campuses, there may be a threat for the IIMs in case Ivy League
Universities start offering their acclaimed courses in Indian soil at reasonable costs. To ward off
such a competition, all the IIMs need to brace up at the earliest, but the same might require real
autonomy and requisite support from the government, else it may be a case of uneven playing
field as has been witnessed in so many other sectors in the economy.
IIMI has a remote campus in the Middle-East. In future, it may want to expand it and
make it a centre of excellence at global scale. Though instead of Dubai, another location in
Europe or the Northern America having large Indian diaspora would have been more preferable.
In such a scenario, it must be observant of the local laws and any future plans must be drawn
after duly accounting for extant rules and regulations. Any proposed changes in relevant rules
and regulations should also be studied for their likely impact on the operations of IIMI’s centre
abroad.
7
Economic Factors
In India, there has been increased emphasis on education as a tool of social and economic
development. During the 11th five-year plan (2007-12), per capita public expenditure on
education increased from INR 888 in 2004–05 to INR 2,985 in 2011–12. As primary education
falls in state list, state governments did the majority of the public spending on education and
their spending grew at a robust rate of 19.6 per cent per year during the Eleventh Plan. Public –
spending on education by the central government increased at still higher rate of 25% during the
same period.xiv Despite this increase in spending on education, the combined public spending by
central and state governments on education is still below 4% of GDP, which is way below the
figures in developed countries. Moreover, the gross enrolment rate in higher education is only
about 18%, compared to 26% in China, and 36% in Brazil.xv As and when the public spending is
increased and enrolment to higher education goes up, the demand for all kind of technical and
management education may go up, which might be good thing for IIMI if it wants to increase its
enrolment.
It is also noteworthy that India is projected to be a $1.7 trillion economy, having per
capita income of INR 74,920 by the end of FY 2013-14xvi. Even though the economy’s growth
rate at estimated 4.9% is termed as sluggish, it is still one of the best across the world
considering that most of the countries in developed and developing world are still reeling under
the specter of recession. Considering the management education from an elite institution is a
kind of ‘luxury good’, it is expected that as and when larger pool of persons, which has
increasingly better disposable income, enrolls for higher education, there would be greater
number of persons seeking to enter the system of IIMs. Hopefully, the increased number of IIMs
would then not result in dilution of quality of their graduates and there will not be any
compromise with brand IIM.
The working group on management education, which worked under the aegis of the
National Knowledge Commission (NKC), submitted its report in 2007. It provides an interesting
8
statistics (it is not clear whether this data pertains to FY 2004-05, or 2005-06) regarding the
distribution of management institutes in the countryxvii:
State
AP
BIHAR
DELHI
GUJARAT
HARYANA
KARNATKA
KERALA
MP
MAHARASHTRA
ORRISA
PUNJAB
RAJASTHAN
TAMIL NADU
UTTAR PRADESH
UTTARANCHAL
WEST BENGAL
*OTHERS
Total
Number
239
14
60
50
34
116
247
51
202
247
25
56
139
181
18
47
35
1761
Percentage
13.5
0.8
3.4
2.8
1.9
6.6
14
2.9
11.5
14
1.4
3.2
7.9
10.9
1
2.9
1.9
100
An analysis of the table shows a correlation between the economic development of a
particular state and the number of management institutes in the state (barring a few exceptions
such as UP, Punjab, and Orissa). In view of this, it is expected that as the Indian economy grows,
there would be increased demand for management professionals from the industry, which would
then be met by existing or new set of management schools. There is a word of caution though.
Below is given the statistics of growth of management institutes and number of students enrolled
in their courses over the past eight years:
FY
Number of
% change over
Number of
% change over
Management Schools
the previous year
students
the previous year
2006-07
2614
247201
2007-08
2915
11.5
275666
11.5
2008-09
3120
7.0
295052
7.0
2009-10
3290
5.4
311129
5.4
9
2010-11
3469
5.4
328057
5.4
2011-12
3541
2.1
334865
2.1
2012-13
3471
-2.0
349369
4.3
3364
-3.1
354421
1.4
2013-14
(Adapted from AICTE’s statistical data accessed through internet)xviii
We see that the number of management institutes increased rapidly during the first half of
2000-2010 apparently to cash-in on desperation of students willing to any-how have a
management degree. In fact, by taking the figure of over 1700 management institutes in the
country, the National Knowledge Commission (NKC) has remarked that more than 1000 of these
were added after the year 2000, showing the break-neck speed at which such institutes were
openedxix. In the FY 2012-13 and 2013-2014, however, we see that the number of management
institutes have in fact closed down apparently due to lack of students. The increase in the number
of students taking management courses has also become very modest. This provides a message
that a compromise with quality would be detrimental sooner rather than later. This holds a lesson
for premier institutes such as IIMs as well, especially in view of increased peer competition and
also the imminent competition from formidable institutions of repute, if they are allowed to open
their branches in the country. In fact, the annual report 2012-13 of IIMI reveals that the number
of students applying to the institute decreased from 168137 (batch 2011-13) to 166457 (batch
2012-14). This may hopefully be a one-time blip, but if recurrent, IIMI needs to take immediate
corrective measures to sustain student interest.
As IIMI has been doing well on financial front (its Income statement for the year 2012-13
shows a healthy Rs 40.97 crore surplus, while the total capital fund/corpus as on 31/03/2013 was
Rs 375.3 crore), it is well placed to exploit growth opportunities/ attract the best talent from
within the country or from abroad, if needed, as and when such a flexibility is granted by the
government. An editorial in Business Standard recommended the following to the IIMs to attain
financial autonomy- they need to be building Harvard-style endowments, obtaining greater
industry funding for research projects and consultancy assignments, increasing the intake of
higher fee-paying foreign students, and hosting more campuses abroadxx. This advice is over 10
years old now. In the hindsight, one can say that IIMI has done reasonably well by having a
healthy endowment in place (though relatively newer IIMs such as IIMI still need some time to
have their alumni placed in sufficiently higher positions creating significant amount of wealth in
order to donate some endowment), and is already running a campus abroad. It still needs to
attract students from abroad in sufficient numbers: such students might be paying more fee than
10
a local student. But attracting student talent from abroad would involve so many things such as
having a respectable position in annual rankings such as QS, FT etc., which, in turn, would
depend on factors such as research output, interactions with students/teachers abroad etc. IIMI
needs to have long term view, in tune with its vision, to climb up such recognized rankings.
Socio-Cultural Factors
India is country of contrasts. Even as the enrolment rates for the higher education remain
low, there are different bases for further division in the society: gender, urban-rural, rich-poor,
caste, ethnicity, region, language, and religion. Management education has not remained
insulated from the societal realities and has not been available equally to different sections of the
populationxxi. Management education in general and IIMs in particular have been grappling with
another criticism-that they have become the preserve of engineering graduates, basically because
of the way entrance exam is conducted. A Business Standard editorial remarks, “… most Indian
businessmen who recruit MBAs from campuses feel that the IIMs produce self-centred careerists
who don't have the innate humility to lead people by the power of persuasion and example.
Thanks to CAT, the IIMs are actually pre-selecting students from a small group of high IQ
individuals. Today's workplace, however, needs a diverse pool of managerial talent that is high
not only on IQ, but also EQ (emotional quotient)”xxii. Though IIMs have certainly been trying to
introduce more diversity on their campuses, e.g., by giving preferential treatment to female
candidates during their admissions, the situation still remains grim. Initiative taken by IIMI by
introducing five-year Integrated Program in Management (IPM), in which young minds, picked
up a more tender age after completion of their plus two exams, are imparted management
education along with subjects from humanities, may prove very promising and one of the
differentiators for IIMI. It is yet to be seen that how IPM students, whose first batch are now in
the first-year PGP, are viewed upon by the industry. But if proven successful, this model may
address some issues: such as addressing the gender inequality at campus to some extent, and
emphasizing on training its graduates in diverse areas.
The recommendations by the NKC, however, are in contrast to the concept of a course
like IPM. NKC advises two pronged approach for admission to the management institutes-first,
to provide high weightage to work-experience so that people facing language barrier can also get
11
in, and second to make educational loans more broad-based so that poor and deserving students
get equal opportunity for getting admission. As IIMs already place heavy emphasis on workexperience during their admission process, and as it is rather easy for a student admitted to one of
the IIMs to get a student loan, it appears that the recommendations of NKC were superfluous in
case of IIMs and the real concerns as presented above still remained to be addressed. All the
IIMs including IIMI would do well
India is one of the youngest countries in the world with median age of its population
being less than 25 years at present. And even with low ‘gross enrolment rates’, India also has
third largest number of enrolments to the higher education, only after China and the US. The
number of students enrolled in the universities and colleges (formal system) has been reported to
be 16 Million in academic year 2010-11xxiii. This means that the number of students seeking
admission to management institutes imparting quality education such as IIMs may see a steady
growth in the long run despite the number of such institutions going up significantly.
One should, however, be mindful of cultural implications on education as well. Not very
long back, every student wanted to either become a doctor or an engineer, but there are many
avenues open for students now such as integrated law courses, journalism, hospitality
management etc. IIMs need to be wary of demand shift, if any, in the student and parent
community vis-à-vis management education, especially when it is still prohibitively costly for a
middle-class family.
There are some other issues such as voices of naysayers criticizing the very relevance of
management education. Such people say that the correlation of an MBA degree and future career
success remains a tenuous one at best and there is hardly any evidence that the management
research is indeed helping the business practicesxxiv. There are other authorities like Henry
Mintzberg, who also have criticized the management education as it is imparted today. IIMs
should be wary of any changes that may take place due to such criticism of the management
education in the current form. There is a remote possibility that such people or others inspired by
their criticism may attempt to develop a new system of pedagogy, which proves to be more
practical and effective.
12
Technological Factors
Technological factors have a profound impact on the way education is imparted. Now we
have smart lecture theatres with multi-media connectivity, and have libraries that can house
hundreds of thousands of publications in soft copies. Technology presents opportunities as well
as threats simultaneously. It enables institutions to reach the farthest corners of the country or
globe, but at the same time this very fact that others may reach to the same set of people in a
better way makes it a threat.
One such initiative is courseraxxv, which claims to provide the world’s best courses,
online, for free. It has 111 partners as of now: and the partners’ list includes names such as
Stanford University, Yale University, and HEC Paris. Though it may not have made much of
traction in the country as of now, but such kind technological leverages cannot be ignored. This
form of education is free, ‘consumed’ by the recipient at his or her convenience, and doesn’t
bother about the local rules and regulations. It is high time that IIMs including IIMI also think of
exploiting the technology to further their reach without diluting their brand image.
It is also true that the explosion in IT enabled tools and services have shrunk the
lifecycles of many a products (electronic typewriters, pagers etc), its effect on education, if seen
as a product, may not be that drastic. In fact, it opens newer opportunities to reach and enroll
many deserving participants at low costs. Similarly, opportunities to train teachers, or conduct
workshops online etc also arise, which must be exploited and hence the required infrastructure
should be put in place. There may also be an opportunity to get its own faculty trained by the
best institutions across the globe.
Conclusion
The macro-environmental analysis done for IIMI presents many opportunities and also
poses several challenges. Analysis was done using the PEST framework, which provides a
simple, yet powerful set-up to analyze the environmental forces, viz., political, economic, social,
and technological in detail. PEST framework has been empirically proven to correlate positively
13
with overall performance, hence it is expected that IIMI would also benefit by exploiting the
opportunities and minimizing the impact of threats mentioned in the analysis. A summary of
PEST framework analysis has been presented as Annexure.
i
ii
Annual Report 2012-13, IIM Indore, Page 4
James C Collins and Jerry I Porras,
, Buildi g ou
iii
iv
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s isio , HB‘ “epte
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v
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pp. 717 - 730
vi
th
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vii
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, Strategic Environmental Scanning and Organization
Performance in a Competitive Business Environment , Economic Insights – Trends and Challenges, Vol. LXIV No.
1/2012, pp 24-34
viii
Aazir Hammad Mashhadi and Qazi Ijaz-Ur-‘eh a ,
, I pa t of E te al E i o e t o the Pe fo a e
of the Fast Food I dust , I te atio al Jou al of Ma age e t, E o o i s a d “o ial “ ie es,
, Vol.
,
pp. 19 –25
ix
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, “t ategi Pla i g i U e tai E i o e t , L‘P Lo g ‘a ge
Planning), 40 (2007) 64-83
x
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xi
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xii
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xiii
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xiv
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xv
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xvi
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xvii
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xviii
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xix
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issio ,
, ‘epo t to Natio
, Chai ed “a Pit oda
xx
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4, Challe ges fa i g IIMs
xxi
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xxii
ibid
xxiii
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xxiv
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xxv
https://www.coursera.org/, accessed on 14/09/2014
14
Annexure
(O: Opportunities; T: Threats)
Political
Govt Aids-O,T
More IIMs-T
Bhargava Committee-O
FEI (R&E) Bill-T
Campus Abroad-O, T
Economic
Increase in Per-Capita Income-O
Technological
IT Explosion- O, T
Coursera-T
IIM,
Indore
Inc. in planned exp on edu-O
Inc. in GER-O
High Growth Rate-O
Regional disparity-O
Surfeit of MBA-T
Social
Gender Inequality-T
Young population-O
Shift in preference-T
Alternate system-T
15