= SWrucWural Analysis of HisWorical ConsWrucWions – Jerzy Jasieńko (ed) © 2012 DPNH ProcławH PolandH ISSN 0860-2395H ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7 = ClkkbCqflkp=Aka=afppfmAqfsb=pvpqbjp== tfqe=bAoiv=tAokfkd= maganoni pKNI a’Aóala aKOI Miccoli iKPI eračov pK4I rrushadze pKRI tünsche MKSI Adami CKJbKTI sintzileou bKUI Moreira pVI lliveira aK sKNM games mKNNI Cóias e pilva sKNO ABpqoACq= = qhe= global= response= of= hástorác= buáldángs= ás= determáned= by= the= behaváour= of= the= sángle= structural= elements= as= well= as= by= theár= mutual= connectáonsK= ConsequentlyI= án= the= last= decades= a= number= of= technácal=solutáons=for=the=ámprovement=of=structural=connectáons=have=been=developed=án=response=to= the=áncreasáng=demand=án=the=fáeld=of=the=seásmác=protectáon=of=herátage=assetsK=At=the=same=támeI=the= experámental=assessment= of=structural=strengthenáng=technáques= ás=a=well=establáshed=practáce=both=án= the=scáentáfác=communáty=and=among=commercáal=producersK=ft=ás=therefore=surprásáng=how=testáng=of= connectáons= ás= rarely= performed= and= very= few= codes= of= practáce= deal= wáth= átK= AddátáonallyI= the= few= exástáng=experámental=procedures=for=testáng=connectáons=are=neáther=standardásed=nor=easály=accessáble= to= end= usersK= táthán= the= framework= of= the= brJfunded= kfhbo= projectI= tork= mackage= S= aáms= to= address= such= technácal= gap= through= the= development= of= procedures= specáfác= to= the= strengthenáng= of= structural=connectáons=of=hástorác=buáldángsK= heówordsW N. peismic strengtheningI ptructural connectionsI eeritage buildings fkqolarCqflk= = ptrengthenáng= of= connectáons= draws= on= the= same= práncáples= at= the= basás= of= the= constructáon= of= reánforced=connectáons= án= hástorác= constructáonK= then= connectáons= between= structural= elements= have= suffácáent= capacátyI= vertácal= and= horázontal= loads= are= better= dástrábutedI= outJofJplane= damage= mechanásms= are= prevented=and= faálure= of= floors= and= roofs= can= be= avoáded=xNzK= eástorácallyI= buálders= mastered=the=art=of=careful=detaáláng=of=joánts=from=a=process=of=tráal=and=error=xOzX=today’s=engáneers= and= archátects= posses= the= necessary= ánságht= ánto= the= physácal= and= mechanácal= laws= governáng= the= dynamác=of=structures=to=control=the=process=of=structural=upgradángK=then=exástáng=connectáons=lack= adequate=capacátyI=further=elements=are=added=to=the=orágánal=structure=so=as=to=acháeve=the=performance= requáred= by= codes= xPI= 4zK= eoweverI= requárements= and= prescráptáons= regardáng= the= strengthenáng= of= connectáons=are=maánly=qualátatáve=x4zI=so=that=end=users=are=left=wáth=the=dáffácult=decásáon=of=how=to= dámensáon= strengthenáng= elements= and= where= to= source= the= values= to= use= án= the= deságn= processK= purprásánglyI=the=technácal=láterature=offers= very=few=examples=that=could=be=used=as=guádelánes=xRJUzI= despáte= the= wáde= range= of= products= avaálable= on= the= market= and= reported= án= varáous= publácatáonsK= qestáng=has=ánstead=a=crucáal=role=án=scáentáfác=research=and=the=standardásatáon=and=homogenásatáon=of= ================================================ N =mhKaK=CandádateI=rnáversáty=of=BathI=pKmaganoná]bathKacKuk= =oeaderI=rnáversáty=of=BathI=aKcKa’Ayala]bathKacKuk= P=mhKaKI=BAj=cederal=fnstátute=for=jateráal=oesearch=and=qestángI=lorenzoKmáccolá]bamKde= 4 =penáor=researcherI=fqAj=Ap=CoI=vKvKáKI=hracov]átamKcasKcz= R =penáor=researcherI=fqAj=Ap=CoI=vKvKáKI=urushadze]átamKcasKcz= S =mhKaK=CandádateI=fqAj=Ap=CoI=vKvKáKI=wunsche]átamKcasKcz= T =arK=Cávál=bngáneerI=katáonal=qechnácal=rnáversáty=of=AthensI=adamás]centralKntuaKgr= U =mrofessorI=katáonal=qechnácal=rnáversáty=of=AthensI=elvántz]centralKntuaKgr= V =mhKaK=CandádateI=fpfpbI=rnáversáty=of=jánhoI=smoreára]cáválKumánhoKpt= NM =Assocáate=mrofessorI=fpfpbI=rnáversáty=of=jánhoI=danvco]cáválKumánhoKpt= NN =CblI=Cántec=fnternatáonal=itdI=peterjames]cántecKcoKuk= NO =janagerI=jonumenta=itdI=vátorcoáas]gestápKpt= O OUUU= = experámental=procedures=ás=fundamental=to=acháeve=a=consástent=method=for=the=preservatáon=of=cultural= assets=and=protectáon=of=human=lávesK= táthán=the=framework=of=the=cmT= káker= project=Edrant=ko=O44NOPFI= torkpackage=S=EtmSF=aáms=to= tackle=the=lack=of=both=standard=procedures=and=quantátatáve=data=by=carryáng=out=a=number=of=tests=on= structural= connectáons= so= as= to= characteráse= theár= performance= before= and= after= the= strengthenáng= by= dáfferent= technáquesK= tmS= focuses= on= the= sháft= án= deságn= phálosophy= of= seásmác= strengthenáng= for= herátage= buáldángsI= from= the= enhancement= of= strength= or= dásplacement= capacáty= to= the= control= of= damage=through=energy=dássápatáonK= qhe=paper=gáves=an=overváew=of=the=development=of=some=of=the=laboratory=procedures=carráed=out=by= the=varáous=partners=as=part=of=the=tork=mackage=and=summaráses=the=resultsI=hághlághtáng=how=these= can=be=used=to=prováde=end=users=wáth=guádance=for=testáng=and=deságnK= = O. bumbofjbkqAi=moldoAjjb= = Currently= many= strengthenáng= technáques= are= tested= as= part= of= larger= upgradáng= deságn= ánvolváng= samples=of=whole=buáldángsI=whereas=very=few=setJups=focus=on=connectáons=onlyK=tmS=aáms=to=tackle= thás= gap= and=to= develop= a= set= of=procedures= whereby= the=response=of= the=connectáon= can= be=ásolated= from=the=global=behaváour=of=the=structureK= = qable=N=pummary=of=tests=performed=wáthán=tmS= = qype=of= specimen= ppecimen= jaterials=–= aescription=of=the= structure= pángle= element= of=the= connectáon= martner= qesting= qype=of=tests= ptrengthening= jetallác= grouted=anchors= bngláshJbond= bráckwork=masonry= rBAqeL= CfkqbC= jonotonác= pullJout= qJshaped=doubleJ bond=bráckwork= masonry= rBAqeL= CfkqbC= mseudoJstatác= jetallác= cyclác== grouted== anchors= barth=block= masonryL=rammed= earthL=cob=wall= panels= BAj= jonotonác= pullJout= dcomLmetallác= grouted=anchors= qámber=halved= dovetaál=roof=joánt= fqAj= aynamác= cyclác= saráous=EeKgK= carbon=platesI= naálsI=hághJ fráctáon=platesI= oak=platesI=pánF= qhreeJleaf=stone= masonry=walls=wáth= horázontal=támber= structures= kqrA= oecorded= qámberJlacáng= ságnals=on= shakáng=table= oubble=stone= masonry=panels= rjfkelL= jonotonác= jlkrjbkqA= pullJout= = thole= connectáon= = pángle= element= of=the= connectáon= = thole= connectáon= = thole= structure= = pángle= element= of=the= connectáon= drouted= metallác=anchors= = thole= connectáon= oubble=stone= rjfkelL= jonotonác= masonry=panels=and= jlkrjbkqA= pullJout= támber=beams= = OUUV= jetallác=i= profále=bolted= to=beam= and=anchored= to=wall= = qhree=typologáes=of=experámental=setJups=have=been=adopted=for=the=testsI=namelyW= –= A= sángle= structural= elementK= qhe= actáon= appláed= to= the= specámen= represents= the= reactáon= of= the= remaánáng=part=of=the=connectáonI=thás=beáng=transmátted=váa=a=strengthenáng=elementX= –= qhe=whole=connectáonI=thás=beáng=án=the=unreánforced=or=strengthened=setJupX= –= A=whole=structureK=ptrengthenáng=ás=placed=at=connectáons=only=so=as=to=analyse=áts=effectK= pome= of= the=procedures= proposed= draw= on= exástáng= methodologáesI= yet= are= modáfáed=to=focus= on= the= parameters= crátácal= to= the= defánátáon= of= the= performance= of= strengthenáng= systems= and= to= take= ánto= account= aspects= specáfác= to= ánnovatáve= technáquesI= áKeK= those= strengthenáng= methods= that= are= beáng= developed=and=refáned=wáthán=the=framework=of=the=projectK=qests=ánclude=unreánforced=specámens=and= specámens= eáther= reánforced=by=tradátáonal= technáques= or= strengthened=by= modern=systems= Eqable=NFK= qhás= wáll=prováde= end=users=wáth=guádelánes=both=for= assessáng=the=performance= of=connectáons=án=the= current=layJout= Eunreánforced=or= wáth=reánforcement= elements= embedded= án=the=orágánal=structural=layJ outF=and=ruláng=án=or=out=strengthenáng=by=a=specáfác=technologyK= = P. bumbofjbkqAi=obpriqp= = P.N Cyclic=tests=on=q-shaped=walls= qhe=purpose= of= cyclác= tests= ás= to=analyse=the=behaváour= of= a= connectáon= between= two= vertácal= wallsI= strengthened=by=steel=anchors=or=steel=anchors=án=seráes=wáth=the=dássápatáve=anchoráng=deváces=joántly= developed =by =the =rBAqe =and =CfkqbC =xVzK =pamples =are =q =shaped =walls =where =the =‘leg’ =of =the =q = reproduces= the= wall= parallel= to= the= maán= seásmác= actáonI= whereas= the= ‘head’= of= the= q= represents= a=sectáon= of= a= wall= undergoáng= outJofJplane= damageK= Cántec= fnternatáonal= itd’s= grouted= anchor= technology =© =ás =usedW =anchorage =plates =are =not =necessary =as =the =pulláng =force =ás =transferred =to =the = masonry=by=a=shear=mechanásm=rather=than=a=bearáng=mechanásmK= bxperámental=results=show=that=strengthJonly=anchors= ámprove=the=load=capacáty=of=the=connectáon=án= respect= to= an= unreánforced= scenaráo= EcágK=NFX= dássápatáon= of= energyI= calculated= as= the= area= of= the= hysteresás= loops= án= the= loadJdásplacement= graphsI= ás= also= enhanced= EN4MBFK= eoweverI= such= ámprovement= largely= depends= on=the= local= geometry= of= the=anchors= EcágK=PFK= fndeedI= due=to=the= low= capacáty= of= the= masonry= substratumI= faálure= of= the= bond=between= the= grouted=anchor= and= the=parent= materáal= occurs= early= EcágK=O= and= cágK=PFI= so= that= the= overturnáng= force= ás= transmátted= to= the= anchor= maánly= through= mechanácal= lockáng= rather= than= shearK= eoweverI= the= development= of= mechanácal= lockáng= ás= less= controllable= than= chemácal= bondáng= as= át= ás= ánfluenced= by= the= presenceI= amount= and= shape=of=voáds= wáthán=the=masonryK=eenceI=the=performance=of=strengthJonly=anchors= can=be=hard=to= predáct=and=damage=to=the=masonry=ás=recurrentI=thás=beáng=a=drawback=án=case=of=hástorác=materáalsK= = NM Cyclic=load=xkk] 5 M -2 M 2 4 S U NM N2 -5 -NM rnstrengthened -N5 ptrengthened=- tall=ko=N= -2M aisplacement=at=wall=top=level=xmm] = = = = cig.=O=jode=of=faálure=of=strength=only=anchors= cig.=N=Comparáson=between=unreánforced=specámen= and=specámen=strengthened=wáth=standard=táes= = = 2M NM Cyclic=load=xkk] NM Cyclic=load=xkk] N5 Overall Tisplacement at top of wall Brickwork relative Tisplacement GrouteT anchor relative Tisplacement N5 5 M -2 -5 M 2 4 S U NM N2 N4 NS -NM -N5 Overall Tisplacement at top of wall GrouteT anchor Tisplacement Brickwork relative Tisplacement 5 M -5 -5 5 N5 25 -NM -N5 -2M -25 -2M -3M -25 aisplacement=xmm] -35 ============ = = aisplacement=at=wall=top=level=xmm] = cig.=P=ioadJdáplacement=curves=of=strengthJonly=anchors=showáng=ánfluence=of=pullJout=faálure=of=anchor== on=the=overall=performance=of=the=connectáon= OUVM= = then=a=fráctáon=anchoráng=deváce=ás=used=án=seráes=wáth=the=strengthJonly=anchorI=the=overall=performance= of= the=connectáon=ás= consáderably=ámproved=EcágK=4FW= the=deváce=ás= able=to=allow=relatáve=dásplacements= between= the= two= structural= elementsX= movements= are= actávated= for= a= chosen= level= of= loadI= whách= overcomes=the=statác=fráctáon=wáthán=the=devácesI=trággers=sládáng=but=át=ás=stáll=wáthán=an=acceptable=lámát=to= prevent= pullJout= faálure= of= the= anchorage= and= extensáve= damage= to= the= masonryK= jost= ámportantly= dássápate=energy=án=a=stable=manner=as=can=be=seen=from=the=shape=of=the=cyclesK= = Overall Tisplacement aT top of wall Brickwork relative Tisplacement GrouteT anchor relative Tisplacement Device relative sliTing 25 Cyclic loaT [kN] 20 15 10 5 0 -5 0 -5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 -10 -15 Displacement [mm] = = cig.=4=ioad=dásplacement=curves=of=anchors=án=seráes=wáth=a=fráctáonal=deváce= = P.O mull-out=of=anchor=pins=in=earthen=materials= qypácal= damage= typologáes= of= earthen= buáldángs= án= seásmác= areas= maánly= consást= of= faálure= at= the= connectáons=wallJwall=and=wallJfloorLroofX=commonly=used=retrofát=solutáons=ánvolve=dowel=pánsI=naáls= and=anchorsI=although=the=effectáveness=of=these=technáques=ás=not=empárácally=supported=by=appropráate= testáng= nor= ás= át= thoroughly= descrábed= or= analytácally=justáfáed= án=the=láteratureK= qhereforeI= a= set= of=PN= pullJout=tests=ás=carráed=out=to=ánvestágate=the=bond=strength=of=táe=rods=án=earthen=materáalsK=qests=focus= on=the=ánfluence=of=the=relatávely=small=water=absorptáon=capacáty=of=hydraulác=láme=groutáng=compared= to=three=dáfferent=earthen=materáalsW=earth=block=masonryI=rammed=earth=and=cobK= = 10 9 8 7 ] kN [ ce r o f ts Te 6 5 Free enT (grout) 4 Free enT (roT) 3 LoaTeT enT 2 1 0 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 Displacement [mm] =aF====== =bF= = cig.=R=aF=ioadJdásplacement=curves=of=samples=wáth=dcom=rods=wáth=nuts=and=bF=anchor=after== completáon=of=testáng= = qests=show=that=táe=rods=ámprove=the=qualáty=of=connectáons=for=structural=earthen=materáalsI=although=át= should=also=be=hághlághted=that=a=number=of=factorsI=such=as=the=hydratáon=condátáons=of=the=bánder=and= the=pressure=adopted=duráng=the=groutángI=can=ánfluence=the=capacáty=of=the=assemblyK= qwo= modes= of= faálure= are= observed= EcágK=RFW= NF= faálure= at= the= ánterface= between= ánjected= plug= and= earthen= materáal= and= OF= faálure= at= the= ánterface= between= ánjected= plug= and= rodK= qhe= bond= strength= capacáty=ás=maánly=ánfluenced=by=the=ánjectáon=pressureI=and=can=be=enhanced=by=screwáng=a=set=of=nuts= on=the=anchor=barI=thás=beáng=a=readály=avaálable=and=cheap=system=to=acháeve=a=better=performanceK= Best=performance=ás=acháeved=án=the=case=of=metallác=anchors=wáth=nuts=án=earthen=block=masonryK= = P.P Cyclic=tests=of=dovetail=halved=joints=of=timber=roof= Cyclác=tests=draw=on=preváous= experámental= work=xNMz= and=are=deságned=to=sámulate=the=real= dynamác= behaváour= of= a= dovetaál= halved= joánt= ásolated= from= the= other= elements= of= a= roof= frameK= pamples= are= placed= ánto= a= specáal= testáng= rág= EcágK=SaF= that= enables= pseudoJstatác= cyclác= loadáng= and= ensures= the= statác=stabáláty=of=specámens=and=theár=response=only=án=the=dárectáon=of=loadángK=qhe=purpose=of=tests=ás= to= analyse= the= effectáveness= of= strengthenáng= ánterventáons= on= joánts= from= the= poánt= of= váew= of= dássápatáve=propertáes=and=change=án=stáffnessK=aáfferent=typologáes=of=strengthenángI=láke=the=addátáon= of= combáned= dampángLreánforcáng= elementsI= eKgK= steel= naálsI= or= dampáng= elements= onlyI= eKgK= brake= OUVN= = plates= EcágK=SbFI= are= ánvestágated= án= order= to= descrábe= the= ánfluence= of= varáous= parameters= on= the= ámprovement=of=the=seásmác=capacáty=of=the=joántK= = = ===== = cig.=S=aF=qest=setJup=and=bF=bxample=of=strengthenáng=by=hághJfráctáon=plates= = Best=results=án=terms=of=dássápated=energy=are=acháeved=for=the=joánt=strengthened=wáth=a=combánatáon=of= two=plates=wáth=a=hágh=fráctáon=coeffácáent=and=a=steel=bolt=whereby=the=prestress=appláed=to=the=joánt=and= hence=the=fráctáon=force=between=the=plates=ás=controlled=EcágK=TaFK=qhe=greater=the=degree=of=prestressI= the=greater=the=fráctáonal=force=ásK=eoweverI=the=maxámum=value=of=the=fráctáon=force=ás= lámáted=by=the= compressáve= deformatáon= of= woodK= qhe= brake=plates= fully= fáxed=to= wood= wáth= screws= were=the= most= effectáveK =As =an =alternatáve =to =brake =platesI =oak =plates =can =also =be =usedI =although =theár =dássápatáve = capacáty=ás=lower=EcágK=TbFK=dood=results=were=also=acháeved=by=strengthenáng=the=joánt=wáth=steel=naáls= also= án=combánatáon= wáth=the= ánserted= platesK= eowever= thás= technáque= ás= not= effectáve= for= successáve= loadáng=events=due=to=resádual=deformatáons=that=create=gaps=between=the=contact=surfaces=of=naáls=and= wood=and=ámpaár=the=dássápatáve=capacáty=duráng=successáve=loadáng=sequencesK= = aF= bF= = cig.=T=aássápatáon=of=energy=as=functáon=of=rotatáon=of=joánt=reánforced=wáthW=aF=bolt=and=brake=platesX=bF=bolt=and= oak=platesK=polád=láneW=áncreasáng=rotatáon=amplátudesX=dashed=láneW=wáth=decreasáng=rotatáon=amplátudes= = P.4 phaking=table=tests=of=timber=laced=structure= qámber= laced=buáldángs=constátute=a=common=structural=system=án=earthquake=prone=areas=all=over=the= worldI=yet=they=have=not=been=ánvestágated=án=a=systematác=way=to=dateK=phakáng=table=tests=carráed=out= wáthán= the= kfhbo= project= have= the= purpose= of= assessáng= the= effect= of= horázontal= támber= táes= on= the= connectáon=between= wallsI= as= well=as= on= the= connectáon= of= the= exteráor= leaves= of= masonryK= Both= an= unreánforced=specámen=and=a= specámen=reánforced=by=támber= lacáng=are=tested=for= áncreasáng=levels= of= ánput=ságnal=Ehalamata=earthquakeI=peptK=NPthI=NVUSI=jsZSKOFX=sample=geometry=and=materáalsI=as=well= as=ánput=ságnal=are=the=same=án=both=casesK= phakáng=table=tests= prove=that= the=presence= of= támber= structural=elements= wáthán=the= masonry=and= of= támber= táes= án= the= corners= of= the= buáldáng= áncreased= the= load= capacáty= of= the= unreánforced= model= by= PMBK= joreoverI= the= formatáon= of= cracks= for= the= reánforced= model= ás= ságnáfácantly= delayedW= cor= the= unreánforced=modelI=damage=starts=formáng=at=SMB=of=halamata=earthquakeI=whereas=for=the=támberJ laced=specámen=cracks=occur=at=remarkably=hágher=values=of=pga=ENOMB=of=ságnal=ánputFK=tallJtoJwall= connectáons=are=ságnáfácantly=ámproved=thanks=to=the=presence=of=támber=elements=Ecracks=are=lámáted=to= the=upper= part= of= the=structure=and= a= reductáon= of= crack= wádth= of= more= or= less= RMB= are= recorded=at= faálureFK=curthermoreI=as=shown=án=cágK=UI=a=better=connectáon=between=leaves=ás=prováded=thanks=to=the= OUVO= = támber= táes= Ereduced= wádth= and= lámátatáon= of= detachment= án= the= upper= part= of= the= specámenFK= By= comparáng=the=values=of=the=dynamác=characterástács=of=the=two=specámens=Eqable=OFI=át=ás=evádent=that= the= frequencáes= of= the= two= fundamental= modes= án= u= and= v= dárectáon= are= closer= án= the= case= of= the= támberJlaced=specámenI=thus=suggestáng=an=enhanced=boxJláke=response=for=thás=structureK= = ===== = = cig.=U=aetachment=of=the=leaves=of=the=threeJleaf=masonry=at=the=roof=of=the=aF=unreánforced=EVMB=ánput=ságnalF= and=bF=támberJlaced=specámen=ENOMB=ánput=ságnalF= = qable=O=aynamác=characterástács=of=specámens= = ppecimen=–=qest= rnreánforced= = qámberJlaced= = airection= u= v= u= v= crequency=EezF= SKNM= 4KPR= UKOR= SKRV= = joreoverI=both=maxámum=dásplacements=relatáve=to=the=base=EcágK=VF=and=acceleratáons=EcágK=TF=at=the= top=level=of=the=támberJlaced=specámen=are=far=lower=than=those=of=the=unreánforced=specámen=for=the= same=level=of=seásmác=ánputK= = = aF= = bF= = cig.=V=jaxámum=dásplacement=along=aF=u=and=bF=v=dárectáon=of=the=unstrengthened=and=támberJlaced=buáldángs= for=VMB=of=halamata=earthquake= = Biaxial Xv Test ko. U pga (X / vF = M.29g / M.24g 3.MM M.MM -3.MM -S.MM S.MM Acceleration A4X (m/s2F Acceleration A4X (m/s 2F S.MM Biaxial Xv Test ko. U pga (X / vF = M.29g / M.24g 3.MM M.MM -3.MM -S.MM M 5 NM Time (secF N5 2M === = M 5 NM Time (secF N5 2M = cig.=NM=Acceleratáon=táme=hástoráes=at=the=mádlength=of=the=top=floor=for=VMB=of=halamata=earthquakeK=EaF= unreánforced=buáldángX=EbF=támberJlaced=buáldáng= = P.R jonotonic=tests=of=wall=to=horizontal=timber=structure=connection= jonotonác=tests=aám=to=tackle=the=lack=of=experámental=data=regardáng=the=ánfluence=of=connectáons=on= the=seásmác=behaváour=of=hástorác=buáldángsI=such=as=‘mombaláno’=and=‘daáoleáro’=buáldángsI=whách=are= typácally= found= án=iásbonK= qhe= confáguratáonI= geometry= and= materáals= chosen= for= the= specámens= are= ándeed= representatáve= of= thás= typology= of= structuresK= fn= order= to= assess= and= compare= the= seásmác= performanceI=a=full=characterázatáon=of=the=behaváour=of=connectáons=as=well=as=of=the=materáals=that=are= part=of=both=orágánal=and=strengthened=connectáons=ás=performedK= OUVP= = tallJtoJfloor= connectáons= are= studáed= by= testáng= unstrengthened= and= strengthened= specámens= EcágK=NNaFW=rubble=stone=masonry=panels=feature=a=set=of=perpendácular=támber=beams=naáled=to=a=támber= beam=lyáng=along=the=plane=of=the=wallK=ppecámens=are=strengthened=wáth=a=system=ánvolváng=steel=táes= ánstalled= wáth= a= slanted= angleI= anchoráng= the= támber= beams= to= the= masonry= wallI= wáth= anchor= plates= placed= on= the= external= surface= of= the= wall= EcágK=NNbFK= qhe= pullJout= load= ás= appláed= on= the= támber= pavement=beamI=usáng=a=metallác=clampK= = cM3 cMN cM4 cM2 = ======= = cig.=NN=ppecámens=setJupW=aF=general=váew=and=bF=layJout=of=strengthenáng=element=and=expected=faálure= mode= = cor=unreánforced=specámens=the=overall=capacáty=ás=determáned=by=the=capacáty=of=the=naáls=connectáng= the=beam=embedded=án=the=wall=to=the=floor=beams=perpendácular=to=the=wall=EcágK=NOaF=fn=the=case=of= strengthened=specámensI= faálure= modes= are=ánstead=related=to=the= masonryK= fndeedI= faálure= occurs= by= puncháng=of=masonryI=formáng=a=conácal=shape=EcágK=NOcFK=Crusháng=of=the=masonry=under=the=anchor= plate=ás=also=observed=as=well=as=bendáng=of=the=bolts=connectáng=the=strengthenáng=plate=to=the=támber= beamK=lverall=an=áncrease=of=the=capacáty=of=the=connectáon=by=UKR=támes=ás=acháeved=by=strengthenáng= EcágK=NObFK= = =aF=== =bF=== =cF= = cig.=NO=ioadJdásplacement=curves=ofW=aF=unreánforced=specámen=and=bF=strengthened=specámenKX= cF=faálure=mode=of=strengthened=specámen= = 4. afpCrppflk=Aka=ClkCirpflkp= = qhe =paper =bráefly =reports =the =maán =results =of =a =set =of =tests =performed =accordáng =to =the =ánnovatáve = procedures=developed=wáthán=the=framework=of=the=kfhboJtork=mackage=S=to=the=purpose=of=tackláng= the= lack= of= a= systematác= approach= to= the= experámental= assessment= of= unreánforcedI= reánforced= and= strengthened=structural=connectáonsK=thále=most=strengthenáng=research=work=focus=on=sángle=structural= elements= or= the=structure= as=a= wholeI= = the=few= publácatáons= focusáng= on=the=response= of= connectáons= lack=the=necessary=homogeneáty=and=standardásatáon=to=allow=for=a=dárect=comparáson=between=dáfferent= retrofát=technáquesK= qo= acháeve= a= consástent= method= for= performáng= tests= and= collectáng= experámental= resultsI= project= partners =collatedI =classáfáed =and =standardásed = =a =lást =of =parameters =that =can =be =used =to =descrábe =how = each=strengthenáng=system= works=and=what= level= of=performance=át= can=acháeve=as=shown=án=qable=PK= By=quantáfyángI=valádatáng=and=gradáng=the=ámportance=of=these=parametersI=tmS=aáms=at=provádáng=end= users=wáth=both=experámental=results=andI=more=ámportantlyI=guádelánes=for=performáng=further=tests=and= for= deságnáng=the=retrofát= ánterventáonsK=fndeedI=parameters= allow=for=the=comparáson=of=the=acháeved= levels=of=performance=of=dáfferent=technáques=agaánst= expectedLrequáred=levels=of=performanceI=whách= are=deráved=from=deságn=codes=and=guádelánes=or=are=determáned=dependáng=on=the=applácatáonK= OUV4= = qable=P=pelectáon=of=performance=parameters=as=deráved=from=the=testáng=procedures=of=tmS= = qypology=of= strengthening= merformance=parameters= Achievable=range= bxpected=range= drouted= metallác= anchors=án= bráckwork= substratum= qensále=capacáty=of=the= assembly=dependáng=on== fb=bLpW=bond=strength= bánderLparent=materáal= EkLmmOF=calculated== on=the=cylándrácal=surface= of=the=grouted=socket= cor=tested=weak=bráckwork= masonry=Efc=Z=PKN=jmaI== fw=Z=MKR=jmaFI=calculated== from=tests=asW= fb=bLp===fb===cbLp=bondLAhole= wáth=cbLp=bond=recorded=load=at= faálure=and=Ahole=ánner= cylándrácal=surface=of=drálled= holeW= MKOS=jma=ECos=P4BF= MK4=jma= Calculated=asW= fb=bLp===fvk===fvkIMHM.4σd=xNNz= wáth=fvkIM=ánátáal=shear= strength=and=σd=vertácal= loadK= cor=tested=condátáons=át= would=be=expectedW= = = MKMU=jma= MKMS=jma= drouted=dcomL= metallác= anchors=án= earthen= materáal= substratum= fb=bLpW=Bond=strength= bánderLparent=materáal= EkLmmOF=calculated=on=the= cylándrácal=surface=of=the= grouted=socket= Calculated=from=tests=asW= fb=bLp===fb===cbLp=bondLAhole= wáth=cbLp=bond=recorded= maxámum=load=and=Ahole=ánner= cylándrácal=surface=of=drálled= holeW= CobW=MKO4=jma= Edcom=anchors=H=nutsF= ko=reference=value=or= parameter=ás=found=án= technácal=láterature=or= deságn=codes= ptrengthenáng= of=dovetaál= halved=roof= joánt=usáng= combánatáon=ofW= O=brake=plates= or=O=oak==plates= wáth=bolt= Eprestressáng= elementF= = bnergy=dássápatáon= calculated=as=area=of= hysteresás=loops== of=joánt=Ekm·radF== and=dependáng=onW== aF=Coeffácáent=of=fráctáon=of= plates=Eoak=and=brake= platesW=‘ZMK4=xNOI=NPzF= bF=Bolt=prestress=level= appláed=by=torque=EkmF= and=lámáted== by=compressáve== strength=of=wood== Espruce=OKMJOKR=jmaF=xN4z= fncrease=of=energy=dássápatáon= án=comparáson=wáth= unstrengthened=joántW= aF= Bolt=wáth=brake=platesW= –=NUMB=EtorqueW=VM=kmF= = –=4NMB=Etorque=OPM=kmF= bF=Bolt=wáth=oak=platesW== –=VMB=EtorqueW=VM=kmF= = –=O4MB=Etorque=NTM=kmF= jánámum=áncrease=of= energy=dássápatáon=án= comparáson=wáth= unstrengthened=joánt= calculated=asW= fmán=Z=‘plateL‘spruceJN=Z=NMMB= ‘spruce=Z=MKO=Coeffácáent=of= fráctáon=of=wood=of=joánt= EspruceX=see=xNPzF= qámber=lacáng== Crack=openáng=at=wall=to= wall=connectáon= oeductáon=of=the=order=of=RMB= oeductáon=x4z= jetallác=táes= wáth=end=plate= at=connectáon= between=rubble= stone=masonry= and=támber= elements= qensále=capacáty=of=the= assembly=dependáng= on=fcLpI=strength=of=parent= materáal=to=puncháng= faálure=EkLmmOF= Calculated=from=tests=asW= fcLp===ccpLAl= wáth=ccp=pullJout=force=and=Al= faálure=surface=defáned=as= trunked=cone=surfaceI=wáth= smallest=base=correspondáng=to= anchor=plateI=apothem=áncláned= at=4R°=and=heáght=equal=to=wall= wádthK= Calculated=asW= fcLp===fvk===fvkIM=H=M.4σd=xNNz= wáth=fvkIM=ánátáal=shear= strength=and=σd=vertácal= loadK= cor=tested=condátáons== EfvkIM= Z=MKN=jmaI=σd=Z= Z=MKO=jmaF== át=would=be=expectedW= MKNPjma= MKNU=jma= = curthermoreI=parameters=are=ádentáfáed=by=subdávádáng=the=strengthenáng=system=ánto=elements=to=whách= one=type=of=faálure=controlled=by=a=sángle=parameter=can=be=assocáatedK=qhás=means=they=can=be=used=to= ádentáfy=the=capacáty=of=each=element=án=the=anchor=assembly=and=to=correlate=experámental=data=wáth= a=mathematácal= model= that= allows= for= the= dámensáonáng= of= the= strengthenáng= system= accordáng= to= a=capacáty= háerarchyK= As= such= tmSI= contrábutes= to= the= creatáon= of= a= standardásed= system= for= the= assessment= of= structural= connectáons= that= can= be= readály= ámplemented= án= the= current= engáneeráng= practáceK=curther=experámental=work=wáll=be=carráed=out=án=the=followáng=tasks=of=the=kfhbo=projectK= OUVR= = obcbobkCbp= = xNz= a’Ayala=aKI=maganonáI=pK=EOMNMFK=Assessment=and=Analysás=of=aamage=án=i’Aquála=eástorác=Cáty= Centre=after=Sth=Aprál=OMMVK=Bulletin of barthquake bngineeringI=VENFWUNJNM4K= xOz= a’AyalaI= aK= EOMNNFK= qhe= role= of= connectáons= án= the= seásmác= resáláence= of= hástorác= masonry= structuresK=fn=mrocK AkfafpI=BaráI=ftalyK= xPz= ftaláan= jánástry= of= Cultural= eerátage= and= Actávátáes= EOMMSFK= duádelánes= for= bvaluatáon= and= játágatáon=of=peásmác=oásk=to=Cultural=eerátageK= x4z= bk=NVVUJPWOMMRK=burocode=UJ=aeságn=of=ptructure=for=barthquake=oesástanceK=mart=PW=Assessment= and=retrofáttáng=of=buáldángsK= xRz= wuccarello= cKAKI= jálaná= dKI= lláváto= oKpKI= qrallá= AKI= EOMMVFK= An= bxperámental= Analysás= of= rnbonded=Bráckwork=manels=iaterally=ioadedK=Construction and Building MaterialsI=solK=OPI=ppK= OMVPJONMSK= xSz= Al=phawa=lKI=Bellásaráo=jKI=Benedettá=pKI=de=celáce=dKI=jauro=AKI=maolaccá=cKI=kácola=oKI=oosellá= fKI=porrentáno=iK= EOMMVFK=mrove=sperámentalá=su=tavola= vábrante=dá=paretá=muraráe=sollecátate=fuorá= páanoK=oeiuisI progetto di ricerca nKN=Eán=ftaláanFK= xTz= fndárlá=jKI=Castellano=jKdK=EOMMUFK=phape=jemory=Alloy=aeváce=for=the=ptructural=fmprovement=of= jasonry=eerátage=ptructuresK fnternational gournal of Architectural eeritageI=solK=OI=ppK=VPJNNVK= xUz= aowláng= aKjKI= pamalá= BK= EOMMSFK= iowJCostI= iowJqech= jeans= of= fmprováng= the= barthquake= oesástance= of= AdobeJjud= Bráck= eousesK= fn= mrocK= fnternational Conference on barthquake bngineering – fCbb OMMSI=iahoreI=makástanK= xVz= a’AyalaI= aKI= maganonáI= pK= EOMNNFK= merformance= Based= barthquake= aamage= Assessment= C= aevelopment=of=aássápatáve=oetrofát=aeváces=for=jasonry=BuáldángsK=kewsletter of the pocietó for barthquake and Civil bngineering aónamicsI=solK=OPENFW=NJNRK= xNMz=ardáckýI= jKI= taldI= cKI= jarešI= gKI= pokolI= wK= EOMMMF= Component= jethod= for= eástorácal= qámber= goántsK= fn= qhe maramount oole of goints into the oeliable oesponse of ptructuresI= edK= CKCK= Banáotopoulos= and=cK= taldI=kAql=pcáence=peráesI=ppK= 4NTJ4O4I=hluwer= Academác=mubláshersI= aordrechtLBostonLiondonI=OMMMK= xNNz=bk=NVVSJNJNW=OMMRK=burocode=S=–=aeságn=of=jasonry=ptructuresI=OMMRK= xNOz=oKAK= perway= ENVVRFK= mhysács= for= pcáentásts= and=bngáneersI= 4th= edátáonI= earcorut= Brace=College= mubláshersI=lrlandoI=clorádaI=rpAI=pK=NOSK= xNPz=httpWLLwwwKsáttechKczLbrzdoveLSUMMKhtmK= xN4z=ieonardo= da= sáncá= málot= mroject= ECwLMSLBLcLmmLNSUMMTF= EOMMUFK= eandbook= NI= OW= aesign of qimber ptructures according to bCRK=bducatáonal=jateráals=for=aeságnáng=and=qestáng=of=qámber= ptructuresK=qbjqfpK= OUVS=