x T =Tt .'. T-\= (ct * c2xXcr + O(ca)J = 0 = 0 hence ca = 0 at x=0 \-0 also c2=e true fz-\ = [0 + (0)x](0 * caH) = 0 which isn't For * <or or -rr f-\ = (c5e-1'x * c6eb)[clcos(,1.y) + cs sin(,try)] or cg = 0 If ca-0 then have trivial soln. then, c5*c6=0andc5=-c6 0=0 at x=W 0-(trr-Aw + ,6rlwxcs sin(,try)l 3-2 "' c7 =O .'. either c5 * c6 = 0 .'. x = 0 but it was stated that rt < 0 Error is (1.00-0.gZ) x l00%o = 8Vo o-(trr-h *c6eb)(ct)

Hydrogen is an attractive energy carrier due to its potentially high energy efficiency and low generation of pollutants, which can be used for transportation and stationary power generation. However, hydrogen is not readily available in sufficient quantities and the production cost is still high. Steam methane reforming (SMR) process is now the most widely used technology for H 2 production, but this process is complex and cannot get thorough carbon capture. Hydrogen production using chemical looping technology has received a great deal of attention in recent years because it can produce hydrogen with higher process efficiency and can capture carbon dioxide. Many researchers have carried out intensive research work on the hydrogen production processes using chemical looping technology. Based on the previous studies stated in the literature, the authors try to give an overview on the recent advances of two categories, chemical looping reforming (CLR) and chemical looping hydrogen production (CLH) processes. Besides, the characteristics of the processes are pointed out based on the comparison with the conventional SMR process. The existing technical problems and the aspects of future research of each approach are also summarized.

This publication based dissertation offers a comparative examination of the making and contestation of the Namibia-Zambia and Uganda-South Sudan borders in everyday relations between state and non-state actors. While events in the former borderland were strongly determined by the annual floods of the Zambezi, the movements of massive numbers of people fleeing from past and fearing future conflict characterized the latter. Past and present events in both borderlands, despite their peripheral location, are shown to be an integrate and crucial part of state formation in both countries. The key question guiding the analysis is: How are competing claims of territory, authority and citizenship negotiated between state representatives and residents in these borderlands, and what kinds of governance regimes emerge as a result of these negotiations? This is the synthesis of two lines of investigation pursued by the author. The first seeks to clarify how pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial governments’ power is broadcast from the centre to the territorial and social margins in African borderlands. The second seeks to clarify in what ways those who inhabit these borderlands exercise their own power. With the answers to these questions the author contributes to the ethnographic and historiographic study of borderlands worldwide and in Africa, as well as the literature that examines state formation as a continuous processes constituted in everyday-encounters between representatives of the state and its citizens. The author conceptualizes borderlands as dynamic sites where the actual meanings and practices of state-society relations are contested and forged on a daily and continuous basis in the relationships between borderland inhabitants with each other across the border, and with those who represent central state authority. The central argument of this dissertation is that this lived quality is what makes the border ‘real’: The border does not only exist as an abstract construct separate from or ‘above’ the people and territories it is supposed to separate. Borderland actors actively engage, challenge and thereby reshape the state, over time and repeatedly. They contribute to fine-tuning the state in ways that do not necessarily undermine or hollow it out. This working practice of the border is what brings it to life in the sense in which a relationship between people is only alive - and therefore real - if it is filled by meaningful and ongoing exchange and interaction.