Human Reproduction Vol.21, No.11 pp. 3014–3018, 2006
doi:10.1093/humrep/del262
Advance Access publication September 22, 2006.
Investigation of the effects of heparin and low molecular
weight heparin on E-cadherin and laminin expression
in rat pregnancy by immunohistochemistry
Omer Erden1, Ayse Imir1,3, Tevfik Guvenal1, Ahmet Muslehiddinoglu2, Sema Arici2,
Meral Cetin1 and Ali Cetin1
1
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and 2Department of Pathology, Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
3
To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cumhuriyet University School of
Medicine, 58140 Sivas, Turkey. E-mail: imirgonca@yahoo.com
Key words: e-cadherin/enoxaparin/laminin/pregnancy/tinzaparin
Introduction
Heparin and its derivative low molecular weight heparin
(LMWH) are used widely to improve the pregnancy outcome
in women who have thrombophilia and previous pregnancies
that have been complicated by miscarriage, recurrent miscarriage and fetal death (Alikani, 2005; Christiansen et al., 2005).
The use of heparin to prevent pregnancy loss was based on the
premise that some pregnancy losses were caused by placental
thrombosis and infarction and that thromboprophlaxis with
heparin could prevent this process; however, recent data suggested that pregnancy losses might also be associated with
defective decidual endovascular trophoblast invasion (Kutteh,
1996). Successful pregnancies have also been achieved with
LMWH in women with recurrent miscarriage of unknown aetiology (Miyashita et al., 2003). It seems likely that different
mechanisms are involved in the effects of heparin and LMWH
in the treatment of pregnancy loss with unknown aetiology.
Among the many types of adhesion receptors on the cell surface, cadherins, integrins, the immunoglobulin superfamily and
selectins participate in mediating vital biological events such
as embryogenesis, cell growth and differentiation (Frenette and
Wagner, 1996). Cadherins are a group of cell adhesion proteins
that mediate Ca2+-dependent cell–cell adhesion, a fundamental
process required for embryonal development and blastocyst
implantation (Frenette and Wagner, 1996; Floridon et al.,
2000). The adhesion properties led to the hypothesis that various cadherins might mediate specific cell–cell adhesion and
play a pivotal role in the formation and maintenance of tissues
(Suzuki, 1996). A large number of cadherins and cadherinrelated proteins are expressed in different tissues of a variety of
multicellular organisms. In human placenta, E-cadherin is
involved in trophoblast differentiation and invasiveness (Xue
et al., 2003).
In multicellular organisms, interactions between the cells
and the extracellular matrix (ECM) are essential for the morphogenesis and maintenance of all organs and tissues (Kedinger
et al., 2000). Basement membrane (BM) is formed by a complex set of collagenous and noncollagenous glycoproteins such
as laminins, nidogen and proteoglycans, and has a unique composition in each organ (Yurchenco et al., 2004). Laminins are a
family of multifunctional macromolecules, ubiquitous in BMs,
and represent the most abundant structural noncollagenous
glycoproteins of these highly specialized ECMs. Laminins
therefore have a central role in the formation, the architecture
3014 © The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved.
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BACKGROUND: Heparin and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) are used widely to improve the pregnancy
outcome in women with thrombophilia, miscarriage, recurrent miscarriage and fetal death. This study was designed
to investigate the effects of heparin and LMWHs, enoxaparin and tinzaparin, on E-cadherin and laminin expression
in placental and decidual tissues in rat pregnancy. METHODS: Wistar albino female rats (n = 48) were randomly
assigned to four study groups (normal saline, heparin, enoxaparin and tinzaparin) in the preconceptional period. Tissue sections of placenta and decidua were immunohistochemically examined for the expression of E-cadherin and
laminin. RESULTS: E-cadherin placental staining score of heparin group was significantly lower and E-cadherin
decidual staining score of heparin and enoxaparin groups were significantly lower than control group. There were no
significant differences in placental and decidual laminin staining scores among the study groups. CONCLUSIONS:
Heparin and enoxaparin can reduce E-cadherin expression but not laminin expression in rat pregnancy. They might
modulate trophoblast invasion. We suggest that this is the possible underlying mechanism involving in improvement
of trophoblast invasion by the use of heparin and LMWH in patients with the history of miscarriage.
Heparins and E-cadherin and laminin expression
and the stability of BMs. In addition, laminins may both separate
and connect different tissues, that is the parenchymal and the
interstitial connective tissues. They also trigger and control
cellular functions. Trophoblast cells maintain strong cell–cell
contacts on substrates of laminins and exhibit strong staining of
VE-cadherin in all regions of cell–cell contact. Laminin isoforms
influence the direction and quality of invasion of trophoblast cells
during implantation (Klaffky et al., 2006). The consequent phenotypes highlight the pivotal role of laminins in determining heterogeneity in BM functions (Aumailley and Smyth, 1998).
Because LMWH is used increasingly often during pregnancy, investigations of the possible underlying mechanisms of
their effects seem to be required, but few studies have examined their effects in the first trimester specifically. The aim of
this study was to evaluate the effects of heparin and LMWHs,
enoxaparin and tinzaparin, on E-cadherin and laminin expression in the placental and decidual tissues in rat pregnancy.
Animals
All procedures were approved and performed under the guidelines of
the Animal Ethics Committee of Cumhuriyet University School of
Medicine. Experiments were carried out on Wistar albino female rats
(190–285 g, body weight) maintained in individual cages under standard laboratory conditions. Rats were fed with standard chow diet and
water ad libitum and allowed 1 week of adjustment to their new environment. Each rat was assigned an identification pairing number before
mating. Attempts at conception were undertaken for up to 5 consecutive days (one estrous cycle), and rats were mated between 17:00 and
09:00 h. The next day, vaginal examination was performed to visualize
the copulatory plug, a waxy congealed plug in the vagina of the female,
as an indication of mating with a paediatric otoscope (Heine mini 2000,
Heine Optotechnik, Herrsching, Germany). We have begun to use the
study drugs after the first vaginal plug detection. If the rats have not got
pregnant, we repeated their mating until the rats got pregnant. The day
of the last discovery of the vaginal plug (09:00 to 11:00 h) was counted
as embryonic day 0. The rats (n = 48) were randomly assigned to four
study groups on gestational day 0: Normal saline (n = 12), heparin (n =
12), enoxaparin (n = 12) and tinzaparin (n = 12).
Treatment protocol
In all the study groups, following treatments were administered on gestational day 0. In control group, rats were treated with normal saline 0.3
ml/day s.c. In heparin group, rats were treated with 16 IU/0.3 ml s.c.
daily (Liquemine® 25.000 IU/5 ml, Roche, Istanbul, Turkey). In enoxaparin group, rats were treated with enoxaparin 0.3 mg/0.30 ml s.c. daily
(Clexane®, enoxaparin sodium, 0.4 mg, Aventis, Istanbul, Turkey). In
tinzaparin group, rats were treated with tinzaparin 35 anti-Xa IU/0.3 ml
subcutaneously daily (Innohep®, tinzaparin sodium 9.000 anti-Xa IU,
0.9 ml, Abdi Ibrahim, Istanbul, Turkey). The rats were killed by cervical dislocation on gestational day 15 and then median laparotomy was
performed, and uterine horns including pregnancy material were
excised and stored in 10% formaldehyde.
Histopathological examination
Embryos in each uterine horn were excised, and conjunction site of
placental-uterine tissues were routinely fixed in 10% buffered formalin (pH = 7.2) and embedded in paraffin wax. Tissue sections (5 µm in
thickness) were cut from paraffin-embedded blocks, mounted on
polylysine-coated glass slides and dried in an oven overnight at 37°C.
Figure 1. Placental and decidual E-cadherin staining. (A) Strong
E-cadherin staining in placenta in control group (original magnification ×50). (B) Strong E-cadherin staining in decidua in control group
(original magnification ×50). (C) Mild staining in decidua and placenta in heparin group (original magnification ×25). (D) Strong Ecadherin staining in placenta and mild staining in decidua in enoxaparin group (original magnification ×25).
Figure 2. Laminin staining in placenta and decidua. (A) Continuous
linear staining in placenta and decidua in control group (original magnification ×50). (B) Representative section showing linear and patchy
staining in placenta and decidua in heparin, enoxaparin and tinzaparin
groups (original magnification ×25).
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Materials and methods
The sections were dewaxed in xylene and rehydrated through graded
concentrations of alcohol. Endogenous peroxidase activity was
blocked using 3% H2O2 in methanol. Immunohistochemistry was performed using the avidin–biotin complex peroxidase assay. Antibodies
for E-cadherin: mouse monoclonal antibody, cadherin-E/E-cadherin
Ab-3, ready-to-use (Clone 36B5) (Lab Vision Corp., Fremont, CA,
USA) and laminin (rabbit polyclonal antibody laminin Ab-1, readyto-use, Lab Vision Corp.) were applied, and the sections incubated at
room temperature for 30 min biotinylated goat anti-mouse/rabbit antibody was used as the linker molecule and amino ethyl carbazole as the
chromogen. A light haematoxylin counterstain was used. Sections
from normal colon mucosal epithelium and renal tissue were used as
positive controls for E-cadherin and laminin antibodies, respectively,
and replacement of the primary antibody with Tris-buffered saline
was used as negative control. Evaluation of the staining was carried
out by two pathologists (S.A. and A.M) without referring to the clinical or histopathological features and scored according to the staining
intensities of E-cadherin and laminin by an independent assessment
simultaneously. For E-cadherin, scores 1–4 were allocated as follows:
1, negative; 2, weak staining; 3, moderate staining and 4, intense
staining (Figure 1) (Balaram et al., 2004). For laminin, scores 1–3
were allocated as follows: 1, negative; 2, patchy staining; 3, linear
staining (Figure 2) (Korhonen and Virtanen, 2001). Linear staining as
a histopathologic definition is used for continous staining of the basement membrane.
O.Erden et al.
Statistical analysis
Data were presented as mean ± SD. Pre-gestational and gestational
day 15 weights, litter size and treatment period were analysed by oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Student–Newman–Keuls
multiple comparisons test as a post hoc test. Placental and decidual Ecadherin staining scores, placental and decidual laminin staining
scores were analysed by Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA with Student–
Newman–Keuls multiple comparisons test. A value of P < 0.05 was
considered as statistically significant.
Results
Discussion
Herein, we investigated the E-cadherin and laminin expressions with immunohistochemistry in placental and decidual tissues of pregnant rats which received heparin, enoxaparin or
tinzaparin throughout their pregnancies. We found that heparin
reduced E-cadherin expression in placental tissue but not enoxaparin and tinzaparin. In decidual tissue, heparin and enoxaparin reduced E-cadherin expression but not tinzaparin.
Heparin, enoxaparin and tinzaparin, however, did not cause
any meaningful changes in laminin expression in both placental and decidual tissues.
Several studies have been conducted on E-cadherin and its
role in trophoblast invasion and confirm our findings. Expression of E-cadherin was decreased in gestational trophoblastic
disease when compared with that in normal first trimester placenta (Xue et al., 2003). Floridon et al. (2000) also reported a
temporary shift in E-cadherin expression in extravillous
trophoblasts possessing a migrating and invasive potential.
One of the reasons why heparin but not LMWH decreased
Table I. Maternal weights (pre-gestational and gestational day 15), litter size and treatment period of the study groups
(mean ± SD)
Pre-gestational weight (g)
Gestational weight at day 15 (g)
Litter size
Treatment period (days)
3016
Control
Heparin
Enoxaparin
Tinzaparin
225.17 ± 22.6
291.17 ± 31.7
8.33 ± 1.6
36.33 ± 10.8
226.25 ± 28.1
292.25 ± 24.0
7.83 ± 1.9
33.75 ± 5.3
223.33 ± 16.3
276.75 ± 15.5
9.00 ± 1.8
33.75 ± 7.0
212.75 ± 12.9
272.17 ± 20.8
9.6 ± 1.7
35.25 ± 5.8
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Table I summarizes pre-gestational and gestational day 15
weights, litter size and treatment period of the study groups as
mean ± SD. There were no significant differences in pregestational and gestational day 15 weights, litter size and treatment period among the study groups (P > 0.05). Figure 3 summarizes median E-cadherin placental staining score and
median E-cadherin decidual staining score. Median E-cadherin
placental staining score of heparin group [median (min–max)]
was significantly lower than those of control, enoxaparin and
tinzaparin groups [2(1–3) versus 3(2–4), 3(2–4) and 3.5(2–4),
respectively] (P < 0.05). Median E-cadherin decidual staining
score of heparin and enoxaparin groups were significantly
lower than control group [1(1–3) and 2(1–3) versus 2.5(2–4),
respectively] (P < 0.05). Figure 4 shows laminin placental and
decidual staining scores. There were no significant differences
in placental and decidual laminin staining scores among the
study groups (P > 0.05).
E-cadherin expression in placental and decidual tissues is the
effect of heparin on growth factors, including placental growth
factor, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor and vascular
endothelial growth factor (Chobotova et al., 2002). Shih et al.
(2002), in their study, demonstrate that expression of E-cadherin
in a E-cadherin negative human implantation site intermediate
trophoblastic cell line (IST-1) results in a contact-mediated
inhibition of motility and invasion and suggest an important
role for E-cadherin down-regulation in the intermediate trophoblast during implantation. And also unfractionated heparin
at therapeutic doses and LMWH at supratherapeutic doses promoted extravillous trophoblast differentiation, and both unfractionated heparin and LMWH inhibited hepatocyte growth
factor-stimulated extravillous trophoblast motility at supratherapeutic doses (Quenby et al., 2004). It is suggested that the
effects of heparin and LMWH on trophoblast invasion and
motility might be one of the factors contributing to the mechanism in pregnancy loss. Defective decidual endovascular trophoblast invasion is the most frequent histological abnormality
in early pregnancy loss and in pre-eclampsia, which is the leading cause of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity
(Quenby et al., 2004; van den Brule et al., 2005). However, the
mechanism of recurrent miscarriage remains the subject of
research (Di Simone et al., 1999). Immunohistochemical findings suggest that invasiveness of trophoblastic cells may in part
be due to the loss of their adhesive properties mediated by
E-cadherin (Shih et al., 2002).
According to Xue et al. (2003), abnormal expression of
E-cadherin contributes abnormal invasive ability to trophoblasts and plays a role in the pathogenesis and progression of
gestational trophoblastic diseases. Immunoreactivity of E-cadherin was reduced in choriocarcinoma and complete hydatidiform mole when compared with that in normal first trimester
placenta. Molecular analysis of E-cadherin has recently been
investigated in several human malignancies, including breast
cancer, prostate cancer and Willms’ tumour (Mutoh et al., 1993;
Murray et al., 1995; Nelson-Piercy et al., 1997; Bankfalvi et al.,
1999). Loss of E-cadherin expression has been correlated with
the neoplastic transformation of epithelial cells (Nishiyama
et al., 1997; Norman et al., 2002). Kokenyesi et al. (2003)
have also found evidence to indicate that expression of the
cell–cell adhesion molecule, E-cadherin, was inversely correlated with invasive phenotype of peritoneal carcinoma and
ovarian carcinoma. Li et al. (2003), in their study, demonstrated that the expression of both E-cadherin and β-catenin
showed a decreasing trend from first to third trimesters indicating
an increased invasion potential. In pre-eclampsia, they have
found an up-regulation of E-cadherin and β-catenin expression.
In placenta accreta, the level of expression of both did not
Heparins and E-cadherin and laminin expression
differ from that in normal third-trimester placenta. In gestational trophoblastic diseases, there was a general trend of
down-regulation of both E-cadherin and β-catenin. It has been
reported that altered expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin
may play a role in the development of normal and pathological
placentas. And also in the study by Shih et al. (2002), it has
been indicated that expression of E-cadherin in IST-1 cells
resulted in a contact-mediated inhibition of motility and invasion and suggest an important role for E-cadherin downregulation in the intermediate trophoblast during implantation.
Laminins are structurally and functionally major components of the ECM. The ECM is essential for morphogenesis,
including cell–cell and cell–matrix interaction and maintenance of all organs and tissues; so, we suggest that laminin may
play a role at trophoblast invasion (Teller and Beaulieu, 2001;
Turck et al., 2005). ECM proteins, laminin and fibronectin,
have important effects on trophoblast invasion in implantation.
During decidualization, levels of laminin are increased, and
laminin stimulates implantation (Fauser, 1999). Laminin type I
has a function in the architectural and structural importance of
Figure 4. (A) Placental laminin SS of the study groups. (B) Decidual
laminin SS of the study groups. Boxes of the graphs show the median
and the 25th and 75th percentiles, and whiskers of the graphs show
minimum and maximum values.
vessel walls and, as part of the ECM, in the modulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and growth (Bartnick et al.,
2004). Immunoreactivity for laminin has been localized in trophoblastic BMs at sites of formation of extravillous trophoblast
and does not change during gestation (Korhonen and Virtanen,
2001). Lala and Graham (1990), in their study, demonstrated that
laminin inhibited trophoblast invasion in human placenta.
In conclusion, we suggest that heparin and the LMWH
enoxaparin can reduce E-cadherin expression but not laminin
expression in rat pregnancy. They might modulate trophoblast
invasion. We suggest that this is the possible underlying mechanism involved in the improvement of trophoblast invasion,
which results from the use of heparin and LMWH in patients
with the history of miscarriage. Further studies are needed to
understand the underlying mechanism in the effects of heparin
and LMWH in human pregnancy.
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