ĚĘ̵•ĎęčĚĆēĎĆ• ĔėĉĊ        ĔđĚĒĊͿ ĎđēĎĚĘ•ʹͲʹͳ ’‡ ‹ƒŽ˜‘Ž—‡†‡˜‘–‡†–‘–Š‡  –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—‹•ƒ–‹  ‘‰”‡••‹ƒ”•ƒ™ȋʹͲʹʹȌ Š‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘‡•‘—–™‹–Š–Š‡•—’’‘”–‘ˆ ̺˜‡˜‡••‘••–‹ˆ–‡Ž•‡ˆÚ”—‹•ƒ–‹̺ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ȋ™‡†‡Ȍ Artemide Aste s.r.l. Editorial board: Dzmitry Huletski (European Humanities University, Vilnius), Georgiy A. Titov (Moscow Numismatic Society, Moscow), Vasily V. Zaytsev (State Historical Museum, Moscow), Andrei Boiko-Gagarin, Ph.D. (National Historical Museum of Ukraine, Kyiv) Translations by: Marek Jankowiak, Ph.D. Gunel Gasanova Marina Titova Rus', Lithuania, Horde: journal of numismatics and sigillography. Volume 9. Petro ofsetas, Vilnius, 2021. – 208 pages. The 9th volume of the research series “Rus’, Lithuania, Horde” is a special volume devoted to the XVI International Numismatic Congress in Warsaw (2022). The volume contains publications and analysis of numismatic and sphragistic findings, as well as academic research and supplementary studies. The series is intended for historians, archeologists, numismatists, sigillographers, and other persons interested in heraldry, economics, and the law of the states of Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages. The bibliographic information about the publication is available in the National Bibliographic Data Bank (NBDB) of the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania ISBN 978-609-420-719-8 © Petro ofsetas, 2021 ‡‘”‹ƒ ‘ˆ˜‡˜‡••‘ȋͳͺͷͷȂͳͻʹͺȌǡ ™‡†‹•Š—‹•ƒ–‹•–ǡ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡” ‘ˆŽ‘ˆÚ–‘—‰ȋ ǤͻͺͲȂͳͲʹʹȌ ‘‹ƒ‰‡ǡ‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‘”ǡ‡„‡” ‘ˆ–Š‡™‡†‹•Š—‹•ƒ–‹ ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ „‡‡ˆƒ –‘”ǡˆ‘—†‡”‘ˆ˜‡˜‡••‘̵• ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ ʠʝ ĔėĊĜĔėĉǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ6 ǤĊćĊĉĊěǤ ĔĆėĉĘĜĎęčęĊēęčǦĈĊēęĚėĞĉĎėčĆĒĘċĔĚēĉĔėĕĚćđĎĘčĊĉ ĎēĊĆĘęĊėēĚėĔĕĊĎēͳͻͻͲȂʹͲͳͶǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ͳͶ Ǥ ĔČđĔěǡǤ ĔđĊĒĎĐčĔěǤĎĊĈčĆĎēĔċĚċĎĈĎĒĎęĆęĎĔēĘ Ǧͳͺ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ͷ͵ ğǤ ĚđĊęĘĐĎǡǤĊęėĔěǤ ĎēĆēĈĊĘĆēĉėĆĉĊĎēĎĊěĆēĚĘ̵ǣ ĚėĔēĊĞĎēęčĊĔēęĊĝęĔċčĊĔėĞĆēĉėĆĈęĎĈĊĘ Ĕċ ĎĆęĒĎĘĘĎĔēĘĎēęčĊͳͳęčȂͳʹęčĊēęĚėĎĊĘǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ͷ͹ ǤĔčĚŧǤĚđđĆĊĔċęčĊͳͳęčȂͳʹęčĊēęĚėĎĊĘǣėĊĈĊēęċĎēĉĘĎēĊđĆėĚĘǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ͸ͳ ǤĆĘğĐĎĊĜĎĈğǤĚđČĆėĎĆēĈĔĎēċĔĚēĉĎēǯěĎěĆēĉėĊĒĆėĐĘ ĔēĒĔēĊęĆėĞĈĎėĈĚđĆęĎĔēĎē ĆđĞĈčǦĔđčĞēĎĆēĚęčĊēĎĆ ĎēęčĊęčĎėęĊĊēęčĆēĉċĔĚėęĊĊēęčĈĊēęĚėĞ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ͻͳ ~ǤĆĎČĞĘǤ ēċđĚĊēĈĊĔċęčĊ ĔđĉĊē ĔėĉĊĔēĊĆėđĞĈĔĎēĘ ĔċęčĊ ėĆēĉĚĈčĞĔċĎęčĚĆēĎĆȋ ȌĎēͳ͵ͺͲȂͳͶͲͲ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ͳͲͳ ǤĎđĊďĘĐĎǤĔĎēčĔĆėĉċėĔĒĆćĆēĔėĆĘȋOĆćĔēĆėĞȌĎēĎęčĚĆēĎĆǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ͳͳ͹ ǤĎęĔěǡǤ ĔČđĔěǤDz ĔėĘĆĐĊęčĊċĔĔđĎĘčǡĆēĉđĎěĊǥdz Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ͳͶ͵ ǤĆĞęĘĊěǤčĊĒĆĎēĘęĆČĊĘĔċęčĊĆđđǦĚĘĘĎĆēĒĔēĊęĆėĞĘĞĘęĊĒ ċĔėĒĆęĎĔēȋĘĊĈĔēĉčĆđċĔċęčĊͳͷęčȂĊĆėđĞͳ͸ęčĊēęĚėĎĊĘȌ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ͳͷͷ ğǤ ĚđĊęĘĐĎǡǤĆēĆĊėĊǤ ĎēĉĘĔċĚėĔĕĊĆēđĊĆĉĘĊĆđĘ ĔċęčĊđĆęĊ ĆČĎĊđđĔēĎĆēęĎĒĊĎēėĚĈĐĆēĉĔěĆčĆėĔĉĆĐėĊČĎĔēĘ ĔċęčĊċĔėĒĊė ėĆēĉĚĈčĞĔċĎęčĚĆēĎĆǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ͳ͸͸ ǤĊėČđĚēĉǤ ĊđĕĎēČĚĒĎĘĒĆęĎĈĊĘĊĆėĈčȂĘĔĒĊĊęčĔĉĘ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ͳ͹ͷ 4    Ƭ  ȄԘDz–‹“—‡•ǡ ƒ”–• ƒ† ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹„Ž‡•dz ȋDzʏː˕ˋˍ˅˃˓ˋ˃˕ǡ ˒˓ˈˇˏˈ˕˞ ˋ˔ˍ˖˔˔˕˅˃ ˋˍˑˎˎˈˍ˙ˋˑːˋ˓ˑ˅˃ːˋˢdzȌȂ—••‹ƒŒ‘—”ƒŽ   ȄԘDz” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ –Š‡ —”ƒ•‹ƒ –‡’’‡•dz ȋDzʏ˓˘ˈˑˎˑˆˋˢ ˈ˅˓˃ˊˋˌ˔ˍˋ˘ ˔˕ˈ˒ˈˌdzȌȂ—••‹ƒŒ‘—”ƒŽ ƒǤŠǤǡ  ȄԘƒˆ–‡” ‡‰‹”ƒ ǣ  ȄԘDz ‹‡– —•̵ǣ ‡†‹‡˜ƒŽ •–—†‹‡•dz ȋDzʓ˓ˈ˅ːˢˢ ʟ˖˔˟ǣ ʑˑ˒˓ˑ˔˞ ˏˈˇˋˈ˅ˋǦ ˔˕ˋˍˋdzȌȂ—••‹ƒŒ‘—”ƒŽ ǣ ȄԘ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —‹•ƒ–‹  ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ̶Š‡ ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‹‰• ‹ –Š‡                           ‡š‡’Žƒ”• ‘ˆ —‹•ƒ–‹ • ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͺ–ŠȂͳͳ–Š ‡–—”‹‡•̶ ȋʛˈˉˇ˖ː˃˓ˑˇː˃ˢ               ː˖ˏˋˊˏ˃˕ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍ˃ˢ ˍˑː˗ˈ˓ˈː˙ˋˢ Dzʬ˒ˑ˘˃ ˅ˋˍˋːˆˑ˅ ˅ ˒˃ˏˢ˕ːˋˍ˃˘ ː˖ˏˋˊˏ˃˕ˋˍˋ Ȃ ˅˅ǤdzȌ   ȄԘ ’‡”‹ƒŽ —••‹ƒ ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‹‡–› ȋʗˏ˒ˈ˓˃˕ˑ˓˔ˍˑˈ ʟ˖˔˔ˍˑˈ ˃˓˘ˈˑˎˑˆˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˑˈˑ˄˜ˈ˔˕˅ˑȌ    ȄԘ ‹•–‘”›ƒ†–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š›—•‡—‘ˆ‹–Š—ƒ‹ƒ‘˜‹‡–‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–‡’—„Ž‹  ȋ‘™ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—•‡—‘ˆ‹–Š—ƒ‹ƒȌ ȏȐ ȄԘDz‡†‹‡˜ƒŽ—‹•ƒ–‹ •‘ˆƒ•–‡”—”‘’‡dzȋDzʠ˓ˈˇːˈ˅ˈˍˑ˅˃ˢː˖ˏˋˊˏ˃Ǧ ˕ˋˍ˃ʑˑ˔˕ˑ˚ːˑˌʔ˅˓ˑ˒˞dzȌȂ—••‹ƒŒ‘—”ƒŽ ȏȐ ȄԘ‘• ‘™—‹•ƒ–‹ ‘ ‹‡–›ȋʛˑ˔ˍˑ˅˔ˍˑˈː˖ˏˋˊˏ˃˕ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˑˈˑ˄˜ˈ˔˕˅ˑȌ Ǥ†Ǥ  ȄԘ‘†ƒ–ƒ   ȄԘ—‹•ƒ–‹ •†‡’ƒ”–‡– ǡƒ ȄԘDz—‹•ƒ–‹ • ƒ† ’‹‰”ƒ’Š›dz ȋDzʜ˖ˏˋˊˏ˃˕ˋˍ˃ ˋ ˠ˒ˋˆ˓˃˗ˋˍ˃dzȌ Ȃ —••‹ƒŒ‘—”ƒŽ ǣ Ƭ ȄԘDz‘˜‰‘”‘† ƒ† ‘˜‰ƒ”†‹ƒǣ ‹•–‘”› ƒ† ƒ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰›dz ȋDzʜˑ˅ˆˑ˓ˑˇ ˋʜˑ˅ˆˑ˓ˑˇ˔ˍ˃ˢˊˈˏˎˢǤʗ˔˕ˑ˓ˋˢˋ˃˓˘ˈˑˎˑˆˋˢdzȌȂ—••‹ƒŒ‘—”ƒŽ Ƭ   ȄԘDz—‹•ƒ–‹ • ƒ† ˆƒŽ‡”‹•–‹ •dz ȋDzʜ˖ˏ˪ˊˏ˃˕ˋˍ˃ ˪ ˗˃ˎˈ˓ˋ˔˕ˋˍ˃dzȌ Ȃ ”ƒ‹‹ƒŒ‘—”ƒŽ   ȄԘ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ —•‡—ǡ ›ƒœƒ ȋʟˢˊ˃ː˔ˍˋˌ ˋ˔˕ˑ˓ˋǦ ˍˑǦ˃˓˘ˋ˕ˈˍ˕˖˓ː˞ˌˏ˖ˊˈˌǦˊ˃˒ˑ˅ˈˇːˋˍȌ  ȏȐ ȄԘDz—•ǯǡ‹–Š—ƒ‹ƒǡ ‘”†‡ǣŒ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ—‹•ƒ–‹ •ƒ†•‹‰‹ŽŽ‘‰”ƒ’Š›dz ȋDzʟ˖˔˟ǡʚˋ˕˅˃ǡʝ˓ˇ˃˅˒˃ˏˢ˕ːˋˍ˃˘ː˖ˏˋˊˏ˃˕ˋˍˋˋ˔˗˓˃ˆˋ˔˕ˋˍˋdzȌ ȏȐ ȄԘŽŽǦ—••‹ƒ —‹•ƒ–‹  ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ȋʑ˔ˈ˓ˑ˔˔ˋˌ˔ˍ˃ˢ ː˖ˏˋˊˏ˃˕ˋ˚ˈ˔Ǧ ˍ˃ˢˍˑː˗ˈ˓ˈː˙ˋˢȌ ǣ ȄԘ ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‹ ‡‘”‹ƒ ‘ˆ ”‘ˆ‡••‘” ƒŽ‹ƒ ‹ ƒ˜—ƒ˜‹ Š ƒ„ ‡˜‹ Šȋͳͻ͵ͶȂʹͲͲͺȌȋʜ˃˖˚ː˞ˈ˚˕ˈːˋˢ˒˃ˏˢ˕ˋ˒˓ˑ˗ˈ˔˔ˑ˓˃ ʑ˃ˎˈː˕ˋː˃ʜ˃˖ˏˑ˅ˋ˚˃ʟˢ˄˙ˈ˅ˋ˚˃ȋͳͻ͵ͶȂʹͲͲͺȌ  ȏ Ȑ ȄԘ–ƒ–‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ —•‡— ȋʒˑ˔˖ˇ˃˓˔˕˅ˈːː˞ˌ ˋ˔˕ˑ˓ˋ˚ˈ˔ˍˋˌ ˏ˖ˊˈˌȌǡ ‘• ‘™  ǡǤ Ǥ ȄԘ–ƒ–‡ ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ȋʒˑ˔˖ˇ˃˓˔˕˅ˈːː˞ˌʬ˓ˏˋ˕˃ˉȌ e  ȄԘŠ‡–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ —•‡—‘ˆe˜‡«‹‘›•ȋ‘™ƒŽæ‹ƒ—•‡—Ȍ SY  ȄԘ̶’Š”ƒ‰‹•–‹  ‡ƒ”„‘‘̶ ȋDzʠ˗˓˃ˆ‹˔˕ˋ˚ːˋˌ ˜ˑ˓‹˚ːˋˍdzȌ Ȃ ”ƒ‹‹ƒ ƒ—ƒŽ•‡”‹‡•‘•‹‰‹ŽŽ‘‰”ƒ’Š›   ȄԘŠ‡–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ —•‡—‘ˆ–‡ƒ ˜ƒ”Ǥ  ȄԘ˜ƒ”‹ƒ– 5 ĔėĊĜĔėĉ Dear reader, We are glad to draw your attention to the 9th volume of the research series “Rus', Lithuania, Horde”, specially dedicated to the XVI International Numismatic Congress which is going be held in Warsaw (Poland) in September 2022. For the first time, our journal is published in English to make the works of numismatists and sigillographers of Eastern Europe widely available to the international research community. The volume combines eleven works by thirteen authors representing scientific and public institutions in Russia, Belarus, Poland, Lithuania, Norway, Belgium, and the United States. It includes articles of different genres – academic studies by S. Goglov, A. Golemikhov, B. Paszkiewicz, a summarizing work by V. Lebedev, publications of previously unstudied material by A. Bohuš, P. Milejski, Dz. Huletski and R. Van Laere, overviews by Dz. Huletski, A. Petrov, S. Goglov, G. Titov, V. Zaytsev, popular science polemics by Ž. Maigys, and auxiliary research by A. Berglund. Some articles were specially written in English, some were translated from Russian, Polish, and Lithuanian. We tried to adhere to the terminology, onomastics, and bibliographic standards adopted by each of our authors, and not to make significant changes in their writing style, limiting ourselves only to general proofreading. The subject of the articles covers numismatic and sphragistic studies from the early 10th to the early 17th century. The authors have done significant research work, a great layer of previously unknown and little-known material is introduced to the wide community. It would not be superfluous to say that our work began much earlier – 6 years ago, when the first volume of the series “Rus', Lithuania, Horde” was published in Minsk (Belarus). Over the years, our journal managed to become one of the largest scientific series on medieval numismatics and sigillography in Eastern Europe, publishing 166 articles in eight volumes written by 70 authors from different countries. A complete list of the article titles translated into English is offered to your attention right after this foreword. The eldest author of our journal, Valentin Petrovich Lebedev, whose article opens this volume, turns 85 this year. We warmly congratulate our colleague on the upcoming anniversary. The story of the creation of his consolidated work on the finds of 10th-century dirhams, told by the author himself, is the following one: “In June 2011, I unexpectedly received an invitation to the Oxford Historical and Numismatic Conference. At that time, I could not travel that far for health reasons, but I submitted the paper of my research, read by Marek Jankowiak, future Associate Professor of Byzantine History (500–1200) at the University of Oxford. After the Conference, he proposed publishing this article in the journal of the Conference proceedings and, at the same time, asked me to prepare a summary of the 10th-century Kufic dirham treasures, based on Russian publications. When I wrote it, it originally contained 61 treasures. The article was kindly translated into English and edited by Dr. Marek Jankowiak, however, it was never published in subsequent years due to some organizational issues. The article was supplemented several times and, as a result, the number of described treasures increased”. After several more unsuccessful publishing attempts, this important article is finally being published in our book. 6 ĔėĊĜĔėĉ Another author, Anders Berglund, turns 70 in 2021. We are happy to congratulate him too. He was born in Sweden and published his first numismatic article in the Swedish newspaper “Svenska Dagbladet” on the newly issued Gibraltar Crown of 1967. Later on, he published a number of articles in “Skandinavisk Numismatik” (1972–1976). He joined the Russian Numismatic Society in 1981 and published 19 articles in its journal. The society also published his book “The Novgorod mint during the Swedish occupation, 1611–1617” for which he read and tabulated the records of the mint, ca 800 pages, kept in the State Archive in Stockholm. The editorial board wishes Valentin and Anders long and productive years in numismatic research! At the end of this brief foreword, we would like to express a special appreciation to the Sven Svensson Foundation (Sweden), thanks to which this publication in English became possible. The team of editors and authors hopes that their efforts will help to build a productive dialogue between researchers of numismatics and sigillography at the upcoming congress. See you in Warsaw! Dzmitry Huletski, Georgiy A. Titov ėęĎĈđĊĘĕĚćđĎĘčĊĉĎēęčĊċĎėĘęĊĎČčęěĔđĚĒĊĘ ĔċęčĊDzĚĘ̵ǡĎęčĚĆēĎĆǡ ĔėĉĊdzĘĊėĎĊĘ Volume 1: Minsk 2015 Igor Zhukov. Bullae of the Połackian Duke Rogvolod (Vasily) Borisovich (1144–1151, 1159–1162) and his wife, Duchess Olyna Bespalov R.A. И-shaped and N-shaped counterstamps in a round toothed rosette Igor Zhukov, Dzmitry Huletski. Bulla of the Duke Ivan Vladimirovich (end of the 14th century – about 1430) and his coins Ermolov F.V., Dobromyslov L.B. The practice of exporting stamps by the Saray al-Jadidah mint under Toqtamish Khan Boyko-Gagarin A.S. About home-made counterfeits of the Golden Horde coins Yury Zayonchkovsky, Sheptukha V.P. Fragment of the treasure from the vicinity of Leski village, district of Cherkasy Arkhipenko A.A., Yury Zayonchkovsky. Bakhchisarai treasure of the late 14th century Jochid dangs Savosta R.Yu., Yury Zayonchkovsky. Azaq dangs of the early 15th century Pavlyukov V.V. A new group of imitations from the Selivanov treasures Sergey Goglov, Georgiy Titov. “Portrait” coins of Vasily Dmitrievich of Moscow Volkov I.V. Coins of Semyon Vladimirovich of Borovsk from the early 1410s Volkov I.V., Sergey Goglov, Georgiy Titov. Dengas of Vasily Dmitrievich of Moscow with the “warrior-ant” ̶ĚĘ̵ǡĎęčĚĆēĎĆǡ ĔėĉĊ̶ʹͲͳͷȂʹͲʹͲ 7 Vasily V. Zaytsev. Attribution of one rare apanage coin type of the first half of the 15th century Sergey Goglov, Georgiy Titov. About the coins of Vasily Dmitrievich of Moscow with a winged four-legged creature Georgiy Titov. The new coin type of the Yaroslavl Duchy Sergey Goglov, Georgiy Titov, Sergey Romanov. A treasure of Russian coins of the second half of the 1420s from the vicinity of Dobryatino village, Gus-Khrustalny district, Vladimir region Dzmitry Huletski, Yury Zayonchkovsky. Gnivan’ treasure of the early second quarter of the 15th century Dzmitry Huletski, Ermalitskaya K.F. Laboratory research of the Gnivan’ hoard coins Yury Zayonchkovsky. Treasure of the 15th century Jochid dangs from the bank of the Seversky Donets river Tiunchik A.A., Dzmitry Huletski. Study of stochastic properties of the weight of Alexander Kazimirovich half-groats minted in Vilna Ivanauskas E. History of minting coins in Lithuania (1495–1536) Andrej Karač. Documents and numismatics of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (late 15th – first half of the 16th century): mistakes of researchers Savchenko A.S. “Pre-reform” coinage of Ivan the Terrible (consolidated catalog of coins) Savchenko A.S. A new type of the obverse “matochnik” used in Moscow during the reign of Ivan the Terrible Saraikin A.S., Shatokhin G.G. Some rare and unpublished copper kopecks from the Kukenois mint Volume 2: Moscow 2016 8 ĔėĊĜĔėĉ Dzmitry Huletski. Finds of medieval lead seals near the annalistic site of Druck Igor Zhukov. On the attribution of the Połack Duchy bullae of the 11th–12th centuries Dzmitry Huletski, Yury Zayonchkovsky. Silver ingot from the Volodymyr Volhynian district of Ukraine Bulava L.N., Shevchuk A.A. Emission of dangs in the early reign of the Golden Horde’s Khan Muhammad (771–772 AH) Ermolov F.V., Dobromyslov L.B. The practice of exporting the stamps of the Saray al-Jadidah mint under Toqtamish Khan. Part 2. Horde al-Jadid mint Pavlyukov V.V. Imitative coinage of the Jochid dangs in Priupye, the upper reaches of Oka and Don Markov V.V. Heraldic symbols of the Smolensk Duchy on its coins of the late 14th – early 15th centuries Vasily V. Zaytsev, Georgiy Titov, Mikhailenko O.V. History of the early period of the Yaroslavl Duchy coinage Volkov I.V. Coins of Ivan Borisovich of Nizhny Novgorod minted in the second decade of the 15th century Georgiy Titov. About one group of coins with the name of the Duke Fedor Yury Zayonchkovsky. Dangs of the Jochid Khan Dervish minted in Horde Yury Zayonchkovsky, Dzmitry Huletski, Petrunin K.M. The treasure of the early 1420s from Tula region Sergey Goglov, Georgiy Titov, Shulepko M.I. Coin type of the Grand Duchy of Moscow denga with the scene of a “daemon” murder Sergey Goglov, Georgiy Titov, Shulepko M.I. Coin type of the Grand Duchy of Moscow denga with the image of a horseman holding a spear and multilinear legend Sergey Goglov, Georgiy Titov, Shulepko M.I. “Transitional” type of denga of the early Vasily the Blind reign Sergey Goglov, Georgiy Titov. Coinage of the Duke Dmitry Yuryevich Shemyaka Volkov I.V. Treasure of Russian coins of the 1440s from Vladimir region Vasily V. Zaytsev, Georgiy Titov. A new type of coins of the Yaroslavl Duchy minted in 1440s Pavel Horban’. New finds of oriental coins of the 14th–16th centuries in the territory of Belarus Morozov A.A. Peculiarities of study of billon medieval coins Saraikin A.S. A study of the place and time of Ivan the Terrible’s kopecks coinage Yuri Tiguntsev. Western European trade seal from the Kingdom of Denmark. Attribution and function Saraikin A.S., Shatokhin G.G. Problems of attribution of Pskov copper kopecks of the mid-17th century Andrej Karač. Documents and numismatics of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (late 15th – first half of the 16th centuries): researchers’ mistakes (part 2) Borkevych G.S. Some sphragistic finds from the period of Kievan Rus' according to the new information spread through Internet Igor Zhukov. Unique bulla of the Duke Yuri Svyatoslavich of Smolensk (1401–1404) Bulava L.N., Larionov Yu.V. The treasure of Jochid dangs of the second half of the 14th century from Cherkasy region Mikhailenko O.V., Georgiy Titov. A new type of Vasily Dmitrievich of Moscow denga Mikhailenko O.V. A new type of half-denga of Duke Andrei Dmitrievich of Mozhaisk Sergey Romanov. Two treasures of the first half of the 17th century from Faleleevo village, Pereslavl-Zalessky district, Yaroslavl region Volume 3: Minsk 2017 Sergey Goglov, Golemikhov A.V. A study of the Volga Bulgaria coinage in the 10th century Sergey Goglov. A study of the Bezlyudovka hoard of the 10th century Alexander Petrov. The emergence of Norwegian monetary affairs during the Viking Age: Silver pennings of King Ulav I Triggvason (995–1000) Sorokin I.Yu. A study of the attribution of personal ducal signs of Rurikovichi of the second half of the 11th century Igor Zhukov. Bullae of the Duke Vladimir (Vasily) Vsevolodovich Monomakh (1066–1125) Igor Zhukov. Bullae of the Duke Svyatopolk (Mikhail) Izyaslavich (1064–1113), Duchesses Elena and Irina Yuri Tiguntsev, Dzmitry Huletski. Lead seals of the 11th–12th centuries depicting saints and crosses of various types from the northwestern part of the Chernihiv land and the Amścislaŭ apanage of Smolensk land of Kievan Rus' (according to finds in Bryansk region) Dzmitry Huletski. The second Druck treasure of lead seals Markov V.V. Initiators of the construction of the Boris and Gleb cathedrals in Smolensk and Chernihiv and the masters who created them Borkevych G.S., Yaroshevskyi N.A. “Minor sigillography” of the Galician-Volhynian land of the second half of the 12th–13th centuries: findings of recent years Markov V.V. Church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa and the Pyatnitsky district of Smolensk in the 12th–13th centuries Yuri Tiguntsev, Sobolev V.V. Byzantine coins of the 9th–11th centuries in finds from the southwestern districts of Bryansk region ̶ĚĘ̵ǡĎęčĚĆēĎĆǡ ĔėĉĊ̶ʹͲͳͷȂʹͲʹͲ 9 Volume 4: Moscow 2017 ͳͲ ĔėĊĜĔėĉ Alexander Petrov, Dzmitry Huletski. Attribution of bullae of the first Połackian Duke Rogvolod Dzmitry Huletski. The monetary system of pre-Mongol Rus' revisited Dzmitry Huletski. Two notes about the Russian medieval silver ingots Igor Zhukov. Attribution of the Grand Dukes’ of Vladimir bullae (first half of the 13th century) Igor Zhukov. Bullae of the Duke Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (1228–1263) Shtalenkov I.N. Silver ingots from the collection of the National Museum in Warsaw Shevchuk A.A., Bulava L.N. Coinage of Muhammad Khan’s dangs in the Horde mint in 772–773 AH. Part 1 (772 AH) Bulava L.N., Shevchuk A.A. A treasure of dangs from the vicinity of Azov buried in the early 1370s Amosov M.A. One of the earliest types of countermarks of the Grand Duchy of Moscow Ermolov F.V., Dobromyslov L.B. The practice of exporting coin stamps in Saray al-Jadidah under Toqtamish Khan. Part 3 Yury Zayonchkovsky, Guba K.A., Tishkin V.E. Novomoskovsk treasure of Toqtamish dangs Vasily V. Zaytsev. A note about the origin of the early coinage weight norm in the Grand Duchy of Moscow Georgiy Titov, Orlov K.V. A new type of anonymous dengas in the Grand Duchy of Moscow Orlov K.V., Georgiy Titov. One coin type of the Mozhaisk Duke Andrei Dmitrievich Sergey Romanov. A group of coins with the inscription “ФЕДОТОВА” from the Sobolevsky treasure of 1408–1410 Tishkin V.E., Yury Zayonchkovsky. Berezovsky treasure of Jochid dangs and imitations buried at the beginning of Pulad Khan reign Georgiy Titov. Half-denga of the Yaroslavl Duchy Sergey Goglov, Georgiy Titov. Early post-reform type of dengas of Vasily Dmitrievich of Moscow with a horseman holding a sword Sergey Goglov, Georgiy Titov. A note about some denga types of Vasily I with the image of a two-legged dragon Vasily V. Zaytsev. Some rare and unpublished coins from finds in the Naro-Fominsk district of the Moscow region Sergey Goglov, Georgiy Titov, Shulepko M.I. A note about some types of dengas of the Moscow Duchy of the 1420-30s with the image of a horseman holding a spear Yury Zayonchkovsky. Jochid Khan Abu-l-Khair and his coins Yury Zayonchkovsky. A note on the question of the Golden Horde silver coins denomination name in the 15th century Bugarchev A.I. 15th century coins with a solar symbol Dergacheva L.V., Alexander Petrov. Countermarking coins in Moldova and Lithuania in the first half of the 15th century according to a hoard from the Ukrainian village of Stizhok Morozov A.A. Study of the metal composition by XRF analysis and reconstruction of the coinage structure in the Crimean Khanate under Sahib Girai I Savchenko A.S. Coins of Novgorod during the reign of Boris Godunov Sergey Romanov. New finds of coin treasures of the 17th century from central Russia Saraikin A.S., Shatokhin G.G. Two hoards of copper coins of Alexei Mikhailovich Volume 5: Minsk 2018 Dzmitry Huletski, Seibt W. Finds of Byzantine seals of the 11th–12th centuries with the name of Michael from Davlia on the territory of the Połack land Igor Zhukov. Bullae of the Duke Mstislav (Theodor) Vladimirovich (1088–1132) Igor Zhukov. Bullae of the Duke Yaropolk (Ivan) Vladimirovich (1082–1139) and the Duchess Elena Yasynya Yuri Tiguntsev, Dzmitry Huletski. Lead seals of the 11th – early 13th centuries from the northwestern part of the Chernihiv land and the Amścislaŭ apanage of the Smolensk land (according to finds in the Bryansk region). Part 2. Seals with images of signs and letters of various types Dzmitry Huletski, Yaroshevskyi N.A. Ancient Rus' lead seals with the ducal symbols of the Rurikovichi: history and problems of study (according to Ukrainian findings of recent years) Dzmitry Huletski, Mikałaj Daraškievič. Monetary seals of the Połackian Dukes in the 11th–12th centuries Igor Zhukov. A note about the new finds of nominative bullae of the Russian Church hierarchs (12th century) Raf Van Laere, Dzmitry Huletski. New finds of Western European commercial seals in Eastern Europe Volume 6: Moscow 2019 Igor Zhukov. A note about the new finds of bullae of the Duke Mstislav (Konstantin) Vladimirovich (987–1036) Bespalov R.A. Stamp for minting imitations of Jochid coins from the village of Selivanov, Tula region Georgiy Titov. Half-dengas of the Grand Duke Vasily Dmitrievich minted in Pereslavl-Zalessky Ermolov F.V., Dobromyslov L.B. Madjar coinage at the turn of 780s-790s AH Vasily V. Zaytsev. Pereslavl dengas of the Lithuanian Duke Dmitry Olgierdovich Vasily V. Zaytsev. A note about the treasure with “half-half-roubles” of 1654 from the Smolensk region Golemikhov A.V. A note about the punching technique for making stamps for the group of Eastern European Kufic imitations at the turn of the 9th–10th centuries Sergey Goglov. One-sided Kufic coins of the 10th century from Eastern European finds Yuri Tiguntsev. Scales and weights treasure of the mid-10th – early 11th centuries used for weighing silver valuables from the Bryansk region Sergey Goglov. Coin treasure of the 10th century from the Vladimir region Gaev A.G. Seals of the prōtoproedros Eustathius Alexander Petrov, Dzmitry Huletski. Paleographic features of the sphragistic type “The Lord’s Word” of the 11th–12th centuries Sorokin I.Yu. Dating of Novgorod locks-cylinders with signs of Rurikovichi according to some sigillography data Shevchuk A.A., Bulava L.N. Coinage of Muhammad Khan in the Horde mint in 774 –776 AH Dzmitry Huletski, Alexander Fil’. A treasure of the triangular-cut rubles from the vicinity of Rečyca Markov V.V. Smolensk and its surroundings in the 14th–15th centuries according to numismatics, archeology, and written sources ̶ĚĘ̵ǡĎęčĚĆēĎĆǡ ĔėĉĊ̶ʹͲͳͷȂʹͲʹͲ 11 Leonov B.I., Yury Zayonchkovsky. Late Jochid North Caucasian coins depicting a six-petalled flower Yury Zayonchkovsky. A treasure of imitations from the bank of the Leia river Shaposhnik V.G., Yury Zayonchkovsky. New finds of the Severian imitations with a dukely symbol Amosov M.A. The new type of copper coins from Kolomna Georgiy Titov, Shulepko M.I. The treasure of Russian coins of the early 1420s from Ardatov district of Nizhny Novgorod region Kuptsov A.E., Bugarchev A.I. Hoard of coins from the second quarter of the 15th century from the Kaibitsy district of the Republic of Tatarstan Rodionov A.S. A note about the type of dengas “Russian legend / Horseman with a raised sword” of Mikhail Andreevich of Vereya Volkov I.V., Leibov V.L. A group of Tver coins of the Grand Duke Ivan with the image of a falconer Volkov I.V. “Novgorod mint” or “Novgorod mints” under Ivan III? Gromyko A.A. Unpublished Lithuanian half-groat of Alexander Jagiellon with a unique type of reverse Volume 7: Tula 2019 ͳʹ ĔėĊĜĔėĉ Sergey Goglov, Valentin P. Lebedev, Shinakov E.A. Imitations of the Kufic dirhams from the Krasnodvor treasure of coins of the 10th century Valentin P. Lebedev, Orlov A.S., Sergey Goglov, Klimov A.M. A large Mazepov treasure of clipped dirhams buried in the middle of the 10th century from Kursk region Rublev A.I. Imitation of a golden solidus of Leo III and Constantine from the 5th century found in Krymsk district of Krasnodar region Sergey Goglov, Golemikhov A.V. A note about the Kufic imitations with the name of Ahmad b. Abdallah Igor Zhukov. A note about the attribution of bullae of the Novgorod Duke Gleb Svyatoslavich (1069–1078) Sorokin I.Yu. Signs of Rurikovichi of the second half of the 11th–12th centuries (additions to attributions) Yaroshevskyi N.A., Borkevych G.S. Bullae of Ancient Rus': Ukrainian finds recorded in 2017. Part 1. Seals of the second half of the 11th – first half of the 12th century Dzmitry Huletski, Anatol Bohuš. Some finds of Ancient Rus' lead seals of the 11th–13th centuries in the south-west of the Połack land and within the Turaŭ land Gaev A.G. New attributions of the Ancient Rus' bullae of the clergy Igor Zhukov. Ducal seals of the second half of the 13th – first quarter of the 14th centuries Alexander Petrov. Legends of Bessarabia. Reading legends on copper coins from the Golden Horde’s mint in Costesti-Girlya village (Moldova) Pavel Horban’, Dzmitry Huletski. A treasure of the late Kievan imitations of Janibeg dangs from the vicinity of Chernogorodka village Ermolov F.V., Dobromyslov L.B. Silver coinage of Majar and Horde in 794–797 AH Kudrin A.A. Early Volga-Oka imitations Vasily V. Zaytsev, Sergey Romanov. Treasure of the monetary ingots – half-roubles – from the Smolensk region Mikhailenko O.V. An unusual type of Russian medieval coins Sergey Goglov, Georgiy Titov. One post-reform type of dengas of Vasily Dmitrievich of Moscow with a bilateral imitation of an Arabic inscription Sergey Goglov, Georgiy Titov. Another note about the dengas of Vasily I with the image of a winged creature Stepanov O.V. A new coin treasure of the 15th century from the vicinity of Bolshiye Atryasi (Tetyushi district of Tatarstan) Sergey Romanov. A stamp-matrix dated 1480s–1496 from Ivangorod: hypothesis of origin and a possible owner Vasily V. Zaytsev, Badretdinov N.N. A treasure of copper puls from the end of the 15th century unearthed in Yaroslavl region Vasily V. Zaytsev. Copper coins of Novgorod minted in the 15th–16th centuries Valdas Kavaliauskas. A note about the Lithuanian half-groat of 1508 Morozov A.A. To the question of the beginning of Devlet Girai I coinage Vasily V. Zaytsev, Proshkin O.L. A treasure of silver coins of the 16th century from the excavations of Savelyevo village in the Moscow region Savchenko A.S. Problems of attribution of some Pskov kopecks minted during the reign of Tsar Fedor Ivanovich Moryakov A.V. Some new finds of treasures and individual specimens of the 16th – early 17th centuries Ushankov E.M. A treasure of West European coins of the 17th century found near the town of Korostyshev, Zhytomyr region. Materials for a summary of the treasures of Western European coins of the 16th–17th centuries in the collection of ND SHM (Moscow) Georgiy Titov. Half-dengas of Vasily Dmitrievich of Moscow minted in Pereslavl-Zalessky in the late 14th – early 15th centuries (clarifications and additions) Volume 8: Minsk 2020 ʟ̋̉̔•ʚ̀̊˺˸•ʝ̈˼˸ ˺̇˸̗̄̊̅̀̂˸̍̅̋̄̀˿̄˸̊̀̂̀ ̀̉̌̈˸˻̀̉̊̀̂̀ ʡ̊̈;Ǥʠ̋́̒˾̗̋̏̍̆«ʓ̌́˾̉̄̅ʞ̊̇̊̒̆ ̘̗̄̍̊̋̌́̀́̇̉́˿̊̍̏̀˼̌̍̎˾˼» ʛ̀̅̉̂•ʹͲʹͲ Alexander Petrov, Dzmitry Huletski. “Połackian matriarchy” of the academician Valentin Yanin and the current state of study of bullae to the acts of the 11th–12th centuries Alexander Petrov. “The Age of Jewelers”: an overview of the foreign coins circulation in Norway in the 2nd–10th centuries Markov V.V. Kievan Dukes Askold and Dir – incomers from Gotland? The first mention of Smolensk in the Ustyug annalistic corpus Yuri Tiguntsev, Sobolev V.V. New pseudo-numismatic material of the late 10th – early 11th centuries from the north-western part of the Chernihiv land (according to finds in the Bryansk region) Igor Zhukov. A note about the new finds of the Vitebsk Duchess’ Sofia (Evdoksia) bullae Anatol Bohuš, Dzmitry Huletski. Finds of Ancient Rus' lead seals of the 11th–13th centuries in the territory of the former Łahojsk apanage Anatol Bohuš. Ancient Rus' small lead seals of the 11th–14th centuries: new finds in Belarus Nisiforov A.N. Trade seal of the 12th century with a Russian inscription “ПАВЪ [ЛЪ]” ̶ĚĘ̵ǡĎęčĚĆēĎĆǡ ĔėĉĊ̶ʹͲͳͷȂʹͲʹͲ 13 ĎēĆēĈĊĘĆēĉėĆĉĊĎēĎĊěĆēĚĘ̵ǣ ĚėĔēĊĞĎēęčĊĔēęĊĝęĔċčĊĔėĞĆēĉėĆĈęĎĈĊĘ Ĕċ ĎĆęĒĎĘĘĎĔēĘĎēęčĊͳͳęčȂͳʹęčĊēęĚėĎĊĘ ğĒĎęėĞ ĚđĊęĘĐĎǡđĊĝĆēĉĊėĊęėĔě Finances and trade in the Kievan Rus' state have been a highly debated issue since the formation of history as a science in the Russian Empire. The first imperial historians who addressed the role of fur money in Rus' were Tatishchev, Shcherbakov, Schlözer and Boltin (Luchinsky M.F., 1958. P. 6-46). Following the historians of the 18th century, many prominent scholars in the Russian Empire, as well as the USSR, debated the topic of the non-metallic Rus' money. Nowadays, numismatists, sphragists, archaeologists and historians continue research and discussions. Scholars have agreed that small-scale commodity production in Kievan Rus' began in the 11th century (Perkhavko V.B., 2000. P. 18). Since the 11th century Kievan Rus' handicraft products had been exported to Byzantium, medieval Hungary, Germany, Poland, Czechia and England. International trade in goods such as fur, leather, wax and honey comprised the leading Rus' export items. At the same time, trade inside Rus' was further developed: wholesale and retail trade, trade in commodities and services. Credit lines and prepayments were used as payment terms. The formation of the Kievan Rus' monetary system including fur money also took place in the 11th century. During the 11th century Rus' trade silver served as an universal equivalent. An insufficient amount of silver as a metal for an economically justified permanent coinage was probably the most significant reason for identifying fur as a silver substitute. The experiment with minting of silver coins in Kiev in the 11th century quite quickly reached a dead end: the first gold and silver specimens were hammered by orders of prince of Kiev Vladimir I, and then prince of Kiev Svyatopolk I. After prince Svyatopolk I, the Kievan Rus' metropolitan silver coinage stopped and never recovered. His political adversary, prince Yaroslav I (the Wise), minted silver coins a couple of times, but probably only in Novgorod. Prince Oleg Svyatoslavich issued an extremely limited amount of silver denominations in the Tmutarakan principality. After the metropolitan minting in Kiev as well the provincial minting in Novgorod and Tmutarakan had collapsed, Kievan Rus' was left without a sovereign silver coinage. That happened despite an uninterrupted economic development: the pre-Mongol Rus' economy and trade reached its peak in the next 12th century (Yanin V.L., Rybina E.A., 2011. P. 108). The absence of silver coinage in Kiev, which had ceased to exist by 1019, put on authorities’ agenda the issue of how to ensure a stable monetary circulation in Rus'. In the North, this challenge was not so acute due to the influx of silver denarius from Western ğǤ ĚđĊęĘĐĎǡǤĊęėĔěǤ ĎēĆēĈĊĘĆēĉėĆĉĊĎēĎĊěĆēĚĘǯǤǤǤ 57 Europe. The princely administration in Kiev had to deal with the much more severe monetary problems in the South, most likely already in the very beginning of the reign of Yaroslav the Wise in 1019. Foreign silver coins almost did not arrive in the Dnieper region since the middle of the 10th century, the various commodity money as well as the silver ingots could not resolve all the needs of trade in the growing domestic markets. In some southern regions, hesitant attempts were made to avoid silver and rely on copper as monetary metal (Dutkinskiy N.E., 2015). In the southernmost region of Kievan Rus' – Tmutarakan – an imitative billon coinage had existed since the end of the 10th century. However, such provincial policies went almost unnoticed for Rus' finances and trade as a whole and did not affect large-scale monetary plans in Kiev. Instead of metal coins, the fiat money was massively launched into the circulation. A new denomination system was created during the reforms by Yaroslav the Wise. A reform was inspired by the very ancient concept of fur money that had existed by that time. Marten and squirrel furs had long been used to measure prices for other goods and services. Marten got the name ‘kuna’, the squirrel was ‘veksha’. In Kievan Rus', twenty-five excellent kunas presumably were equal to the half a silver pound, twenty – to the half a silver litra. During the fiat money reform, a bunch of worn skins sealed with a princely lead seal on a thread, was declared money. Thus, Yaroslav the Wise replaced metal coins by fiat money made of available material. The reform took place, most likely, after he came to power in Kiev, and therefore not earlier than in 1019. The fiat money reform became a death blow to a sovereign coinage. Such a long-term reform was a specific stage in European medieval ‘open coinage’. The money production became open to practically all subjects in Kievan Rus' who had furs. Owners made the skins into money after furs were wiped off and skins lost their original value. In other words, fiat money in the 12th–13th centuries took furs after furs had been depreciated and ceased to fulfil the function of commodity money. A nominal value of a new fiat specimen was established and guaranteed by authorities regardless of the value of differently worn skins, which were subsequently used in money manufacturing. That approach made the fiat emissions massive, about 29,000 different lead seals were found so far (Oleinikov O.M., Gaidukov P.G., 2018. P. 274). The scale of fiat money supply vividly demonstrates the dynamics of economic growth, as well as a long-lasting demand for new money. Currency units were literally sewn in marketplaces, where the subjects of a prince brought the worn-out skins to be sewn into fiat money. Such currency functioned as a means of payment since laws obliged subjects to accept the fiat money on the territory of Kievan Rus'. The legislation is essential for any financial fiat reform. Therefore, it is important to emphasize that the first written laws appeared in Rus' during Yaroslav the Wise reign. According to these laws, the announcement of certain committed crimes – just like the sewing of fur money – was made in crowded places where trade took place. Princely fines and private rewards in Russkaya Pravda were calculated in grivnas, kunas and grivnas of kunas. In certain cases, the parties were equal and carried out legal proceedings themselves, which echoes the practice of sewing fiat money. An owner of tattered skins freely decided when they should be taken to a market for changing into fiat money. Prince representatives and their workers had to receive skins and make the new money: ‘When they [skins] deteriorate in their houses, then skins, [sometimes even] torn, are carried in sacks, heading with them to a well-known market, in which there are some people, and in front of them workers. And so they put skins in front of them, and the workers string them on strong threads, every eighteen skins in one bundle, and attach a piece of black lead to the end of the thread, and seal it with a signet bearing the image of a king. And they take one skin of these skins for each seal, until they are all sealed. And no one can reject them, they sell and buy with them’ (Abu Hamid). 58 ͳͳęčȂͳʹęčĈĊēęĚėĎĊĘ Abu Hamid personally visited Kiev of Kievan Rus'. He began his journey moving to the Rus' capital city from Bulgar along the Oka and Desna rivers in 1150 (Journey of Abu Hamid, 1971. P. 10, 109). Abu Hamid’s testimony is particularly important as scholars are familiar with the small dark lead seals depicting e.g. King David. Apparently, Ancient Rus' lead seals even with the images of the rulers themselves are known (Fig. 1). Seals with a tiny thread channel of less than 1 mm in diameter are also published in Russian Federation (Oleinikov O.M., 2014. P. 16). Such a thin thread is suitable for lightweight bundles of fiat money described by Abu Hamid. His texts were initially published in Spanish in 1953 and soon the scholars in the Soviet Union started translating the evidence in Russian (Mongayt A.L., 1959). ‹‰ǤͳǤ —”‘‡›•‡ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡†—‡ œ›ƒ•Žƒ˜ƒ”‘•Žƒ˜‹ ŠȋͳͲʹͶǦͳͲ͹ͺȌ™‹–ŠŠ‹•‘™’‘”–”ƒ‹– Having received the status of a key circulating currency in Rus' and in full agreement with basic economic laws, the new fiat money was unlikely to be greatly overvalued. The amount of 18 skins in a bundle as recorded in the manuscript, quite accurately reflects financial intentions of the Rus' authorities. Sealing 18 skins, which were once valued 9–10 g. silver, an owner received a new currency unit, which valued around 8 g. silver. On average, an owner kept about 85% of furs’ initial market value, while 15% was lost due to wear and tear, and a payment for converting the old skins into new money. For a prince in the Kievan Rus', a gross seigniorage was about 5% as he took 1 skin in payment for manufacturing a bundle of 18. That income tax was distributed between the princes and the people who sewed money in the markets. No other emissions in pre-Mongol Rus' could constitute such a stable and widespread income source, since imported foreign silver coins were produced on foreign territory. Private commodity money in Rus' was also outside a full financial control of princely administrations. A payment, for example, made in precious furs, for which the ‘Boyan land’ was once bought, could not be always subjected to taxation. Law enforcement in pre-Mongol Rus' contributed to a robust medieval financial market: ‘And the Slavs have strict orders,’ ‘And their country is reliable. When a Muslim has business with one of them and a Slav goes bankrupt, he sells his children and his house and pays a debt to this merchant’ (Abu Hamid). The Slavs in Rus' could pay taxes and fines, buy and sell goods and services for fiat money, although market fluctuations were always visible. Abu Hamid emphasized the cheapness of particular goods in Rus', which may indicate both deflation and a seasonal drop in prices: ‘When I arrived in their country, I saw that this country was vast, abundant in honey and wheat, and barley, and big apples, which are the best. It is cheap to live there’ (Abu Hamid). Giving the population a right to decide when and how much money should be sewn, had at least one negative side – a princely power was deprived of the opportunity to influence inflation or deflation. The amount of money in the market became theoretically and practically unpredictable. This unpredictability affected a rate of goods and cash ğǤ ĚđĊęĘĐĎǡǤĊęėĔěǤ ĎēĆēĈĊĘĆēĉėĆĉĊĎēĎĊěĆēĚĘǯǤǤǤ 59 credits, market prices, and ultimately exports and imports. At the same time, new money was not suitable for foreign trade, the payments for all foreign goods imported into the country had to be settled in silver. In any case, the bundles with a princely seal were avoiding the challenges generated by a silver coin circulation: an assessment of the silver quality and constant renovations. The numerous ‘mints’ in many marketplaces sewed thousands of new fiat specimens to pay for purchases from the ‘low end’ to the ‘high end’ including the slave trade. Outside the Rus' boundaries, where the Rus' laws had no force, the fiat money ceased to facilitate the trade: ‘They are paying among themselves with old squirrel skins, on which there is no fur, and which can never be used for anything, and which are not suitable for anything at all. If the skin of the squirrel’s head and the skin of its paws are intact, then every eighteen skins are counted by the [Slavs] a silver dirhem, they tie [the skins] into a bundle and call it djukn. And for each of these skins they give excellent round bread, which is enough for a strong man. They buy any goods: female slaves, and male slaves, and gold, and silver, and beavers, and other goods. And if these skins were in some other country… they would not be useful for anything’ (Abu Hamid). The statement about a limited territorial circulation of fiat money can be slightly corrected as the new archaeological records appear. The money lead seals were discovered on the territories of modern Poland, Latvia and Lithuania once close or inside the Kievan Rus' (Oleinikov O.M., Gaidukov P.G., 2018. P. 274). Thus, the fiat money of Yaroslav I the Wise turned out to be a much more successful project than the financial policies of Vladimir I and Svyatopolk I, who relied on hammering metal coins. ĎćđĎĔČėĆĕčĞ Dutkinskiy N.Ye., 2015. Chernigov Follies of Class Y2 / The Viking Age in Eastern Europe, Numismatics of the 8th–9th Centuries, N. 2, Staraya Ladoga. Luchinsky M.F., 1958. Money in Russia 9th–12th Centuries. Against One Misconception. Scientific Notes of the Kazan Institute of Finance and Economics. Issue XII, Kazan. Mongayt A.L., 1959. Abu Hamid al-Garnati and His Journey to the Russian Lands in 1150–1153 / History of the USSR, N. 1, Moscow. Oleinikov O.M., Gaidukov P.G., 2018. Ancient Russian Seals, Trade and Economic Relations Between Novgorod and the Eastern Regions of the Novgorod Land (Based on Materials from the Lukinsky-2 Excavation Site in 2012) / Archaeology in the North of Russia: Yugra – a Volost of Novgorod the Great in 11th–15th Centuries (Collection of Sources and Researches). Part I, Surgut-Nefteyugansk-Yekaterinburg. ͸Ͳ ͳͳęčȂͳʹęčĈĊēęĚėĎĊĘ Oleinikov O.M., 2014. The Courtyard of the First Princes of Smolensk (Based on the Results of Protective Archaeological Researches at 15 Lenin Street in Smolensk in 2004) / Tver, the Tver Land and Neighboring Territories in the Middle Ages. Issue 7, Tver. Perkhavko V.B., 2000. Craft and Trade in the 11th – Early 13th Centuries / The History of Entrepreneurship in Russia. Book One. From the Middle Ages to the Middle of the 19th Century. The Russian Academy of Sciences. Institute of Russian History. Moscow. Travel of Abu Hamid, 1971. Bolshakov O.G. (editor), Mongayt A.L. (Historical Commentary), The Journey of Abu Hamid al-Garnati to Eastern and Central Europe, Moscow. Yanin V.L., Rybina E.A., 2011. Monetary Definitions in Novgorod Birch Bark Manuscripts / From the Palaeolith to the Middle Ages, Collection of Scientific Papers, Moscow.