Parameters Affecting Efficiency of Centrifugal Pump - A Review

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology Print ISSN: 2395-6011 | Online ISSN: 2395-602X (www.ijsrst.com) doi : https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRST218573 Parameters Affecting Efficiency of Centrifugal Pump A Review Shivani Kaustubh Chitale*1, Pranjal Nitin Jadhav2, Snehal Suresh Dhoble2, Dr. Mr. Satyajeet Deshmukh3 *1Student, Chemical Engineering Department, Datta Meghe College of Engineering, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Final year student, Chemical Engineering Department, Datta Meghe College of Engineering, Navi Mumbai, 2 Maharashtra, India Mentor, Chemical Engineering Department, Datta Meghe College of Engineering, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 3 India ABSTRACT Article Info The pump is used as one of the most significant components in chemical industry so without its existence process may not be completed, because for any Volume 8, Issue 6 Page Number : 49-58 fluid to flow, initial driving force is required and it is fulfilled by the pump by consuming electrical energy and converting it to pressure energy. So, the selection of pump is very important in every field of section, depending on the Publication Issue property of process fluid. The Centrifugal pump is most demanding nowadays because it has simple design, less maintenance, can handle large quantities of November-December-2021 fluids, and provides very high flow rates. The Centrifugal pump has mainly two components rotating components and stationary components. Shaft and Article History impeller (open, semi-enclosed, and fully-enclosed) comes under the category of rotating components and casing (Volute, Vortex, and circular) comes under Accepted : 01 Nov 2021 stationary components. Various parameters of process fluid like liquid viscosity, Published : 08 Nov 2021 temperature, specific gravity, vapor pressure, concentration, shear sensitive and abrasive or non-abrasive, MOC, pump environment, pressure, flow rate, etc. are calculated to gain the desired efficiency and prevent a problem like cavitation if not properly handled. In this paper, a single-stage centrifugal pump is reviewed and studied how to increase performance and efficiency of centrifugal pump. Keywords : Centrifugal pump, Impeller, Single stage centrifugal pump, Shaft. I. INTRODUCTION water from a lower level to a higher level. For any pump to perform its action, it’s very essential to A pump is an equipment that is built to move or provide Electrical energy which is further converted transfer fluid from one location to another or to lift in to pressure energy. As per the requirement of the Copyright: © the author(s), publisher and licensee Technoscience Academy. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited 49 Shivani Kaustubh Chitale et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. November-December-2021, 8 (6) : 49-58 process and application correct selection of pump is at various blade exit angles. With increase in very important to get the maximum efficiency. Many roughness the efficiency value lowers. if both exit small equipment such as electromotor, shaft, stuffing blade box, gland packing, vane, impeller, casing is clubbed simultaneously then it results in increase in head with together to form a basic centrifugal pump. but no considerable increase in efficiency.[1] The electromotor is connected with the help of shaft Ajinkya Sonune, Akshay Dudhe and Mahesh R. passes through the stuffing box and mounted on the Chopade,et.al studied increasing blade angle is the bearings and then connects to the impeller which is fundamental research sector to increase efficiency of covered or present inside the stationary casing. When centrifugal pumps. Experiment results and evaluation electromotor is turned on, the mechanical energy is makes it clear that both head and efficiency of given to the shaft that rotates the impeller having centrifugal pumps increases with increasing exit blade blades or vanes. As a result, on the suction side angle, the blade angle varies around 35˚. Tolerance pressure decreases, which helps the fluid to be pulled Value is essential because if angle of the blade is towards the centre (eye) of the impeller. when torque bigger than the estimated, vacuum or void is created is provided to any mass of fluid, the liquid is thrown in the impeller thereby increasing the spacing in outwards, starts to move in a curved path with the impeller which results in the drop of pressure velocity help of centrifugal force i.e., mechanical energy is and mass flow rates. Bigger blade angle constitutes for converted to kinetic energy by the impeller. Now, larger requirement of input power consumption. kinetic energy acquired by the liquid is converted into pressure energy when it hits the covering casing. Increasing blade angle has huge impact on head and the efficiency. If blade angle is smaller than the The pressure is developed inside the pump which experimented value it causes clogging of water which helps to lift the fluid by that pressure called as deteriorates the performance of centrifugal pumps. pressure energy (Hydraulic energy). They are widely But if blade angle is appropriate, the increase in blade used in various industry such as oil and gas industry angle surely increases the efficiency and all the for pumping crude oil, slurry, mud; used by refineries, power generation plants etc. parameters related to it. It is also seen that variation of one or two percent in blade angle has affected the angle and surface roughness increases hydraulic efficiency this point has to be noted II. PARAMETERS AFFECTING EFFICIENCY because when considering the overall energy consumption of centrifugal pump around the globe BLADE ANGLE. this factor cannot be neglected.[2] Sayed Ahmed Imran Bellary, Abdus Samad,et.al M.G.Patel1 , A.V.Doshi,et.al studied the impeller is a studied the blade exit angle has greater effect on the crucial part and its geometry plays a major role in the head, shaft power and hydraulic efficiency while the efficiency of centrifugal pump. Changes in impeller inlet blade angle has relatively less effect on the design and geometry will impact inlet or exit velocity parameters. As exit blade angle increases the hydraulic efficiency also increases till the triangles, which may result in significant performance change. The blade exit angle have greater role in the experimented value. The efficiency reduces for higher performance of the centrifugal pump. Here different exit blade angles because of different losses. Greater blade angles are studied to understand its effect on the viscosity lowers the head generation. Increase in the efficacy and performance of the centrifugal pump. fluid density results in increased power consumption Study from mathematical modelling is selected International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 8 | Issue 6 50 Shivani Kaustubh Chitale et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. November-December-2021, 8 (6) : 49-58 because it is economically effective and easier to solve researchers, by evaluating and experimenting have and understand effect of blade angles on centrifugal found out different methods of impeller trimming. pump’s performance. It is seen that more the value of exit blade angle more the efficiency and head. The The traditional impeller straight trimming method denouement of the analysis was that the blade exit operation is easy. Straight Trimming reduces pressure angle has significant and equal effect on the head and difference in the impeller and improves the pressure the efficiency. With the increase in blade exit angle gradient which decreases the impact losses. But this the performance of the centrifugal pump is increases. method reduces the efficiency when there is high There may be some inaccuracy due to the flow condition. The leakage loss from impeller complication of the geometrical dimensions. This increases. It has direct effect on efficiency and heads could be removed by investigating with numerical leading to quick drop in the values. analysis by CFD code.[3] The miscut blade outlet edge will affect the axial force. F A. Varley, et.al studied there is no simple It is found out that the miscut angle when is 10° the relationship between the impeller geometry and the efficiency is maximum. The efficiency is higher in pump performance, the number of vanes and their positive miscut than in reverse miscut. The pressure exit angle are the important factors in understanding difference between the pressure surface and the the head developed by an impeller of given size. A suction surface is lower when the miscut angle is 10°, large number of vanes and a high exit angle will give and the flow performance is better. the maximum output but, beyond certain limits, this will not meet with the requirements of maximum The impeller triangle trimming method avoids the efficiency and a stable head characteristic. Roughness elevation of the performance curve. the impeller of the impeller surfaces decreases the pump efficiency trimming area is smaller and leakage loss is reduced, but increases its output because of the enhanced pump’s gross efficiency is unaffected. When the angle pumping action of the shrouds.[4] of trimming decreases there is significant leakage loss. IMPELLER TRIMMING The pressure difference in the impeller outlet becomes more and more uneven thereby increases the impact loss hence heads and efficiency degrade. Xiao Qu1 and Li Wang,et.al;studied Impeller Trimming involves reducing the diameter of impeller. Impeller parabolic trimming is cutting a parabolic gap Trimming should be 75% of pumps maximum at the outlet edge of the blade. There is no reverse impeller diameter. If diameter is decreased further pressure here, so pressure distribution is improved. than this specification, efficiency degrades which Hence there is no uneven distribution of pressure, results due to increase in gap between impeller and which reduces the impact loss. It is observed that the stator. The main advantage of impeller trimming is, it efficiency and heads are higher than compared to rest decreases head, flowrate and methods. shaft power is reduced as compared to other power. Impeller trimming therefore is cost effective and is an easy way to increase centrifugal pump efficiency. The greater methods.[5] the impeller reduction and the higher the specific Mario Šavar a, ⁎, Hrvoje Kozmar a, Igor S b utlović I. speed of the impeller, the more the pump efficiency Lučića will impeller when trimmed, the decrease with impeller trimming. Many Zagreb, Croatia , et.al studied the pump geometric and kinematic similarity was not attained. The ratios of International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 8 | Issue 6 51 Shivani Kaustubh Chitale et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. November-December-2021, 8 (6) : 49-58 some dimension’s changes and hence it’s difficult to outlet the slip factor decreases with increasing the attain geometry similarity. As the blade angle varies side clearance dimension.[7] with radius kinematic similarity is unattainable. Hence some authors suggest that trimming should be Shyam N. Shukla snshukla, Jagadish Kshirsaga,et.al limited to about 75% of a pump's maximum impeller studied a semi-open impeller has a solids passing diameter. An excessive trimming can result in an capability similar to that found in an open vane. With inappropriate measurement of impeller and casing. As solely one shroud a semi-open impeller is simple to the impeller diameter decreases, the clearance manufacture and utterly accessible for applying increases, causing head loss, and decreases pump surface efficiency. In the experiment the impeller was abrasive slurries a semi-open impeller may be a good trimmed seven times and was accomplished on a low selection. Semi-Open impellers are ordinarily used for specific speed centrifugal pump. As the trimming handling increases, as impeller diameter gets smaller efficiency impellers have back shroud and the blades don’t have lowers. This could be because of growing the gap support from front shroud. The designer proposes between the impeller and stator. [6] standard clearance to permit free rotation of impellers in IMPELLER TYPES hardening treatments. For moderately fluids with abrasive particles. These stationary casing. Design clearances are troublesome to take care of throughout producing A. Farid Ayad, H.M. Abdalla, A. Abou El- because it entails for special manufacturing process. Azm,et.al,studied Centrifugal pump is divided into It’s well established in experiments that each head closed, semi open and open impeller. Closed impeller is that the one with front cowl and without front and potency decrease with increase in tip clearance and are quite sensitive to rather small change in shroud are known as Semi-Open Impeller, and with clearance. [8] giant cut-outs within the rear cover is called as Open Impeller. As a pump rotates quicker, stress because of PARALLEL AND SERIES ARRANGEMENT OF force within the impeller will increase. Owing to the PUMPS significant weight of shroud, it will increase the stress due to centrifugal force on impeller and limits the Mohammad Emal Qazizada1 and Elena Pivarčiová1 et.al,studied that series pumping is advantageous if speed at that a pump can operate. Therefore, there’s used small sized pumps this may reduce installation an advantage for semi open impeller owing to absence costs as well as operating costs. Series pumping using of shroud and produce more head. Semi-open two or more smaller pumps provide a high degree of impeller if gets clogged with solids it is easier to clean standby capacity. Centrifugal pumps in series can also the main advantage is its efficiency and has less overcome larger head loss than one pump can handle probability to clog with solids. The main causes of the alone. For two identical pumps in series, the head will performance reduction are the falling-off in the blade be twice the head of a single pump at the same flow loading which leading to decreasing the pressure rise rate. Centrifugal pumps in parallel arrangement within the impeller. By increasing the side clearance provide a very high percentage of full flow at low cost. dimension the secondary flow causes a vortex that impedes the core flow and reduces the pressure rise at When centrifugal pumps are in parallel it provides higher flow rates. When two or more pumps are the semi-open impeller. Because of the decay within arranged in parallel, their resulting performance the blade loading the force at the blades decreases curves are obtained by adding their flow rates at the causes a drop in the impeller input power. Because of same head. So basically, higher flow rates are the change in the velocity distribution at the impeller achieved with parallel pumps connection, and the International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 8 | Issue 6 52 Shivani Kaustubh Chitale et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. November-December-2021, 8 (6) : 49-58 series pump connection are used to overcome larger energy loss is mainly formed due to entropy volume. From experimental analysis when connected production which is due to turbulent dissipation and in series, increases head capacity or when connected wall viscous friction. The direct dissipation entropy pumps in parallel flow rate capacity is increased.[9] production is very less related to energy loss. The In parallel arrangement if the primary pump stops energy is produced by turbulent dissipation and wall operating the other pump acts as a standby pump that friction is 47.91% and 48.615respectively. This continue the pumping function and supply a high entropy production is at the rate of 200m3/hr. There degree of the planning flow demand. However, the is a lack between impeller and volute in two speed from the one pump will increase above the quantity that the only pump was delivering when calculation ways whereas this lack is not present in the inlet and outlet duct results. The main reason for both pumps were running and therefore the head big deviation for pump water volute. The rate produced by the pump will decrease. Once connected volumetric entropy production rate. The entropy in parallel it ought to be noted that motor is massive production rate is also very common in the leading- for horsepower needed if this is often not done the motor may pack up on overload or fail when the edge regions. Whereas the leading edge near suction side, the trailing edge and volute tongue are main system goes to single pump operation. With dissimilar regions.[11] pumps in parallel proper control of switch-over points is critical. Unless the pumping system is Hongyu Guan1 , Wei Jiang1 , Jianguo Yang1 , carefully designed and controlled, the smaller head Yuchuan Wang1 , Xinghai Zhao2 and Junxue pump could also be closed by a better head pump. Staging the pumps to match the load requirements Wang,et.al studied double suction centrifugal pump in energy loss. In this paper, energy loss is studied would produce significant energy savings also it with the help of principle of entropy generation might be further enhanced by also operating the under different flow rates. From this, reason and pumps at variable speed. Series pumping can reduce place of energy loss is found out. Generation of costs by using a combination of smaller pumps instead entropy of wall function optimization is in good terms of one larger pump to accomplish a certain pumping task. Smaller pumps are used because larger pump has with hydraulic loss. This has been studied by theoretical and experimental violations. The main high value of NPSH and causes cavitation. Many flow region is the reason for the changes in entropy series pump installations are made with identical production at various flow rates.0.7Qd and 1Qd is the pumps, although it’s sometimes advantageous to use range of mainstream entropy production. Volute is dis-similar pumps. It can be seen that putting pumps in series tends to the main reason for the production of entropy in the mainstream Improvement in flow field of suction steepen the overall pump curve. chamber and impeller is done by increase in rate of When pumping conditions require very high head, flow. This helps in reduction in energy loss. The placing pumps in series is advantageous. [10] proportion of energy production of suction point is less than 0.5%. Vortex, a flow separation generated on ENERGY LOSS suction side and the impact at leading edge of blades are the reason of hydraulic loss of impeller with the Hucan HOU a, Yongxue ZHANGb* , and Zhenlin unstable flow in suction chamber. Because of LI ,et.al drew some results from their study. Local structural characteristics of double volute, there is a entropy production method was used and this was variation in flow fields on other side of baffles. This is taken from second law of thermodynamics. The the reason that flow is not same. And due to this the International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 8 | Issue 6 53 Shivani Kaustubh Chitale et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. November-December-2021, 8 (6) : 49-58 entropy production lies only between 0.7Qd and two radial parts, 0.9Qd. Due to small flow rate, there is generation of momentum transfer is done. In a radial cross section wake flow due to impeller. This causes production of for the upstream effects, these mass and momentum entropy. This is concentrated near the volute. The transfer main and important reason of loss of energy is large recirculation flow rate and was calculated in pump angle of attack.[12] casing of this centrifugal pump. This value found were consideration adopted. Arc of mass represents and the changes with some properties such as casing shape in Jingze Li, Dongrong Meng, and Xun Qiao et.al, uses the perpendicular plane, width of casing, ratio of the energy production study. This is used to study energy loss in pumps as turbines. In PATs, highest Qn/Q and inflow of impeller. More head losses were found due to internal recirculation and also the wear energy loss is due to guide vanes and least energy loss rates. These conditions were specially seen where Q takes place in volute. The loss in volute is due to its was different from Qn. The head loss of the casings structure which is not symmetrical and thus causes was obtained due to factors like casing geometry loss in hydraulics. At the tongue of volute, the main losses of the volute are considered. Mainly types of function, flow rate, speed of pump rotation, characteristics of solid and many more. By this loss are friction loss and impact loss. There are considering the loss of energy also wear due to mainly three reasons for loss in guide vanes. These are erosion, this study is very useful for optimization of separation of flow in flow channel, impact of leading geometry of casing and also for parametric studies [14] edge of blade and blade wake. In the impeller, two main reasons for the loss where separation of flow and wake flow. The area of impeller and guide vanes Ravindra Kumar et.al, studied the radial thrust in a single volute pump. Some of the operational measures are very much affected by the rotor shaft interaction. are carried in order to improve life of a bearing in a The main effect of impeller is due to effect of pump of single volute He noticed that there is an interaction of rotor interaction of impeller and guide increase in radial thrust when the value of Q/Qd vane and guide is affected by interaction of impeller changes. It means that operation of the pump has to and volute. Vibration of turbine is also called due to this rotor interaction. The main aim of this research is be done very near to BEP. Addition of a bypass line is done in order to avoid the effect of load of radial on to study and improve stability of pump.[13] shaft when it is very away from the highest efficiency point of pump. This addition is done to the suction TYPES OF CASING pipe from the discharge header. But this process leads M. C. Roco , P. Nair, G. R. Addie, et.al ,proposed a to the reduction in overall pump efficiency. Some of the measures were also taken for shaft design. This new quasi three dimensional approach. In accordance gives long life of shaft. The shaft should be used to application to centrifugal pump casing of slurry which has very high endurance limits, shafts which flow. Periodic flow has been caused by finite number have threads in middle portion should be avoided. In of infinite blades over the typical impeller of this order to avoid stress, proper fillet should be there in periodic flow, governing equation were averaged and also over local averaging volumes. All this was done key. Some measures of casing design were also studied. The effect on radial clearance in between the impeller to reduce computational work. The given approach and casing. The volute angle increases with increase was useful for large secondary currents and lateral in specific speed which increases due to radial thrust inflow and also on pump casings. On two consecutive factor. The casing is divided in 2 parts at 180 degrees computational stream tubes which are connecting apart. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 8 | Issue 6 54 Shivani Kaustubh Chitale et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. November-December-2021, 8 (6) : 49-58 HEAD then pump will pump all liquid to same height. But Head of pump can be described on the performance there is deference in amount of power of fluid takes to of Pump with the help of Newtonian fluid. give shaft Same rpm. If specific gravity is high, then The pump has Following types: more power is required. Therefore, centrifugal pump Total Static head - Total head when the pump is not is called as constant head machines But, it is not running. constant pressure machine. Thus, Pressure is Function Total Dynamic head - Total head when pump is of head & density. The head is constant even if running pressure changes or density changes. Head can be Total Static Suction head - Head is on the Suction side, described in simple term of vertical discharge, with pump Static head Pump off pressure head which is vertical lift in height and measured in feet or m of water. It is also determined If pump impellers Static suction head lower than head in a pressure at which water move. At this point on Suction Side. But if pump head impeller Static pump reaches its shut off head pressure. [16] The Suction head in higher than pump impeller Static curve can be determined on x and co-ordinates which discharge then head on discharge. depends on Specific speed & Single or multistage. In this method normalized Fluid & gas rates are used. In Head on discharge side of pump is either measured in addition to that, Complementary chart gives head feet on meters & Converted to Unit pressure. for e.g., coefficient ratio curve versus inlet gas void fractions. Psi, Pa or bar. If the discharge of pump is pumped to a particular height in air, then the such type of head is SPECIFIC SPEED called shut off head. Head is mainly determined by outside the diameter of Pump & Speed of shaft. As Capacity of pump changes, head will also change. The kinetic energy of fluid passing through an impeller is determined by resistance in the flow. Firstly, Pump casing generates resistance when liquid or fluid Enters pump & decreases its speed. When the [17] speed of Fluid decreases, kinetic energy gets converted to Pressure Energy and amount of resistance is measured in pressure gauge which is In above diagram (a) head of optimal pump & higher attached at the discharge pipe. Pressure is not generated by Pump Only resistance is generated than the original pump in all working conditions. At low flow rate (0.6 Qd –1.0 Qd), the optimal pump has where; Pressure gauge is instrument which measure small head increment. but it becomes large with the resistance of Flow. In the term of liquid head is used increase of flow rate. At design Flow Rate head of for measuring kinetic energy which is generated by Pump. The reason for original is 19.99 m & optimal pump is 20.74 m. And using head to measure Pump's energy instead of times design flow rate the optimal & original pump pressure is because Pressure from pump changes to head is 9.17m & 8.19 m & head increment reaches to specific gravity of fluid changes but in head it does 12%. after optimization head increased by 3.75% under 1.5 not changes. If shaft is turning at same rpm. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 8 | Issue 6 55 Shivani Kaustubh Chitale et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. November-December-2021, 8 (6) : 49-58 we can observe in diagram (a) the trend of efficiency pump performance deterioration, mechanical damage, changes and head change both are different. In the noise and vibration which can ultimately lead to low Flow region (0.6 Qd –1.0 Qd) optimal Pump is pump failure. Vibration is a common symptom of lower than original pump. At 0.6 Qd, the efficiency of cavitation, and many times the first sign of an issue. original pump is 3.7% higher than (0.6 Qd –1.0 Qd) the Vibration optimal pump. However, in high flow rate region the components, including the shaft, bearings and seals. optimal curve efficiency is lower than efficiency of What causes cavitation? Cavitation occurs in a pump the optimal Pump & value decreases by 6.9%, at 1.5 when the temperature and pressure of the liquid at Qd. As we can see in diagram with the change of head is the suction of the impeller equals the vapour pressure. very small is NPSHa (available net positive Suction temperatures. Bubbles form during cavitation. As the head) is decreases. Head Starts decline faster when pressure in the pump increases, those bubbles collapse NPSHa decreases at a certain value. NPSHr (required in the form of an implosion – equally as violent as an net Positive Suction head) Corresponds when head explosion. The implosion causes shockwaves to travel drops by 3%. If NPSHr is greater then pressure drop through the liquid and hit the impeller causing will be greater and anti-cavitation Performance of mechanical damage. pump is worse. The NPSHr Optimal pump is 5.38m, NPSH is defined as the difference between the which is smaller than that of 5.92 for original Pump, pressure available at the pump inlet and the vapour which achieves improvement on anti-cavitation pressure of the liquid. Vapour pressure is different for performance. [17] different liquids and varies with pressure and temperature. The pressure available at the pump inlet CAVITATION is what remains after friction loss, velocity head loss causes problems for many pump It can happen at low pressures and normal operating and inlet and outlet losses have been taken into Cavitation can have a serious negative impact on account within the suction pipework of the pumping pump operation and lifespan. It can affect many system. Because of this, during the design phase, it is aspects of a pump, but it is often the pump impeller that is most severely impacted. A relatively new necessary to calculate these losses and process unit losses in the suction pipework and then deduct those impeller that has suffered from cavitation typically losses from the suction head available to the pump. looks like it has been in use for many years; the By doing this, at the point where the pump is impeller material may be eroded and it can be installed, one is left with net pressure remaining and damaged beyond repair. Cavitation occurs when the available for the pump. [20] liquid in a pump turns to a vapour at low pressure. It In centrifugal pumps, cavitation performance mostly occurs because there is not enough pressure at the depends on the impeller geometrical design such that, suction end of the pump, or insufficient Net Positive any geometry modification can result in a different Suction Head available (NPSHa). When cavitation performance. Therefore, the design process requires a takes place, air bubbles are created at low pressure. As more careful control, such that, through experimental the liquid passes from the suction side of the impeller to the delivery side, the bubbles implode. This creates and numerical methods, the centrifugal pump’s performance is often well predicted where cavitation a shockwave that hits the impeller and creates pump can be decreased to acceptable levels if not vibration and mechanical damage, possibly leading to completely complete failure of the pump at some stage. The experimentally and numerical simulation, studied the impact of cavitation on a pump Cavitation causes effect of the blade profile on pump cavitation eliminated. Xuanwu L.46 International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 8 | Issue 6 [2008], 56 Shivani Kaustubh Chitale et al Int J Sci Res Sci & Technol. November-December-2021, 8 (6) : 49-58 performance during a miniature pump. Two semi- IV. REFERENCES open impellers, the primary with leaned blades the second with two-dimensional blades, were studied; [1]. 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Jingze Li , Dongrong Meng , and Xun Qiao Research and Applications pp.52-6 Numerical Investigation of Flow Field and Energy Loss in a Centrifugal Pump as Turbin Hindawi Shock and Vibration Volume 2020, Article ID 8884385, 12 Cite this article as : pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8884385 [14]. M. C. Roco Professor. Mem.ASME P. Nair Research Shivani Kaustubh Chitale, Pranjal Nitin Jadhav, Assistant. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Snehal Suresh Dhoble, Dr. Mr. Satyajeet Deshmukh, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0046 "Parameters Affecting Efficiency of Centrifugal Pump G. R. Addie Professional Engineer, GIW Industries, - A Review", International Journal of Scientific Inc. Casing Headloss in Centrifugal Slurry Pumps DECEMBER 1986, Journal of Fluids Engineeringhttp://www.asme.org/about-asme/termsof-use [15]. Ravindra kuamr,mechanical maintenance Panipat refinery,indian oil coorporation limited panipat,haryana,india-132140 Radial Thurst in a Single Volute Centrifugal Pump Research in Science and Technology (IJSRST), Online ISSN : 2395-602X, Print ISSN : 2395-6011, Volume 8 Issue 6, pp. 49-58, November-December 2021. Available at doi : https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRST218573 Journal URL : https://ijsrst.com/IJSRST218573 International Journal of engineering research and technology (IJERT) ISSN:2278-0181 vol.7 issue 08, August 2018 "http://www.ijert.org/"http://www.ijert.org [16]. Xylem Applied Water Systems August 2015 [17]. A Review of Design Considerations of Centrifugal Pump Capability for Handling Inlet Gas-Liquid TwoPhase Flows Qifeng Jiang 1, Yaguang Heng , Xiaobing Liu, Weibin Zhang, Gérard Bois 2, and Qiaorui Si ³Received: 19 February 2019, Accepted: 15 March 2019; Published: 20 March 2019 Energies2019,12,1078 [18]. The effect of viscosity on performance of a low Specific speed centrifugal pump. Author - Roubollah International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology (www.ijsrst.com) | Volume 8 | Issue 6 58