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1994, The Numismatic Chronicle 1994
The paper presents data on a pre-monetary system based on metallic weight standards. Two of these weights and a pair of scales have been found in the Latin site at Borgo le Ferriere (Satricum). The first of these weight units corresponds to the so-called ‘Roman-Oscan’ pound and was excavated in a settlement context dated around 650 BC; the second corresponds to the so-called ‘Campanian’ pound and was found in the oldest votive deposit dated to ca. 725-540 BC. In the same votive deposit a pair of scales was found which, because of its dimension, can be described as a jewelers’ balance. The use of weight-standards at Satricum is closely linked with some activities in a proto-urban center like local production of artefacts and exchange.
Kysela, J. et G. Pierrevelcin (coord.), Actes du 42e Colloque international de l’AFEAF
Coinages and economic practices between the 3rd century and the beginning of the 2nd century BC2020 •
In the Celtic world, numismatic research has mainly focused on the oppida civilization (late 2nd-1st century BC), a period during which monetarisation of societies was important, the data is abundant, and archaeological contexts are plenty. Focusing on the 3rd century and the beginning of the 2nd century BC, this article deals with early realities, less commonly studied. So far, most approaches have focused either on specific coinages which have been studied separately, or on targeted regions. The novelty of our approach is to understand the phenomenon of the appea- rance of coinage on the scale of Celtic Europe. In order to sketch a transversal view between Gaul and Central Europe, this article is structured in three parts: 1) Chronology. We will look at the difficult dating of the oldest Celtic coins by using new archaeological data and recent studies.1 2) Circulation. A first cartographic approach will be carried out on a European scale to study the circulation of the first Celtic coinages. 3) Uses. We should ask ourselves whether the gradual development in the monetarisation of the Celtic economy, the model that is often proposed, is not too simplistic (Wigg-Wolf 2011). The purpose of this article is not to deliver a comprehensive approach, but to lay the groundwork for common reflection. Our study is made possible by the evolution of knowledge over the last decades, particularly through the development of archaeo- logical excavations and non-destructive elemental analyses that have led to a considerable renewal of our knowledge base.
in : Brandherm D., Heymans E., Hofmann D., Gifts, Goods and Money. Comparing currency and ciruclation systems in past societies
Weighing premonetary currency in the Iberian Iron Age2018 •
Poigt T., 2018, Weighing premonetary currency in the Iberian Iron Age, in : Brandherm D., Heymans E., Hofmann D., "Gifts, Goods and Money: Comparing currency and circulation systems in past societies", Archaeopress Archaeological Series, p. 105-131 Open book access : http://www.archaeopress.com/ArchaeopressShop/Public/displayProductDetail.asp?id={75FFD4AC-966D-406F-A3A7-CBE6F4CF613B} While the practice of weighing is well attested in the archaeological record from later prehistoric Iberia, the context of this practice remains uncertain. Several examples show weight standardisation in the composition of hoard assemblages, both of undamaged and fragmented objects, but we rarely can relate the metrological standards identified in such assemblages with contemporary scale weights. Through a study of the weights discovered in the necropolis of El Cigarralejo (Mula, Spain), it is possible to demonstrate the high level of technical sophistication in the conception of Iberian scale weights and the variation between metrological standards from neighbouring sites. These observations lead us to reflect on the potential role of weighing for conducting transactions in a premonetary currency and the use of metrological standards for their normalisation.
Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology
Pappa, E. 2019. The metrological system of the Final Bronze Age balance weights and the pre-Roman coinage of Atlantic Iberia: a shared Syrian standard? JAHA 6(1): 60-80 [free-access article]2019 •
The study departs from recent suggestions that locally produced balance weights from settlement sites in central Portugal, dated to the Final Bronze Age (1200-900) are based on a Late Bronze Age Syrian/Ugaritic metrological system (13th-12th c. BCE). These proposals have been based on the comparative studies of the weights of these Atlantic objects, but have not been examined rigorously in comparison with Near Eastern metrological systems, despite the claims they make. This has repercussions for the conclusions drawn so far. The present study has a threefold aim. First, it examines this hypothesis of a Syrian derivation of metrological systems underlying the local production of balance weights in Atlantic Iberian settlements (ca. 1200-900 BCE). Secondly, it investigates whether these local balance weights bear any metrological relationship to those balance weights of Phoenician typologies encountered in Atlantic Iberian sites of the colonial period (8th-6th c. BCE). Thirdly, taking as a case study the better documented evidence from Alcácer do Sal, it examines for the first time whether these metrological systems, in use for centuries in Atlantic Iberia, underlie the metrologies of the earliest, pre-Roman, locally-minted coinage, which follows Phoenician iconography but is struck using the syllabary of the indigenous languages, developed in the 8th c. BCE as an adaptation of the Phoenician script. The study suggests that the dating of the earliest group of balance weights needs to be lowered. In addition, it documents a likely derivation of the metrological system of coinage from the Phoenician milieu of Iberia, rather than the 3r dc. BCE Carthaginian metrologies, as advocated so far. This is supported by the metrological continuity between balance weights and coinage, and the latter's iconography, as the present study documents.
Ch. 1 in W.V. Harris, ed., The Monetary Systems of the Greeks and the Romans, Oxford, 2008
The Monetary Use of Weighed Bullion in Archaic Greece (2008).ΜΕΛΕΤΗΜΑΤΑ 61, Research Centre for Greek and Roman Antiquity, NHRF, Athens
Weight and Value in Pre-Coinage Societies, vol. II: Sidelights on measurement from the Aegean and the Orient2008 •
http://helios-eie.ekt.gr/EIE/handle/10442/8456 This second volume by the same author, on the subject of weight and value in pre-coinage societies1, consists of five parts. Each explores an independent subject, although all five focus on those who owned and used measuring tools in Bronze Age societies in the Aegean and the Orient. Part I presents the framework of the discussion: it deals with the material and symbolic significance of the balance and with the circulation of goods that required measurement and accounting. Part II presents a case study from the Aegean, the settlement of Akrotiri on the island of Thera. Balance pans and balance weights are discussed within their context as are metal items of standard forms and weight values. Part III presents three case studies of the Aegean in connection with the custom of depositing balances and weights in the tombs of their owners. The case studies concern three gold balances from Mycenae, the five sets of bronze pans from Vapheio and the reconstructed balance from Pylos. Part IV examines cultures from the Orient that have yielded comprehensible textual documentation on weight measuring and value estimation. It concentrates on value adding textile production and acquaints the reader with current debate on problems of money, markets and prices. In Part V, the focus returns to the ancient users of the measuring tools in the settlement of Akroitri and offers an approach to dealing with the domain of the private economy. The interest here centers on the wealth of individuals and the cost of acquiring it, whether this wealth consists of real estate and house equipment, agricultural and animal capital, industrial products, private property in the form of metal, or accumulated merchandise. Textual information from the Orient is used at every step in the research presented in this book. The main aim is to present the material and offer arguments in the hope of provoking further discussion on the matter of personal economics in Late Bronze Age Aegean societies.
The Journal of Archaelogical Nummismatics
The Circulation of Late Roman Bronze Coinage in Early Medieval Italy: an Update2015 •
Cambridge Archaeological Journal
The Earliest Balance Weights in the West: Towards an Independent Metrology for Bronze Age Europe2018 •
Weighing devices are the earliest material correlates of the rational quantification of economic value, and they yield great potential in the study of trade in pre-literate societies. However, the knowledge of European Bronze Age metrology is still underdeveloped in comparison to Eastern Mediterranean regions, mostly due to the lack of a proper scientific debate. This paper introduces a theoretical and methodological framework for the study of standard weight-systems in pre-literate societies, and tests it on a large sample of potential balance weights distributed between Southern Italy and Central Europe during the Bronze Age (second–early first millennium bc). A set of experimental expectations is defined on the basis of comparisons with ancient texts, archaeological cases and modern behaviour. Concurrent typological, use-wear, statistical and contextual analyses allow to cross-check the evidence against the expectations, and to validate the balance-weight hypothesis for the sample under analysis. The paper urges a reappraisal of an independent weight metrology for Bronze Age Europe, based on adequate methodologies and a critical perspective.
Etudes Celtiques
The Emergence of Coinage in Languedoc: Early Indications of Use (6th-3rd century Bce) (texte complet)2020 •
Languedoc is a region of Mediterranean Gaul between the Agly and the Rhone. The settlement of the Phocaean colony of Massalia at the beginning of the 6th century, followed by the creation of Emporion, led to profound transformations in the Languedoc economy. These colonies are equipped with monetary series from the second half of the sixth century. The currency is used as an accounting unit for the value of trade. In the following century, we observe a diffusion of archaic coinages on oppida. The economic role of the currency, as a means of exchange, but also allowing wealth accumulation, is illustrated at the end of the 4th century by the hoard of Lattes. The obol of Marseille is at the time the coin used in trade in the western Mediterranean. The study of the archaeological contexts proves an early economic use of coinages in Languedoc but also a ritual use, putting an end to the idea of a causality of the Roman settlement in this region.
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2022 •
ISIJ International
Mathematical Model for the Thin Strip Cold Rolling and Temper Rolling Process with the Influence Function Method2005 •
The International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery
OpenIGTLink: an open network protocol for image‐guided therapy environment2009 •
Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences
Deforming to Best Practice: Key considerations for deformable image registration in radiotherapy2020 •
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Role of Music Therapy in Stress Reduction2024 •