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N M. . ? + H2. /1 + . /1 /18+ Figures and Tables "Is the World's Economic Center of Gravity Already in Asia?" August 2008 Figure 1: Initial and Final Position of the three World's Centers of Gravity WECG z WDCG WGCG y x Notes: 3 10 km on axis. WECG: World's Economic Center of Gravity WGCG: World's Geographic Center of Gravity WDCG: World's Demographic Center of Gravity Table 1: Polar Coordinates of World's Economic Center of Gravity Period Latitude (°) Longitude (°) 1975-77 1978-80 1981-83 1984-86 1987-89 1990-92 1993-95 1996-98 1999-01 2002-04 67.0 N 67.7 N 68.8 N 70.2 N 71.5 N 72.9 N 74.5 N 75.3 N 75.4 N 75.2 N 13.5 W 14.3 W 9.9 W 8.6 W 4.4 W 3.0 E 8.9 E 16.6 E 21.3 E 32.7 E I Distance to Earth Center in km 3'605 3'566 3'521 3'498 3'467 3'441 3'347 3'301 3'316 3'317 Figure 2a: Projection of the World's Economic and Geographic Center of Gravity (WECG and WGCG) WECG WGCG WGCG Figure 2b: Projection of the World's Demographic Center of Gravity (WDCG) WDCG II Figure 3: Economic Homogeneity Indicators Spatial economic imbalance with respect to geographic center Spatial economic imbalance with respect to demographic center 0.16 0.32 0.15 0.31 0.3 0.14 0.29 0.13 0.28 0.12 0.27 0.11 0.26 0.25 0.1 0.24 0.09 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 0.23 1975 2002 III 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 Table 2: Distances and Distance Ratios* to the World's Centers of Gravity Europe Asia Africa North America South America Oceania 3.79 5.00 5.54 6.33 7.54 8.51 Continental Average ° 3 Distance to WGCG (in 10 km) 3 ° Average Distance to WECG (in 10 km) 3.55 5.61 6.00 5.44 7.34 9.17 ° Initial Distance Ratio 0.87 1.19 1.04 0.82 0.93 1.12 ° Percentage Change 1975-2004 (%) 16.29 -12.21 7.16 11.38 9.58 -7.32 Dublin (Ireland) Izmir (Turkey) Casablanca (Morocco) Boston (USA) Caracas (Venezuela) Auckland (New Zealand) Largest Continental Loser ° Initial Distance Ratio 0.78 1.06 0.87 0.76 0.86 1.08 ° Percentage Change 1975-2004 (%) 23.86 3.55 20.38 20.07 13.93 -5.68 Tbilisi (Georgia) Krasnojarsk (Russia) Antananarivo (Madagascar) Albany (USA) Santiago (Chile) Perth (Australia) Largest Continental Winner ° Initial Distance Ratio 1.15 1.14 1.18 0.86 0.98 1.16 ° Percentage Change 1975-2004 (%) -5.16 -17.06 -3.49 2.95 5.24 -8.22 Note: WGCG: World's Geographic Center of Gravity, WECG: World's Economic Center of Gravity * Distance Ratio = Distance to WECG/ Distance to WGCG IV Appendices Figures and Tables Figure A1: Economic, Geographic and Demographic Centers at the continental level (a) Africa (b) Asia (c) Europe demo eco eco eco demo V demo Figure A1: Economic, Geographic and Demographic Centers at the continental level (end) (d) North America (e) Oceania (f) South America eco eco demo demo demo eco VI Table A1: Sample Countries (Number of countries in parenthesis) Africa (20) Asia (22) Europe (17) North America (11) South America (10) Algeria Burkina Faso Cameroon Congo, Rep. Congo, Dem. Rep. Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Kenya Madagascar Mali Morocco Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone South Africa Sudan Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Bengladesh Burma China India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Jordan Korea (South) Malaysia Nepal Pakistan Philippines Russian Fed. Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Thailand Turkey United Arab. Emirates Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Netherlands Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Canada Costa Rica Dominican Rep. El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Mexico Nicaragua Panama Puerto Rico United States Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela VII Oceania (2) Australia New Zealand Table A2: Sample Structure and Representativity Number of Large Cities Number of Sample Countries Sample Share in Total Population (%)* Sample Share in Total GDP (%)* Share in Sample Population (%) Share in Sample GDP (%) 1975/77 2002/04 1975/77 2002/04 World Africa South America North America Asia Europe Oceania 392 82 83 95 100 100 100 100 37 20 67.87 86.98 8.09 10.63 3.87 3.34 43 10 99.60 99.86 6.15 6.70 7.05 5.66 77 11 94.43 99.00 9.21 8.72 28.82 26.76 182 22 92.39 98.30 65.67 66.07 29.14 40.59 47 17 66.24 91.24 10.39 7.44 29.69 22.29 6 2 77.81 96.65 0.48 0.44 1.43 1.36 Note: * Average across the sample period, total figures obtained by considering all countries of the geographic entity. VIII Table A3: Polar Coordinates of World's Economic Center of Gravity: alternative calculations Variable Estimation 1975-77 1978-80 1981-83 1984-86 1987-89 1990-92 1993-95 1996-98 1999-01 2002-04 Baseline 66.98 N 67.71 N 68.75 N 70.15 N 71.51 N Enlarged Sample Latitude (°) Chinese Province Data 67.05 N 67.80 N 68.83 N 70.26 N 71.63 N Nordhaus Data 74.51 N 75.26 N 75.41 N 75.23 N 71.52 N 73.04 N 73.74 N 73.86 N 73.53 N 73.03 N 74.68 N 75.47 N 75.64 N 75.47 N 70.00 N One City Per Country 61.82 N 62.43 N 63.47 N 64.65 N 65.96 N 67.48 N 69.07 N 70.06 N 70.46 N 71.03 N Baseline 13.51 W 14.25 W 9.93 W 8.57 W 4.37 W 2.98 E 8.86 E 16.63 E 21.25 E 32.68 E 7.72 E 12.84 E 19.63 E 23.74 E 33.79 E 3.51 E 9.41 E 17.28 E 22.01 E 33.66 E 3.07 E 7.87 E 10.75 E 18.45 E Enlarged Sample Longitude (°) 72.91 N Chinese Province Data 13.05 W 13.83 W 9.50 W 8.16 W 3.92 W Nordhaus Data One City Per Country Baseline Distance to Earth Center, Enlarged Sample in km Chinese Province Data 10.48 E 11.94 W 12.48 W 9.43 W 5.55 W 0.48 W 3'604.94 3'565.64 3'521.14 3'498.23 3'466.75 3'441.19 3'347.17 3'301.03 3'316.33 3'317.14 3'500.82 3'400.55 3'348.79 3'361.84 3'366.65 3'608.41 3'568.50 3'523.98 3'500.43 3'468.92 3'443.59 3'348.44 3'301.77 3'317.01 3'317.56 Nordhaus Data One City Per Country 8.44 W 3'560.20 3865.03 3822.16 3770.04 3754.57 3722.51 3691.46 3600.97 3557.69 3579.96 3582.00 Notes: The enlarged sample includes additionnaly Angola, Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Ethiopia, Guinea, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Poland, Romania, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Uganda, Ukraine, Vietnam, Yemen, Rep. Chinese province GDP data from the China Statistical Yearbook (2003) are additionally exploited. The Nordhaus (2006) data is only available for 1990. One City Per Country: for each country, only the main city is considered. IX Table A4: Top 15 Cities in Average Distance Average Distance 3 (in 10 km) Stockholm Sweden 3.19 Helsinki Finland 3.22 Glasgow Great Britain 3.25 St.Petersburg Russia 3.26 Newcastle upon Tyne Great Britain 3.28 Copenhagen Denmark 3.28 Leeds Great Britain 3.32 Manchester Great Britain 3.33 Liverpool Great Britain 3.33 Sheffield Great Britain 3.33 Dublin Ireland 3.34 Hamburg Germany 3.34 Birmingham Great Britain 3.37 Amsterdam Netherlands 3.38 The Hague Netherlands 3.38 Auckland New Zealand 9.38 Melbourne Australia 9.29 Sydney Australia 9.23 Adelaide Australia 9.18 Brisbane Australia 9.06 Perth Australia 8.90 Santiago Chile 8.48 Valparaíso Chile 8.47 Buenos Aires Argentina 8.40 Montevideo Uruguay 8.39 Rosario Argentina 8.35 Cordoba Argentina 8.33 Porto Alegre Brazil 8.14 Port Elizabeth South Africa 8.10 Sao Luis Brazil 8.10 City Smallest Distance Largest Distance 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Country X Table A5: Top 15 Cities according to Distance Growth Rate Gainers Losers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 City Country Krasnojarsk Qiqihar Huhehot Daqing Baotou Datong Beijing Harbin Changchun Tientsin Shenyang Taiyuan Shijiazhuang Fushun Anshan Dublin Porto Lisbon Glasgow Liverpool Manchester Birmingham Leeds Sheffield Newcastle upon Tyne Sevilla Madrid London Casablanca Rabat Russia China China China China China China China China China China China China China China Ireland Portugal Portugal Great Britain Great Britain Great Britain Great Britain Great Britain Great Britain Great Britain Spain Spain Great Britain Morocco Morocco XI Change (%), 1975-2004 -17.06 -16.99 -16.96 -16.95 -16.94 -16.87 -16.79 -16.75 -16.73 -16.70 -16.67 -16.67 -16.66 -16.65 -16.64 23.86 23.22 22.67 22.59 22.24 21.82 21.73 21.44 21.43 21.34 20.97 20.86 20.78 20.38 20.23 3 Table A6: Distance to WECG (in 10 km) by Country Country Algeria Argentina Australia Austria Bangladesh Belgium Bolivia Brazil Burkina Faso Cameroon Canada Chile China Colombia Congo (Dem. Rep.) Congo (Rep.) Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Finland France Georgia Germany Ghana GBR and N. Ireland Greece Guatemala Haiti Hungary India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Period 1975-77 2001-04 3.81 4.45 8.19 8.65 9.55 8.83 3.42 3.78 6.39 5.49 3.16 3.73 7.45 8.07 7.29 7.93 5.23 5.85 5.86 6.23 4.36 5.00 8.29 8.73 6.33 5.32 6.39 7.12 6.51 6.72 6.40 6.66 6.35 7.02 5.66 6.26 3.10 3.49 5.54 6.39 6.87 7.52 4.60 4.66 6.27 6.89 3.15 3.30 3.26 3.86 4.29 4.07 3.21 3.69 5.64 6.20 3.06 3.70 4.04 4.25 6.25 6.85 5.60 6.42 3.49 3.80 6.19 5.42 8.16 7.24 4.81 4.45 3.01 3.72 4.58 4.56 3.57 4.04 6.47 5.49 Country Jordan Kenya Madagascar Malaysia Mali Mexico Morocco Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Portugal Russia Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra Leone Singapore South Africa South Korea Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Sweden Switzerland Syria Thailand Tunisia Turkey USA United Arab Emirates Uruguay Venezuela Zambia Zimbabwe XII Period 1975-77 2001-04 4.62 4.57 6.56 6.46 7.68 7.41 7.70 6.77 5.18 5.89 6.11 6.60 3.91 4.69 6.03 5.18 3.12 3.68 9.65 9.10 6.29 6.94 5.57 6.06 5.56 4.92 6.31 7.02 7.74 8.31 7.39 7.98 7.48 6.46 3.59 4.41 3.64 3.43 5.26 5.05 5.06 5.88 5.44 6.18 7.80 6.87 7.87 7.87 6.27 5.27 3.60 4.44 7.04 6.28 5.50 5.50 3.07 3.34 3.35 3.86 4.48 4.41 7.12 6.16 3.88 4.38 4.05 4.13 4.94 5.54 5.45 5.01 8.18 8.65 5.48 6.38 7.21 7.22 7.37 7.34