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CATEGORIAL FEATURES OF POLITICAL VS. RELIGIOUS
DISCOURSES: LINGUO-SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS
Natalia A. Bozhenkova1
Pavel A. Katyshev2
Darya V. Atanova3
Raisa K. Bozhenkova4
Abstract:
The
article
offers
a
political/religious
communication,
iconic
which determine algorithms of verbal-
constituents of religious and political
discursive behavior. The combination of
discourses as the most complex and
methods
symbolically
linguistic-cognitive
comparative
description
saturated
of
types
of
of
discourse
analysis,
projection
and
institutional interaction. The research is
functional-pragmatic consideration of
based on a systemic multi-level analysis
textual units of the mentioned spheres of
of the component structure of discourse
communication made it possible to
in order to identify and characterize
qualify
linguistic and sociocultural constants
linguosemiotic components of discourse
and markers of semasiologically holistic
data, which, while receiving a specific
polycode practices combined by certain
refraction in a socio-communicative
axiological
attitudes.
reality,
methodological
concept
The
and
clearly
taxonomize
demonstrate
the
the
at
typological signs of a linguocultural
modeling institutional interactions made
universe. The results of the study
it possible to characterize the methods
indicate that, despite the conceptual
and mechanisms of explication and
contrast between politics and religion,
transformation of the iconic elements of
these types of discursive practices have
aimed
Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education - "Pushkin State
Russian Language Institute"
2
Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education - "Pushkin State
Russian Language Institute"
3
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Southwest State
University»
4
Federal State Budgetary Institution Of Higher Professional Education - "Pushkin State
Russian Language Institute"
1
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many correlating features, which are
sociological components of discourse
based on a comparable similarity of
data, which receives a specific refraction
content, mechanisms and methods of
in the socio-communicative reality. The
generating
methodology
discursive
constructs,
of
a
comparative-
correlated principles of representation of
typological study of verbal/non-verbal
mental categories and a definite analogy
signs representing the corpus of religious
of symbolic-symbolic design of a
and political communication can be
communication process.
extrapolated
to
other
institutional
interactions (both in synchronic and
Keywords: political discourse, religious
diachronic aspects) and become the basis
discourse,
for creating a model of linguosemiotic
socio-and
linguocultural
constants, linguocultural signs.
space of various mental communities.
Scientific value
Topicality
In the scientific paradigm of
In the context of a modern
contemporary linguistics, where the
integrated communicative reality, the
object
speech
problem of explication of typological
communication in the context of socio-
mechanisms for organizing interactions,
cultural structures, systematization of the
the determinants of which are the mental
conceptual
universals
of
research
is
foundations
of
various
of
individual/collective
approaches of humanitarian knowledge
consciousness, occupies a special place.
to the analysis of the discursive practices
In this regard, the most complex and
of the new information society is the
symbolically
methodological key to solving many
institutional discourse are political and
research problems. The combination of
religious, having (with the ideological
methods of discourse analysis, linguistic
polarity of politics and religion) quite a
cognitive
of
few correlating signs of considerable
institutional interactions and functional-
interest. Comparative characterization of
pragmatic consideration of textual units
iconic constituents of religious and
of political and religious spheres of
political discursive practices based on a
communication made it possible to
systematic multi-level analysis of the
qualify
component structure of discourse clearly
projection,
and
modeling
taxonomy
the
semi-
saturated
types
of
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458
demonstrates the processes of diffusion
to
critical
discourse
analysis,
and re-contextualization of language and
communicative
speech influence techniques, which in
asymmetry
turn makes it possible to identify new
ideologically
linguocultural resources of institutional
practices in order to identify areas of
communication practices and identify
possible risk communication).
tools
used,
indices,
social
fixed
marked
the
by
discursive
markers for their implementation.
Introduction
The modern era, which involves
Novelty
of
multiple non-screen forms and methods
linguosemiotic markers of the two most
of information broadcast, determines the
important spheres of human existence,
daily inclusion of subjects in the social
i.e. politics and religion, made it possible
interactive space, which leads to the
to substantiate the principles of modeling
formation of certain communication
modern
identify
relationships and the roles of participants
synergistically organized mechanisms
of one or another type of verbal
for building institutional interactions;
interaction. As a result, the issues of the
construct algorithms for the use of verbal
functioning of the socio-communicative
and non-verbal sign systems in religious
system, its structural and semiotic
and
organization,
A
comparative
society
political
study
space,
discourses;
describe
the
mechanisms
of
and
education and existence of the most
pragmatic identifiers of political and
important social realities are of particular
religious
A
importance. In this regard, the decisive
significant result of the work is the
link in building a model of social being
verification
methodological
and the image of the world as a whole is
concept of the study, the most important
discourse (in a broad sense, emotive-
components of which are the multi-level
informational interaction, reflecting the
ways of representing and interpreting
connection
discursive
the
reality), since images and concepts are
functional and stylistic analysis of the
produced and become real only within
corpuses of political/religious texts that
the framework of discourses, and social
characterize their genre specificity, prior
interactions
axiological,
semasiological
discursive
of
the
constructs
interaction.
(from
between
cannot
language
be
and
understood
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459
without reference to discursive practices
their dependence on cultural, social and
in which their semantic field is formed
psychological factors; This definition is
[15].
characteristic of pragmatic theories in
As you know, discourse is a
both
linguistic
and
semiological,
multi-valued term for a number of
sociological and psychological research;
disciplines exploring language, language
• critical interpretation: discourse
behavior,
language
functioning
in
is
considered
as
a
corpus
of
culture, etc. The interpretation potential
prescriptions, rules, requirements and
of this definition is extremely wide: the
their practical expression in order to
concept is being developed not only in
rationalize, evaluate and confer a certain
linguistics, but also in other sciences
meaning to social facts (as a rule, a
such as sociology, philosophy, political
specific
science, logic, and in different paradigms
community or an entire culture);
•
of knowledge, it is used in various
historical
period,
functional
social
interpretation:
the
discourse refers to any way the language
discourse
functions in a social context; This
proposed by E.A. Kozhemyakin is
approach has taken a firm position in
shown below:
Europe and Russia in recent decades [10:
meanings.
In
this
connection,
taxonomy
of
the
term
• formal interpretation: discourse
11].
In
appears as a category of natural oral or
modern
human
science,
written language - a relatively complete
“discourse” is a stable, socially and
in terms of meaning and structure, a
culturally defined tradition of human
speech work whose length varies from a
communication, in which the linguistic
syntagmatic chain of two or more
factor that determines the development
statements to a meaningful piece of work
of communicative behavior, norms of
(story,
reproduction
conversation,
descriptions,
and
interpretation
of
instructions, lectures) ; this interpretation
language constructs in social reality [15:
is characteristic mainly of linguistic
1], and a similar presentation of the
theories proper;
phenomenon of discourse reflected in the
• pragmatic interpretation: here
work of a number of scientists. Thus, N.
the emphasis is placed on the pragmatics
Fairklo
considers
discourse
as
“a
of the implementation of statements and
language used in the process of
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representing social practice that is
emotional and informational exchange,
different from a particular point of view”
exerting
[16: 4]. L. J. Phillips and M. V.
interweaving
instantly
Jørgensen,
communicative
strategies
in
turn,
believe
that
influence
on
each
other,
changing
and
their
“discourse is a form of social behavior
verbal and non-verbal incarnations in the
that serves to represent the social world
practice of communication ” [7: 18].]. O.
(including knowledge, people and social
F. Rusakova characterizes the discourse
relations)” [17:17]. R. Barth calls
as
discourse “synthetic and integrating
communicative-sign system with six
transtextual education” and highlights its
main
properties
functionality,
intentions, strategies, designs), relevant
processuality, relevance [1: 39]. M.
(the embodiment of power intentions in
Foucault believes that discourse is “a
real activity, having a sign-symbolic
socially conditioned organization of the
character),
system of speech and action” [18: 27]. T.
understanding of meanings, values,
A. Van Dijk, analyzing models of
identities), contextual (expansion of the
situations as behavioral models, by
semantic field based on sociocultural,
discourse means “the functional part of
historical
communicative and more general social
psychological
and cultural goals of social groups or
charge, content in discourse and gives it
individuals” [6: 21]. According to van
a suggestive force) and “sedimentary”
Dijk, discourse involves the interaction
(the imprint of all the plans listed above
between language and reality, which
in
provides a world view and existence. S.
experience, in that the constructed and
Saranji and M. Beinham understand
materialized society environment, which
discourse as a way in which the language
shapes are a reflection of the culture)
is formed and at the same time forms a
[16: 5]. K.F. Sedov, abstracting from the
sociopolitical reality [16: 5]. V.I. Karasik
terms conveying linguistic and textual
asserts that “discourse is a speech
communication, nominates discourse as
practice, i.e. interactive activities of the
“an objectively existing verbal-sign
participants
construction
such
of
as
communication,
establishing and maintaining contact,
“a
the
complexly
plans:
intentional
virtual
and
that
(power
(recognition
other
(emotional,
public
structured
and
contexts),
energetic
consciousness
accompanies
and
the
process of socially significant interaction
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461
of people” [14: 8]. M. Chimombo and R.
socially (and personally) significant
L. Roseberry define discourse as “an
meanings.
extremely complex process consisting of
numerous interdependent components. It
arises
from
intersecting,
mental
for
1.
processes
example,
with
Materials and methods
The methodological concept of
the
research
is
aimed
at
a
psychological, social, cultural and other
multidimensional study of the social
aspects of life” [16: 4]5.
issues of discursive practices and
Summing up various research
includes
linguocognitive
and
interpretations, we propose the following
linguoculturological vectors describing
interpretation
discourse,
of
this
phenomenon:
dependent
on
a
discourse is a certain dimension of the
multidimensional set of components of
communicative space, designed as a
the sociocommunicative context. This
chain/complex of statements (i.e., as a
methodology
process and result of a speech act), which
humanitarian and heuristic methods
latently contains a multi-level system of
(registration,
formal
modeling method; taxonomic, dynamic
elements
connected
by
was
based
on
instrumental
both
methods,
syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations,
and
and explicates the pragmatic-ideological
linguistic methods - the method of
attitudes of the subject of the utterance,
formalizing
limiting the potential inexhaustibility of
component, contextual and categorical
text values as the product of social and
synchronous analysis, the method of
communicative activity. At the same
segmentation
time,
phenomena (facts), followed by their
the
most
important
factor
explanatory
description),
linguistic
of
descriptions,
specific
organizing the discursive practice is the
generalization,
wide societal context, which determines
characterization
both the “rules of the game” (for a
ethnomental entities, etc.
abstraction
of
the
and
verbal
and
underlying
particular type/type of discourse) and the
The material for the study of
mechanisms for the actualization of
political discursive practices was the
5
Of course, this is far from an exhaustive list
of interpretations of the phenomenon of
discourse.
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of
chosen that have a single biblical basis,
representatives of the world political
meaningfully close religious articles,
elite
prayers, theological commentaries (more
scripts
of
(Russia,
public
the
speeches
USA,
France,
Germany). The choice of subjects of
than 500 units).
political communication is due to two
The integrity of the proposed
factors: on the one hand, the state foreign
model for the study of communicative
policy, taking into account the current
interaction, focused not only on national
geopolitical situation, is of increasing
values of society, but also on tense points
interest
of institutional communication regarding
to
researchers,
including
linguists; on the other hand, the speeches
which
of
official
manipulated, and the correlation of the
representatives of the foreign affairs
volume of research material provides,
agencies of various countries largely
according to the authors, the accuracy of
shape the global political discourse,
the conclusions of the comparative
therefore, the analysis of speech products
typological analysis.
the
first
persons
and
public
consciousness
is
(speeches) allows building a completely
objective picture of the unification and
2.
Results
The
specificity of the use of communicative
problem
of
explicating
strategies in linguocultural universes.
typological mechanisms for organizing
The second material selection criterion
communicative practice in the context of
was the genre and thematic community
modern integrated reality, where the
of speeches, and therefore special
object
attention was given to press releases
communication in the context of socio-
published in official sources, briefing
cultural structures that determine the
texts, comments and interviews that
mental
explicate the essential unity (with
individual/collective consciousness and
ambiguity of ideological positions) of
determine the linguistic and cultural
the linguo-semiotic constituents of the
experience of the nation, occupies a
political space (more than 500 units ). As
special place in the scientific paradigm
a research field of religious discourse,
of
texts of Russian and English-speaking
discursive practices as separate space-
(Orthodox and Protestant) sermons were
time formations are in a state of
of
modern
research
universals
linguistics.
is
speech
of
Multiple
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continuous
development,
• study
involving
the processes
463
of
mutual influence and interdependence,
diffusion and re-contextualization of the
interpenetration and complementarity of
language
different discursive types and genres,
influence;
behavioral,
methods
of
speech
• identify new linguocultural
each of which is determined by the
thinking,
and
ethnocultural
resources of institutional communication
components of social relations in the
practices and identify markers of their
context of world economic and political
implementation.
processes.
A significant result of the work
In this regard, a comparative
is the verification of the methodological
description of linguosemiotic markers of
concept of the research, the most
the two most important spheres of human
important components of which are the
existence, i.e. politics and religion, made
multi-level methods of representing and
it possible to systematize the conceptual
interpreting discursive constructs:
• a macro approach involving
foundations of different approaches of
humanitarian knowledge to the analysis
an
of the discursive practices of modern
discursive components and properties
society and thus allowed:
within the framework of the constituent
• substantiate the principles of
modeling modern social space;
•
identify
integrated
fundamental
analysis
structures
of
of
various
society
discourses (from identifying constitutive
synergistically
features and characterological dominants
organized mechanisms for building
of discourses to defining the discursive
institutional interactions;
means of expressing them in a wider
• qualify and taxonomize the
institutional space);
identifiers of political and religious
• critical discourse analysis
discursive interaction, to compare their
used to identify social asymmetry
semantic,
indicators recorded by ideologically
syntactic
and
pragmatic
characteristics;
marked discourse practices;
• construct algorithms for the
•
method
of
discursive
use of verbal and non-verbal sign
psychology, which allows to consider the
systems
participants of discursive interaction,
in
discourses;
religious
and
political
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their mental states, to characterize the
Discussion
totality of their cognitive models, etc .;
• method of linguistic and
Global and local informational
and
communicative
spaces
are
cultural interpretations, giving a holistic
characterized by an ever increasing
view of the semasiological nature of the
complexity of social relations, an
sign units used in political and religious
extension of the semasiological sphere,
discursive practices;
an increase in connotative elements in it,
•
analysis
functional
of
the
and
stylistic
corpuses
which, on the one hand, necessitates a
of
timely assessment and interpretation, on
political/religious texts, characterizing
the other hand, it directs the research idea
the features of their genre specificity;
to the methodological framework of
• pragmatic analysis of speech
critical discourse -analysis, the most
acts, the use of which allowed to identify
important feature of which should be
certain
tools
considered to be the setting for the study
(strategies/tactics /speech steps) and
of mechanisms for creating socially
identify
determined ideas and objects that make
communicative
areas
of
possible
communication risks.
The
up our universe, and ways to objectify
methodology
comparative-typological
of
the
study
of
them in the time aspect6.
Being
a
multidimensional
verbal/non-verbal signs that manifest the
sociocultural phenomenon and semantic
corpus
political
multimodal unity, including various
communication can be extrapolated to
aspects of communication (establishing
other institutional interactions (both in
and maintaining contact, emotional and
synchronic and diachronic aspects) and
informational
become the basis for creating a model of
each other) and representing a certain
linguosemiotic space of various mental
area of functioning of the language
communities.
involved in the field of assessments,
While other methodologies “work” on
interpreting the universe as a given
construct, the critical discourse analysis is
aimed at in-depth study of the techniques of
its production and description of the
mechanisms for its designation [25: 17]. In
other words, in a critical discourse analysis,
it is customary to regard discourse as a
constitutive of the social world, formed by
different-level and diverse categories, and
proceed from the fact that the world cannot
be known independently of the knowledge
of discourse.
6
of
religious
and
exchange,
influencing
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cognitive attitudes and mythologies of
sports, medical, political, mass media,
various social groups [6: 4], discourse
religious, family, etc.);
not
only
objectifies
the
•
"interpenetration" of various semiotic
systems,
but
also
simultaneously
identity
(national,
supranational, regional, religious, etc.);
•
ideological discourses (discourses of
democracy,
verbal and non-verbal components.
parliamentarism,
Multiple discursive practices such as
populism, racism, fascism, etc.);
•
discourses
citizenship,
of
authoritarianism,
illegitimate
practices
in a state of continuous development,
(extremist, terrorist, radical discourses,
implying
interdependence,
etc.);
influence
and
mutual
complementarity
of
•
business
discourses
different discursive types and genres,
business
communication,
each of which is an intellectual-
corporate culture, etc.);
behavioral projection of social relations
•
[5]. It is no coincidence that the modern
paradigm
of
discursive
(discourses
of
marketing,
art discourses (discourses of theater,
cinema,
practices7,
implemented in the societal space is
literature,
visual
arts,
architecture, fashion, etc.);
•
discourses of subcultures (different
expanding more and more, covering new
youth
speech-behavioral
discourse of substance abuse, play and
phenomena,
and
today fall into the field of scientific
personal
discourse
(existential
and
body
discourse
bodybuilding
scientific,
discourse, etc.);
7
military,
According to A.A. Kibrik, to understand
the diversity of discourse, it is important to
take into account at least four parameters:
the most important are the differences in
mode (oral/written), genre, functional style,
formality. Accordingly, all taxonization
principles proposed today are independent of
discourse,
habitat discourses (discourse at home,
institutional discourses (pedagogical,
administrative,
criminal
interior, city, landscape, etc.);
•
everyday);
cultures,
other addiction, etc.);
•
description:
•
of
generates complex implementations of
separate spatial-temporal formations are
•
discourses
(body
discourse,
discourse,
sexual
each other and constitute a complex
combinatorics of various possibilities [9:
19]. It is with a detailed study of the
combinatorial types of discourse that the
further progress of discourse analysis as a
scientific discipline is connected.
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•
466
dream discourse and the others8.
of social institutions in which people
In the context of world geoeconomic
processes,
carry out their professional and powerful
institutional
activities, and is demonstrated in certain
discourses are of particular interest,
patterns of behavior. At the same time, it
embodying typical models of social
is important to note the ambivalence of
interaction, developed in the process of
the correlation of the above categories:
cultural, historical and ethnomental
on the one hand, social institutions
development of a nation, which, in turn,
“produce” and broadcast discourses (in
led to the formation and functioning of
the form of ideas, concepts, constituents,
typological mechanisms for organizing
principles, images and other symbolic
communicative practice for a certain
figures), which define the framework,
linguistic culture. The key realities of the
focus centers (so-called “glasses ") Of
institutional type of communication are
our vision and understanding of reality,
various researchers include the concepts
on the other hand, institutional discourse
of social institution, social status, social
produces and explicates norms and
role, where a social institution is an
standards
authority that ensures the organizational
reinforces binary relations norm /
and disciplinary interaction of subjects
abnormal, positive / negative, admissible
based on generally accepted standards
/ unacceptable , good / evil, canonical /
and ways of hierarchical subordination;
heretical, etc., expressed in moral
social status - a characteristic of a subject
imperatives, traditions, rituals, codes of
occupying a particular position in the
conduct, legal acts, etc. [13: 194].
social hierarchy of an institution in
accordance
with
certain
criteria
of
status-role
behavior,
All components that make up the
communicative
relationship
are
(educational/professional level, prestige
interpreted in the framework of the
of the profession and occupation, official
relevant social institution, and the
position, amount of power, etc.); social
institutional communication developing
role is a way of objectifying status,
in it is characterized by specific
corresponding to the regulatory regimes
linguistic
8
The above list is certainly far from
finished; It can be supplemented with new
forms of institutional communication.
and
speech
means:
the
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meanings of signs in the form of a code
From these positions, the most
linguocultural
“stable” and symbolically saturated
consciousness9 of the native speaker
types of institutional discourse – political
(and the ethnic group as a whole) and
and religious – whose linguosemiotic
accumulate in a complex way / are
constituents receive a specific refraction
generated in the discursive act [22]. It is
and frame in a socially communicative
in
the
reality – are significant [3]. Despite the
personal and socially important values
conceptual antithesis of politics and
are actualized, i.e. the representatives of
religion, these types of discourse have
the
which,
many points of contact, which are based
according to semasiological ideas, are
on a certain unity of the “production” of
very diverse and include both verbal and
knowledge,
and
non-verbal code: the language manifests
principles
and
itself in a graphic image and in a “verbal”
generating discursive constructs, and the
text, and in bodily gestures, and in other
relative analogy of the symbolic design
semiotic forms.
of the communication process10.
9
in the presentation of the key cultural
concept and the values it defines); 5)
strategies that meet the goals of this type of
communication and are reduced to the main
intention of communication; 6) material; 7)
types and genres (the principles of
distinguishing genres in religious and
political discourse are also reduced to the
intentional content of these types of
communication, respectively, do not reveal
any significant similarities); 8) precedent
(cultural) texts (in the content-semantic field
of both religious and political discourse, the
category of precedence plays a crucial role,
since the recipient identifies and reproduces
key axiological signs only if they are in the
presupposition - as a result of reading /
listening to similar texts); 9) linguistic and
speech features reflected in characteristic
discursive formulas, which are a peculiar
model of not only the cognitive processes of
communication participants, but also the
mechanisms
for
organizing
the
linguocultural universe as a whole [4: 318].
are
fixed
in
institutional
the
discourse
ethnomental
sphere,
that
R.K. Bozhenkova defines linguocultural
consciousness as a special level of conscious
experience that builds on its linguistic levels,
and acts as a system of linguocultural norms
developed in the process of communication,
organized in the form of codes [22].
10
This statement is a summation of a
multilevel analysis of the discourse
component structure, including a detailed
description of the following, according to
V.I. Karasik [8], categorical signs of social
interaction: 1) participants who are usually
classified into agents and clients: the first are
those who play active role in institutional
communication, to the second - those who
turn to agents and act as representatives of
society as a whole in relation to
representatives of the institute; 2) chronotop,
which implies a description of the place and
time of the conventionally fixed discursive
interaction; 3) goals; 4) values (within the
stated genres of religious and political
discourse - the goals of institutional
communication are fundamentally different,
which is due to the fundamental difference
the
similarity
mechanisms
of
for
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Undoubtedly, the oldest and most
important
type
institutional
they either constitute the actual subject
communication that formed the basis for
of communication, realizing the deictic
the development of all other forms of
function, or act as elements of a wide
social communication can be called the
axiological-pragmatic context. It can be
practice of religious departures: religion
said that the functioning of both types of
and the church (as its main institution)
discourse is represented in two aspects:
arose earlier than all existing institutions
on the one hand, they are focused on
— the institute of politics, schools, the
achieving, “semiotic consolidation” and
army,
translation
etc.
;
of
of the social field are objectified since
all
the
institutions
of
value-pragmatic
functioning in modern society derive
experience, on the other hand, on the
their sources from religious interaction.
preservation and reproduction of a social
Religion is a worldview and attitude that
institution (religion or politics). The
determines human behavior, and cult
basic component of the social institution
actions based on faith11 in the divine, in
of politics, as well as the social
the existence of a higher power, in their
institution of religion, determines the
all-encompassing power [2: 6]. At the
sustainability of their existence and at the
same time, political discourse is also an
same
ancient form of knowledge and social
transformation,
interaction
further development.
that
emerged
with
the
emergence of the concept of “power”:
time
the
possibility
often
of
necessary for
In this regard, it should be noted
politics is a semantic and sense-
that
reproducing activity regulated by certain
communication
historical
codes
opposition of institutional discourse to
forming,
personal on the basis of personal or
maintaining and развития. changing
representative orientation of the subjects
relations
of
(traditions)
and
ethno-cultural
aimed
of
at
dominance
and
political
and
(despite
communication)
the
rigid
rarely
“absolutely
be
subordination in society. Accordingly, in
characterized
the political discourse all the constituents
communication”: the institutional nature
“Faith” as a concept turns out to be an
operating object in the logical pair “truth is a
lie” and is reflected in human
communicative actions (verbal and nonverbal) in different directions, depending on
the degree of acceptance of this concept.
11
as
can
religious
status
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of these forms is always gradual12. Thus,
At the same time, the significance of the
the status-role characteristics of subjects
personal characteristics of the agent of
of a religious field, as well as subjects of
discursive
a political field, defined by genre
component) in religious and political
specifics,
of
communication can be of decisive
discursive practice, affect the lexical-
importance. Of course, the gradual
grammatical,
character of institutional interaction
themes
and
stylistic
tonality
and
other
semasiological characteristics of social
correlates
interaction,
practice
with
(personal
the
kind
of
often
expressing
a
communicative event that determines the
personality-oriented
orientation
of
different degrees of strict adherence to
communication. This allows them to be
pattern. An example of a “tough” variety
defined as mixed types of social
in religious discourse is a church service
communicative practice13, in which
with a clear differentiation of typed
signs of not only institutionalization are
stages, participants, texts, and other
found,
the
elements of worship; The genres of
of
social
confession and spiritual conversation
and
social
with a priest, the structure of which with
but
normative
also
personalities:
determination
relations/communication
coercion (the institutional component)
the
determine the disciplinary functions of
components is very variable, can be
organizing these relations and manifest
attributed to samples of the “soft”
themselves in religious practice in the
variety. In the political discourse, the
form of control over their observance,
illustrations of the first option can be
meeting
in
provided by briefings of representatives
political practice - in the form of a
of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs of
system of laws, decrees, Lament etc .; as
any state, the second option - political
for social coercion, in two cases it is
interviews, political commenting and
leveled to the level of “voluntary
even pre-election debates.
ritualistic
prescriptions,
immutability
of
the
defining
personal choice”, i.e. In a certain way it
The intersection of political and
borders on signs of personal discourse.
religious discourses is marked by diverse
12
personalization has always had a special
meaning.
In contrast, for example, from scientific,
medical, military discourses.
13
This probably includes the pedagogical
and sports types of discourses, where
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symbolic means. First of all, in the
rationale
political and religious discourse there is
compliance with the designated targets
a
human
and values; integration includes the
consciousness14, a trustworthy attitude to
search, involvement and solidarity of
the word and (to a certain extent) belief
like-minded people; agony implies a
in the “higher” purpose of the leader15
kind of aggression, the struggle against
[21: 57]. These types of communication
opponents who may in one way or
a priori imply the ability and ability to
another prevent the embodiment (verbal
“impose” (even inspire) others with their
or non-verbal) of axiological postulates
ideas.
discourse,
of the relevant discourse. Going beyond
ideologies are included in purposeful
a certain community that adheres to
propaganda and agitation - forms that are
certain views (ideological or religious)
present in a modified form in religious
inevitably leads to the ousting of a given
discourse (for example, in the text of a
political or religious group - to the
church sermon). Political discourse
transition from the category of “own” to
unites people with a higher political idea,
the category of “alien”.
mythologization
In
the
of
political
for
the
importance
of
just as in religion people are united by
In this regard, the language of
one religion. At the same time, the basic
politics and religion, on the one hand,
organizing
the
turns out to be the “language for
communicative space of both types of
initiates,” on the other, it should be
discourse
functional-
accessible to the broad masses (“alien”),
semiotic triad integration – orientation –
which, if certain ideas are adopted, can
agonality, which is projected onto the
be transferred to the class of “their own”
dichotomy of “one's own – others”.
16
Orientation includes the formulation and
people do not directly come into contact
explanation
principle
is
the
of
(political/religious)
14
of
basic
. It should be noted that, in most cases,
one’s
own
with the world politics and the religious
position,
the
sphere, and their knowledge in this area
The mythologization of human
consciousness is certainly supported by
appropriate attributes: the icon, Holy banner,
censer - in religion; portraits of leaders,
sculptural works, ideological symbols - in
politics.
15
Which, of course, is not related to a
specific personality.
16
It is no coincidence that today the
language of politics, as well as the language
of religion, is incorporated into the personal
discourse itself — everyday and everyday
communication.
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is not based on their own experience of
order signs” - a special metalanguage
political participation/religious service,
created for decoding and interpreting
but mainly on the basis of the “verbal
“first order marks”.
images” offered to them various forms
The
language
of
religious
(from dogmatic postulates, descriptions,
discourse
opinions
and
which is caused by the need to preserve
conclusions) and can be implemented in
the dogmatic value potential of this type
a wide variety of speech actions
of
corresponding to a given discursive
language, being in some way between
genre. However, all such messages, in
two poles - a functionally determined
addition to explicit, lexically expressed
special language and a socio-co-ordinate
information, necessarily include the
of a certain group with an ideology
implicit-connotative layer - first of all,
peculiar to it - also tries to preserve the
emotively
stencil
to
comparisons
colored
keywords
is
formally
communication.
forms
and
conservative,
The
political
communication
representing basic orientations, values,
formulas for the sustainable functioning
symbols, etc. Implicit information can
of the community. In a broad context, the
also be obtained by summarizing,
language of religion, as well as the
“reading
the
language of politics, is designed for a
characteristics of the chronotope of a
specific group, which must be (at least
verbal act, its connection with historical,
elementary) prepared for the perception
cultural, axiological and other factors,
of the message. At the same time, the
semantic uncertainty and a given ritual
language of religion is a semiotic system
are significant linguistic components,
of a group, which, unlike the participants
etc. This gives grounds to evaluate the
in a political discourse, is limited and
constitution
and
united not by the unity of political views
religious types of discourse as a kind of
and ideology, but by a stronger entity —
synergetic
interaction
faith. The language of politics, as well as
unfolds in two planes - in the plane of
the language of religion, is inherent in
"first order signs" (natural human
euphemism and even esotericism17.
language) and in the plane of “second
“Politicians, like no other, know how to
17
nature, both religious and political discourse
are theatrical and suggestive.
between
of
unity:
both
lines”:
political
social
Of course, esotericism in religion and
politics has a different tonality, but by their
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evade a direct answer to a question,
kind of semantic constant: “If you stay
know how to say a lot and say nothing”
with us, you will have a bright future and
[17: 58], however, the esotericity of
a happy life, if you share the views of
political discourse is pragmatic, while
others
esotericism in religious discourse is
opponents, enemies), do not expect
based on the inner mysticism of
anything good in the future”. The same
linguistic signs which, due to their
is observed in religious discourse, but
unusualness and vagueness, create the
when stating such formulas, the cleric is
effect of the unreal, divine, which one
more appealing to the emotional sphere
would like to believe: the “magic” of the
of the believer, which is why ideas of sin,
influence of religion is largely contained
punishment, hellish torment, retribution
in the word.
in the next world become an absolute.
In addition, both the language of
politics and the language of religion
a
performs
kind
of
“advertising”
function: relying on sign constants and
linguocultural realities, the recipients
must
consciously
/
unconsciously
(opponents,
our
ideological
All this allows us to state that both types
of
discourse
are
characterized
by
impressiveness, obvious irreality and
significant manipulative potential.
The most important is the fact of
orientation
of
political/religious
change their attitude to certain facts /
discursive practices towards the mass
phenomena
of
no
recipient and, as a result, the vector
coincidence
that
leaders'
orientation of the basic constituents of
speeches are usually full of promises,
religious and political communication
and the texts of campaign speeches are
(primarily linguistic communication)
usually
following
into other diverse spheres of social
(admitting some variations) pattern: “If
reality. With the help and due to the
you follow us / share our views ……,
universality/integration
you will / will get…. you are guaranteed
concepts of “faith” and “power”, religion
....... If not .......... expects you ... , etc.
and politics (respectively) permeate
Provided distraction from the real lexical
“interrelated
content of any of the ideologically
within the framework of a given setting
marked texts, it can be summarized as a
(setting)” [26: 12], creating intertextual
based
reality.
It
political
on
the
is
of
conflicting
the
key
discourses
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connections
with
communication
other
in
types
synchronic
of
and
the language of religion are extrapolated
to
the
existential
and
everyday
example,
communication of the widest civilian
recently, the inclusion of religious-
masses; we already see signs of political
discursive techniques in the media
and religious convergence in the so-
universe has been actively practiced
called “culture of everyday life” (in both
[20]: due to the growing interest in
ordinary verbal behavior and folk
various faiths and beliefs, the emergence
anecdote genre, in the author’s song, and
of various religious trends and teachings,
in theatrical production with acute socio-
modern media are taking on the mission
political overtones): such an intense
of spreading religious ideas and beliefs
practice has a significant impact on the
among
communicative-psychological
diachronic
sections.
For
population.
Political
communication is not only mediated by
organization of a particular person and
the media: media resources are the main
the target audience as a whole.
Thus, both political discourse and
medium of its existence. Moreover, new
means and technologies give rise to new
religious
forms and methods of information
institutional-personal
transmission, which in turn leads to the
not only fully manifest the culture of an
emergence
and
individual society with its ideological
polysemiotic communication systems,
attitudes, mental symbols, and other
the content of which is politics and
axiological components, but are also
religion, and the form of existence is a
characterized by the same (with different
display text with special differential
verbal design) sociocultural markers –
features: nonlinearity (branching, no
metaphorical, euphemistic, polemical,
beginning
ideological (with a clear demonstration
of
new
and
(multimedia),
mono-
end),
multi-coding
interactivity
(direct
discourse
as
a
type
of
communication
of the dichotomy of “bad-good”, “friend-
connection with the reader, the reader’s
foe”),
influence on the structure of the text),
peculiarity, the assertion of “absolute
which
both
truth”, and – the dominant part –
political/religious discourse and its sign
irrationality, which is based on rituals,
(in the broad sense) components. As a
symbols and “pulsating” uncertainty
result, today the language of politics and
denotations.
directly
affects
a
certain
emotional
slogan
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However, with a pronounced
imply the modification of the “self” of an
correlation of discursive categories, the
individual / society in such a way that the
formation and functioning of religious
vision of the world turns out to be limited
and political discursive practices (as,
to
indeed, any other discursive form of
identifying the dominant characteristics
communication) is determined to a
of political and religious practices as the
greater degree by collective and idio-
two most important components of
ethnic factors, which are represented in
human existence through the prism of
the features of linguocultural codes that
linguistic and cultural aspects of the
“frame” this communicative act and
formation of discourse allows not only to
embodies the various principles of the
describe ethno-lingvo-semiotic space, to
conceptualization of mental categories.
compare its semantic-syntactic and
Being social and national in nature, a
pragmatic characteristics, to study the
language cannot fail to bear the imprint
processes of language diffusion and
of the characteristics of worldview,
interpenetration of language methods of
ethical and moral values, as well as the
influence, but also to typify identifiers of
norms of speech behavior characteristic
the most complex social phenomenon of
of this universe. In other words, the
human communication.
language
frames.
Accordingly,
norms and strategies of behavior are
Further study of the mechanisms
determined by the laws and values of this
for organizing interpersonal/intergroup
socio-communicative system, which, in
political and (or) religious interaction,
turn, has been shaped by cultural and
thereby identifying the key markers of
historical factors.
communicative interaction, analyzing
the ways of manifestation of ethno-
3.
Conclusion
culturally determined constituents of
Discursive means, embodying
communication,
which
help
build
the
patterns of discursive behavior and
communicative behavior of various
national-linguistic picture of the world as
social groups (from a small community
a whole, comparative consideration of
to a whole ethnic group), do not simply
their
characterize society — they themselves
linguocultural universes will provide an
are part of it, its purpose and means, and
opportunity to achieve a new, higher and
the
general
characteristics
of
refractions
in
different
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475
harmonious level of reality acceptance,
Issues in the Study and Teaching of
its competent operating structures that
Russian
will
International
promote
the
development
of
Language
Forum
and
on
Culture:
Research,
productive social relations and overcome
Theories, and Best Practices. USA,
potentially conflict situations in the
Washington, D.S. 2007. Pp. 43-48.
conditions of modern globalization
Dijk, T.A., Discourse and power:
processes.
representation of dominance in language
and communication. Translated from
English. M .: Librokom, 2013. 344 p.
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“Humanitarian
publishing house, 2008. 352 p.
Center”
London: Longman, 1996
Pavel Katyshev