Seminar

ADEKUNLE AJASIN UNIVERSITY AKUNGBA AKOKO, ONDO STATE. SEMINAR REPORT ON APPLICATION OF RENEWABLE AND NONRENEWABLE ENERY COMPILED BY UMEOKOLI DANIEL EMEKA MATRIC NO: 150409056 LEVEL: 400LEVEL DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND ELECTRONICS FACULTY OF SCIENCE SUBMITED ON: 8th FEBUARY, 2019. PRESENTED TO DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND ELECTRONICS ADEKUNLE AJASIN UNIVERSITY AKUNGBA AKOKO, ONDO STATE. JANUARY 2019 CERTIFICATION This is to certify that the content of this report is written and carried out by UMEOKOLI DANIEL EMEKA with Matric number 150409056 of the department of Physics And Electronics, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria. ____________________ _______________________ HOD DATE ____________________ ________________________ SUPERVISOR DATE DEDICATION This report is dedicated to Almighty God for his mercies and faithfulness, his grace and his divine protection. This report is also dedicated to my loving, caring and kind parent, siblings and the family as a whole for their support morally, spiritually, financially. I pray may the good God grant you your heart desires. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Praise, Gratitude and Adoration to Almighty God the most beneficent and merciful who by His grace and providence sustained my life to complete this seminar report successfully , may He continue to shower his mercy on me forever. My special and sincere appreciation goes to my supervisor Dr. Fayose who took time to read my various write-ups despite his tight schedule of duties as a lecturer. I thank and appreciate him for his tolerance, pedantic advice and the optimistic degree of inspiration and motivation. God will continue to increase him intellectually, honourably , financially and make his entire dreams come true. I really want to express my profound gratitude to my ever caring parent , the best dad in the world , MR. & MRS.UMEOKOLI for their guidance and constant supervision as well , provision in all ramifications I wish you good health and long life and may you reap the fruit of your labour. . Thank you. Table of Contents Title-Page……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1 Certification……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 Dedication………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………3 Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4 Table of contents………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………….....5 CHAPTER ONE................................................................................................................................6 1.0ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………….6 1.1 INTRODUCTION…………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………..7 CHAPTER TWO………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………..8 2.0 Renewable Energy………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………...8 2.1 Type of Renewable Energy …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..9-15 2.2 Important of Renewable Energy……………………………………………………………………………………………..……16-17 2.3 Advantages of Renewable Energy…………………………………………………………………………………………………17-18 2.4 Disadvantages of Renewable Energy…………………………………………………………………………………………….18-19 2.5 Application of Renewable Energy………………………………………………………………………………………………….20-25 CHAPTER THREE................................................................................................................................26 3.0 Nonrenewable Energy………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………..…26 3.1 Type of Nonrenewable Energy.............................................................................................................27-32 CHAPTER FOUR……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………44 CHAPTER FIVE………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………...48 CHAPTER ONE ABSTRACT The world is fast becoming a global village due to the increasing daily requirement of energy by all population across the world while the earth in its form cannot change. The need for energy and its related services to satisfy human social and economic development, welfare and health is increasing. Returning to renewable to help mitigate climate change is an excellent approach which needs to be sustainable in order to meet energy demand of future generations. The study reviewed the opportunities associated with renewable energy sources which include: Energy Security, Energy Access, Social and Economic development, Climate Change Mitigation, and reduction of environmental and health impacts. Despite these opportunities, there are challenges that hinder the sustainability of renewable energy sources and nonrenewable energy sources towards climate change mitigation. These challenges include Market failures, lack of information, access to raw materials for future renewable resource deployment, and our daily carbon footprint. The study suggested some measures and policy recommendations which when considered would help achieve the goal of renewable energy thus to reduce emissions, mitigate climate change and provide a clean environment as well as clean energy for all and future generations. 1.0. INTRODUCTION. The world is fast becoming a global village due to the increasing daily requirement of energy by all population across the world while the earth in its form cannot change. The need for energy and its related services to satisfy human social and economic development, welfare and health is increasing. All societies call for the services of energy to meet basic human needs such as: health, lighting, cooking, space comfort, mobility and communication and serve as generative processes. Securing energy supply and curbing energy contribution to climate change are the two-over-riding challenges of energy sector on the road to a sustainable future . It is overwhelming to know in today’s world that 1.4 billion people lack access to electricity, while 85% of them live in rural areas. As a result of this, the number of rural communities relying on the traditional use of biomass is projected to rise from 2.7 billion today to 2.8 billion in 2030. Historically, the first recorded commercial mining of coal occurred in 1,750, near Richmond, Virginia. Momentarily, coal became the most preferred fuel for steam engines due to its more energy carrying capacity than corresponding quantities of biomass-based fuels (firewood and charcoal). It is noteworthy that coal was comparatively cheaper and a much cleaner fuel as well in the past centuries. The dominance of fossil fuel-based power generation (Coal, Oil and Gas) and an exponential increase in population for the past decades have led to a growing demand for energy resulting in global challenges associated with a rapid growth in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. A significant climate change has become one of the greatest challenges of the twenty-first century. Its grave impacts may still be avoided if efforts are made to transform current energy systems. CHAPTER TWO 2.0. RENEWABLE ENERGY Renewable energy is any natural resource that can replace itself quickly and dependably. Renewable energy sources are abundant, sustainable and environmentally-friendly making them a great choice for us humans and our planet! Unlike fossil fuels, renewable energy sources won't ever run out, as they are constantly replenished no matter how much we use. So while supplies of fossil fuels like coal and oil will eventually be depleted, renewable energy sources will always be there. The most common definition is that renewable energy is from an energy resource that is replaced rapidly by a natural process such as power generated from the sun or from the wind. Most renewable forms of energy, other than geothermal and tidal power, ultimately come from the Sun. Some forms are stored solar energy such as rainfall and wind power which are considered short-term solar-energy storage, whereas the energy in biomass is accumulated over a period of months, as in straw, or through many years as in wood. Capturing renewable energy by plants, animals and humans does not permanently deplete the resource. Fossil fuels, while theoretically renewable on a very long time-scale, are exploited at rates that may deplete these resources in the near future. Renewable energy resources may be used directly, or used to create other more convenient forms of energy. Examples of direct use are solar ovens, geothermal heating, and water- and windmills. Examples of indirect use which require energy harvesting are electricity generation through wind turbines or photovoltaic cells, or production of fuels such as ethanol from biomass. TYPES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY There are many forms of renewable energy. Most of these renewable energies depend in one way or another on sunlight. Wind and hydroelectric power are the direct result of differential heating of the Earth's surface which leads to air moving about (wind) and precipitation forming as the air is lifted. Solar energy is the direct conversion of sunlight using panels or collectors. Biomass energy is stored sunlight contained in plants. Other renewable energies that do not depend on sunlight are geothermal energy, which is a result of radioactive decay in the crust combined with the original heat of accreting the Earth, and tidal energy, which is a conversion of gravitational energy. Below are the types of renewable energy: Wind Energy Solar Energy Biomass Hydropower Geothermal Energy WIND ENERGY The wind is a clean, free, and readily available renewable energy source. Each day, around the world, wind turbines are capturing the wind’s power and converting it to electricity. This source of power generation plays an increasingly important role in the way we power our world. Wind is simply air that is moving. It is produced as different types of land and water absorb the Sun's energy at different rates. Wind can be used to generate electricity using wind turbines. Today, people are realizing that wind power "is one of the most promising new energy sources" that can serve as an alternative to fossil fuel-generated electricity.With today's technology, wind energy could provide 20% of America's electricity (or about the amount nuclear power provides) with turbines installed on less than 1% of its land area. And within that area, less than 5% of the land would be occupied by wind equipment-the remaining 95% could continue to be used for farming or ranching. By the year 2020, 10 million average American homes may be supplied by wind power, preventing 100 million metric tons of CO2 emissions every year. Lessening our dependence on fossil fuels is critical to the health of all living things, and wind energy can do just that. The 3 billion kWh of electricity produced by America's wind machines annually displace the energy equivalent of 6.4 million barrels of oil and avoid 1.67 million tons of carbon emissions, as well as sulfur and nitrogen oxide emissions that cause smog and acid rain. In other words, "more wind power means less smog, acid rain, and greenhouse gas emissions. SOLAR ENERGY Solar energy is energy produced from the sun. It is a renewable energy, which means it will never run out. Solar energy can be converted into electricity, or used to heat air, water or other fluids. Solar energy is heat and light that comes from the sun's rays. This is known as radiant energy, because the sun radiates (or sends out) a huge amount of this energy every day. The Sun is an extremely powerful energy source, and sunlight is by far the largest source of energy received by Earth, but its intensity at Earth’s surface is actually quite low. This is essentially because of the enormous radial spreading of radiation from the distant Sun. A relatively minor additional loss is due to Earth’s atmosphere and clouds, which absorb or scatter as much as 54 percent of the incoming sunlight. The sunlight that reaches the ground consists of nearly 50 percent visible light, 45 percent infrared radiation, and smaller amounts of ultraviolet and other forms of electromagnetic radiation. The Earth receives an incredible supply of solar energy. The sun, an average star, is a fusion reactor that has been burning over 4 billion years. It provides enough energy in one minute to supply the world's energy needs for one year. In one day, it provides more energy than our current population would consume in 27 years. In fact, "The amount of solar radiation striking the earth over a three-day period is equivalent to the energy stored in all fossil energy sources." Solar energy is a free, inexhaustible resource, yet harnessing it is a relatively new idea. The ability to use solar power for heat was the first discovery. A Swiss scientist, Horace de Saussure, built the first thermal solar collector in 1767, which was later used to heat water and cook food. The first commercial patent for a solar water heater went to Clarence Kemp of the US in 1891. This system was bought by two California executives and installed in one-third of the homes in Pasadena by 1897. BIOMASS Biomass is organic matter, anything that is alive or was a short time ago that can be used as an energy source. Examples of biomass include wood, crops, seaweed and animal waste. Biomass gets its energy from the Sun and is a renewable energy source. Biomass is anything that is or once was alive (also known as 'organic matter'). So biomass can be wood from trees, plants such as crops and seaweed, or animal waste. Biomass is one of the most plentiful and well-utilized sources of renewable energy in the world. Broadly speaking, it is organic material produced by the photosynthesis of light. The chemical material (organic compounds of carbons) is stored and can then be used to generate energy. The most common biomass used for energy is wood from trees. Wood has been used by humans for producing energy for heating and cooking for a very long time. Biomass has been converted by partial-pyrolysis to charcoal for thousands of years. Charcoal, in turn has been used for forging metals and for light industry for millennia. Both wood and charcoal formed part of the backbone of the early Industrial Revolution (much northern England, Scotland and Ireland were deforested to produce charcoal) prior to the discovery of coal for energy. Wood is still used extensively for energy in both household situations, and in industry, particularly in the timber, paper and pulp and other forestry-related industries. Woody biomass accounts for over 10% of the primary energy consumed in Austria, and it accounts for much more of the primary energy consumed in most of the developing world, primarily for cooking and space heating. It is used to raise steam, which, in turn, is used as a by-product to generate electricity. Considerable research and development work is currently underway to develop smaller gasifies that would produce electricity on a small-scale. For the moment, however, biomass is used for off-grid electricity generation, but almost exclusively on a large-, industrial-scale. HYDROPOWER Hydropower comes from the Greek word "hydro", which means "water". The energy in hydropower comes from the force of moving water. Moving water is a powerful entity responsible for lighting entire cities, even countries. Thousands of years ago the Greeks used water wheels, which picked up water in buckets around a wheel. The water's weight caused the wheel to turn, converting kinetic energy into mechanical energy for grinding grain and pumping water. In the 1800s the water wheel was often used to power machines such as timber-cutting saws in European and American factories. More importantly, people realized that the force of water falling from a height would turn a turbine connected to a generator to produce electricity. Niagara Falls , a natural waterfall, powered the first hydroelectric plant in 1879. Man-made waterfalls dams were constructed throughout the 1900s in order to maximize this source of energy. Aside from a plant for electricity production, a hydropower facility consists of a water reservoir enclosed by a dam whose gates can open or close depending on how much water is needed to produce a particular amount of electricity. Once electricity is produced it is transported along huge transmission lines to an electric utility company. Hydroelectric power is also very efficient and inexpensive. "Modern hydro turbines can convert as much as 90% of the available energy into electricity. The best fossil fuel plants are only about 50% efficient. In the US , hydropower is produced for an average of 0.7 cents per kilowatt-hour (kWh). This is about one-third the cost of using fossil fuel or nuclear and one-sixth the cost of using natural gas," as long as the costs for removing the dam and the silt it traps are not included. Efficiency could be further increased by refurbishing hydroelectric equipment. An improvement of only 1% would supply electricity to an additional 300,000 households. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Geothermal energy comes from the heat contained within the Earth. The word 'geothermal' comes from two Greek words: Geo, meaning earth; and Therme, meaning heat. It can be used to produce electricity, to heat homes and buildings, and to provide hot water. Geothermal energy is the only renewable form of thermal energy. The source of geothermal power is the heat contained inside the Earth; heat so intense that it creates molten magma. There are a few different types of geothermal energy that can be tapped. "Some geothermal systems are formed when hot magma near the surface (1,500 to 10,000 meters deep) directly heats groundwater." The heat generated from these hot spots flows outward toward the surface, manifesting as volcanoes, geysers, and hot springs . Naturally-occurring hot water and steam can be tapped by energy conversion technology to generate electricity or to produce hot water for direct use. "Other geothermal systems are formed even when no magma is nearby as magma heats rocks which in turn heat deeply-circulating groundwater." In order to maximize the energy gleaned from these so-called "hot dry rocks," geothermal facilities will often fracture the hot rocks and pump water into and from them in order to use the heated water to generate electricity. The concentration of geothermal energy at any given location must be quite high in order to make heat extraction feasible, and not all geothermal sites are created equally. Regions that have well-developed geothermal systems are located in geologically active areas. These regions have continuous, concentrated heat flow to the surface. The western United States has the best geothermal regions in the country, while Iceland , New Zealand , the Philippines , and South America , are some of the more prominent global "hot spots." In Iceland , geothermal energy, caused by the constant movement of geologic plates coupled with the volcanic nature of the island, is used to heat 95% of all homes. Unfortunately even good geothermal areas are a non-renewable renewable. "The Geysers," the world's largest geothermal facility, is a working model on how not to approach a so-called "renewable" geothermal resource. Built in the 1950s on a steam field in Northern California , the facility was established on the apparent assumption that geothermal resources were infinite at that locatio. However, by the late 1980s, steam decline became noticeable and sustained. Depletion occurred because steam was being extracted faster than it could be naturally replaced. According to a report by Pacific Gas and Electric, "because of declining geothermal steam supplies, the Company's geothermal units at The Geysers Power Plant are forecast to operate at reduced capacities." In response, "plant operators and steam suppliers continually seek new operating strategies to maximize future power generation coupled with daily injection of millions of gallons of reclaimed municipal wastewater." Even though improvements in efficiency and conservation are being implemented and in 1996 The Geysers was still producing enough electricity to supply the power demand of a city like San Francisco , it is projected that the steam field will be defunct in 50 years or so. To prevent this sort of thing from happening elsewhere, geothermal facilities can use a closed-loop system at all times, or the re-injection of water back into the system for constant steam generation, as PG&E is now implementing at The Geysers. Despite the fact that geothermal energy is abundant renewable, and able to reduce our dependence on imported fuels, the fact remains that fields of sufficient quality to produce economic electricity are rare. In addition, many of those that are known are located in protected wilderness areas that environmentalists want to preserve. Unless research and technology join forces to "harvest" geothermal power through non-traditional means, such as deep-crustal drilling or the acquisition of heat from magma, the tapping of geothermal energy is limited to a handful of locations. Important Of Renewable Accessibility Coal, natural gas and oil reserves are finite and hidden. An unknown and limited amount of each resource is buried deep underground or under the ocean. As more is harvested, finding new sources becomes more difficult and more expensive, and exploiting them becomes more challenging and sometimes dangerous as well. Marginal reserves, such as oil sands, require the burning of huge amounts of natural gas to refine them into usable oil (see References 1). Drilling under the ocean floor can lead to catastrophic accidents, such as the British Petroleum oil spill of 2010 (see References 2). Renewable energy, by contrast, is as easy to find as wind or sunlight. Reliability, Stability and Safety The daily price of oil depends on many factors, including political stability in historically volatile regions. Political strife has caused energy crises, including those that occurred in 1973 and 1979 (see References 3). Renewable energy can be locally produced and therefore is not vulnerable to distant political upheavals. Many of the safety concerns surrounding fossil fuels, such as explosions on oil platforms and collapsing coal mines do not exist with renewable energy. Pollution Renewable energy is far cleaner than fossil fuels. Coal mining and petroleum exploration and refinement produce solid toxic wastes, such as mercury and other heavy metals. The burning of coal to produce electricity uses large quantities of water often discharges arsenic and lead into surface waters and releases carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and mercury into the air (see References 4). Gasoline and other petroleum products cause similar pollution. These pollutants cause respiratory illnesses and death in humans, produce acid rain that damages buildings and destroys fragile ecosystems, and deplete the ozone layer. Climate Change Strong consensus in the scientific community states that climate change and global warming are occurring and are caused by human production of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Climate change may also damage agriculture, cause widespread extinctions, imperil clean water supplies and aid the spread of tropical diseases. ADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY Using renewable energy over fossil fuels has a number of advantages. Here are some of the top benefits to going green: Renewable energy won’t run out Renewable energy technologies use resources straight from the environment to generate power. These energy sources include sunshine, wind, tides, and biomass, to name some of the more popular options. Renewable resources won’t run out, which cannot be said for many types of fossil fuels – as we use fossil fuel resources, they will be increasingly difficult to obtain, likely driving up both the cost and environmental impact of extraction. Maintenance requirements are lower In most cases, renewable energy technologies require less overall maintenance than generators that use traditional fuel sources. This is because generating technology like solar panels and wind turbines either have few or no moving parts or don’t rely on flammable, combustible fuel sources to operate. Fewer maintenance requirements translate to more time and money saved. Renewable save money Using renewable energy can help you save money long term. Not only will you save on maintenance costs, but on operating costs as well. When you’re using a technology that generates power from the sun, wind number of factors, including the technology itself. In most cases, transitioning to renewable energy means anywhere from hundreds to thousands of dollars in savings., steam, or natural processes, you don’t have to pay to refuel. The amount of money you will save using renewable energy can vary depending on a Renewable energy has numerous health and environmental benefits Renewable energy generation sources emit little to no greenhouse gases or pollutants into the air. This means a smaller carbon footprint and an overall positive impact on the natural environment. During the combustion process, fossil fuels emit high amounts of greenhouse gases, which have been proven to exacerbate the rise of global temperatures and frequency of extreme weather events. The use of fossil fuels not only emits greenhouse gases but other harmful pollutants as well that lead to respiratory and cardiac health issues. With renewable energy, you’re helping decrease the prevalence of these pollutants and contributing to an overall healthier atmosphere. Renewable energy lower reliance on foreign energy sources With renewable energy technologies, you can produce energy locally. The more renewable energy you’re using for your power needs, the less you’ll rely on imported energy, and the more you’ll contribute to U.S. energy independence as a whole. DISADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY Renewable energy has many benefits, but it’s not always sunny when it comes to renewable energy. Here are some disadvantages to using renewable over traditional fuel sources. Higher upfront cost While you can save money by using renewable energy, the technologies are typically more expensive upfront than traditional energy generators. To combat this, there are often financial incentives, such as tax credits and rebates, available to help alleviate your initial costs of renewable technology. Intermittency Though renewable energy resources are available around the world, many of these resources aren’t available 24/7, year-round. Some days may be windier than others, the sun doesn’t shine at night, and droughts may occur for periods of time. There can be unpredictable weather events that disrupt these technologies. Fossil fuels are not intermittent and can be turned on or off at any given time. Storage capabilities Because of the intermittency of some renewable energy sources, there’s a high need for energy storage. While there are storage technologies available today, they can be expensive, especially for large-scale renewable energy plants. It’s worth noting that energy storage capacity is growing as the technology progresses, and batteries are becoming more affordable as time goes on. Geographic limitations The United States has a diverse geography with varying climates, topographies, vegetation, and more. This creates a beautiful melting pot of landscapes but also means that there are some geographies that are more suitable for renewable technologies than others. For example, a large farm with open space may be a great place for a residential wind turbine or a solar energy system, while a townhome in a city covered in shade from taller buildings wouldn’t be able to reap the benefits of either technology on their property. If your property isn’t suitable for a personal renewable energy technology, there are other options. If you’re interested in solar but don’t have a sunny property, you can often still benefit from renewable energy by purchasing green power or enrolling in a community solar option. Renewable energy has more benefits than drawbacks. When it comes to renewable energy, the positives outweigh the negatives. Transitioning to renewable on a personal, corporate, or governmental level will not only help you save money but also promote a cleaner, healthier environment for the future. APPLICATIONS Wind Energy Wind can be harnessed and converted to electricity using man-made structures called wind turbines. This electricity can be used for residential and commercial purposes. How do wind turbines work? Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in wind into motion energy which generates electricity. Here’s how: Moving air turns the blades of the wind turbine. These blades are connected to a low-speed shaft – when the blades spin, they turn the shaft. The low-speed shaft is connected to a gear box. Inside, a large slow-moving gear turns a small gear quickly, and the small gear then turns another shaft at high speed. The high-speed shaft is connected to a generator. As the shaft turns the generator, electricity is produced. The electric current runs through cables down the turbine tower. It reaches a transformer that changes the voltage of the current so it can be sent out on transmission lines. Solar energy Solar power is captured when energy from the sun is converted into electricity, or is used to heat air, water or other fluids. Electricity from solar power is used in people's homes, in schools (like yours!), and to supply power for equipment such as telecommunications and water pumps. There are two main types of solar energy technology: Solar thermal is when sunlight is turned into thermal energy, or heat. Most solar thermal systems use solar energy to heat up space or water. An example of this is a solar hot water system. Solar photovoltaic (PV) is when sunlight is converted directly into electricity, using photovoltaic cells. For an example of a PV system, just look up – the solar panels on the roof of your school are using PV cells to generate electricity right now! Larger solar power plants that collect the heat from the sun, which is subsequently used to produce steam for powering a generator - Solar energy is also harnessed to pump water in remote areas - Solar cookers - Solar cars, solar trams, solar buses and even satel- lites are also seen to operate with the help of solar energy. - Solar energy can be used to heat residential homes - Many people use solar energy to heat their water supply and their swimming pools as well - Recreational vehicles and some boats may also run on solar energy. - Small gadgets that involve little energy, such as calculators and watches, often use solar energy. Biomass Biomass is very extensive and important. It is used for many types of things such as cooking, heating homes and buildings and even for electricity sources. It can even be converted into liquid forms and used as a substitute for automobile fuels. Burning biomass – such as wood and garbage – produces heat, which can be used in homes, for cooking, and for industrial purposes. Burning biomass can also generate electricity. In 'waste-to-energy' plants, organic waste is burned to provide electricity – by removing the waste products, this also saves on landfill space. It's a biomass bonus! Biomass can be used to produce a gas called methane, which is used in stoves and furnaces. Biogas is a gas produced from burning waste products, which can be used to light homes and cook food. Biomass can also be turned into fuels called ethanol and biodiesel, which can be used in many types of vehicles Hydropower Electricity – Hydroelectricity is one of the most important sources of energy in the world. Hydroelectricity is one of the cheapest and non-polluting sources of power. Though it can cause ecological damage initially it has better climate compatibility than other major forms of energy like nuclear, coal, gas and others. Many countries in the Nordic region and South America are almost completely dependent on hydro power for their energy needs. For some countries like China and India with massive energy needs, Hydroelectricity is the only option currently amongst non-global warming energy choices to build in large capacities. 1) Energy Storage – There is 90 GW of Global Pumped Hydro Storage already existing in the world and with increasing Solar and Wind Energy this Capacity is only going to grow. The main use of Pumped Hydro Storage is for Grid Energy Storage. Electric Utilities are the main customers of this Technology using Pumped Hydro Storage for: a) Load Balancing – Storing Power during Low Usage Periods and Generating Power at High Usage Periods b) Accommodation of Intermittent Sources of Energy – Solar Energy and Wind Energy are growing at a scorching fast rate of 50% and 30% CAGR over the last several years. Larger share of these forms of renewable energy in the Electricity Mix is driving the growth Grid Storage. c) Reducing Capital Investments as Peak Power plants like Natural Gas Combined Cycle Plants are much more expensive to run than normal Thermal and Nuclear Energy Plants 2) Agriculture – Hydropower was used in ancient times for producing flour from grain and was also used for sawing timber and stone, raised water into irrigation canals. 3) Industry – Hydropower was used earlier for some industrial applications such as driving the bellows in small blast furnaces and for extraction of metal ores in a method known as hushing. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Some applications of geothermal energy use the earth's temperatures near the surface, while others require drilling miles into the earth. There are three main types of geothermal energy systems: Direct use and district heating systems Electricity generation power plants Geothermal heat pumps Direct use and district heating systems: Direct use and district heating systems use hot water from springs or reservoirs located near the surface of the earth. Ancient Roman, Chinese, and Native American cultures used hot mineral springs for bathing, cooking, and heating. Today, many hot springs are still used for bathing, and many people believe the hot, mineral-rich waters have natural healing powers. Map of Unites States indicating ranking of seven states by amount of electricity generation from geothermal power plants in 2016. Geothermal energy is also used to heat buildings through district heating systems. Hot water near the earth's surface is piped directly into buildings for heat. A district heating system provides heat for most of the buildings in Reykjavik, Iceland. Industrial applications of geothermal energy include food dehydration, gold mining, and milk pasteurizing. Dehydration, or the drying of vegetable and fruit products, is the most common industrial use of geothermal energy. Electricity generation power plants: The United States leads the world in the amount of electricity generated with geothermal energy. Geothermal electricity generation requires water or steam at high temperatures (300° to 700°F). Geothermal power plants are generally built where geothermal reservoirs are located, within a mile or two of the earth's surface. In 2017, U.S. geothermal power plants produced about 16 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh), or 0.4% of total U.S. utility-scale electricity generation. In 2017, seven states had geothermal power plants. Geothermal heat pumps: Geothermal heat pumps use the constant temperatures near the surface of the earth to heat and cool buildings. Geothermal heat pumps transfer heat from the ground (or water) into buildings during the winter and reverse the process in the summer. CHAPTER THREE 3.0. NONRENEWABLE ENERGY Non-renewable energy is a source of energy that will eventually run out. Most sources of non-renewable energy are fossil fuels, such as coal, gas and oil. These natural resources are a major source of power for a vast amount of industries – however, there are numerous downsides to non-renewable energy, including their negative environmental impact and the fact they are in limited supply. Non-renewable energy comes from sources that will run out or will not be replenished in our lifetimes—or even in many, many lifetimes. Most non-renewable energy sources are fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Carbon is the main element in fossil fuels. For this reason, the time period that fossil fuels formed (about 360-300 million years ago) is called the Carboniferous Period. All fossil fuels formed in a similar way. Hundreds of millions of years ago, even before the dinosaurs, Earth had a different landscape. It was covered with wide, shallow seas and swampy forests. Plants, algae, and plankton grew in these ancient wetlands. They absorbed sunlight and created energy through photosynthesis. When they died, the organisms drifted to the bottom of the sea or lake. There was energy stored in the plants and animals when they died. Over time, the dead plants were crushed under the seabed. Rocks and other sediment piled on top of them, creating high heat and pressure underground. In this environment, the plant and animal remains eventually turned into fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and petroleum). Today, there are huge underground pockets (called reservoirs) of these non-renewable sources of energy all over the world. Type of Non-Renewable Energy Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels comes from the organic matter of plants, algae, and cyan bacteria that was buried, heated, and compressed under high pressure over millions of years. The process transformed the biomass of those organisms into the three types of fossil fuels: oil, coal, and natural gas. Petroleum (oil) Thirty seven percent of the world’s energy consumption and 43% of the United States energy consumption comes from oil. Scientists and policy-makers often discuss the question of when the world will reach peak oil production, the point at which oil production is at its greatest and then declines. It is generally thought that peak oil will be reached by the middle of the 21st Century, although making such estimates is difficult because a lot of variables must be considered. Currently world reserves are 1.3 trillion barrels, or 45 years left at current level of production.. Environmental Impacts of Oil Extraction and Refining: Oil is usually found one to two miles (1.6 – 3.2 km) below the Earth’s surface, whether that is on land or ocean. Once oil is found and extracted it must be refined, which separates and prepares the mix of crude oil into the different types for gas, diesel, tar, and asphalt. Oil refining is one of top sources of air pollution in the United States for volatile organic hydrocarbons and toxic emissions, and the single largest source of carcinogenic benzene. When petroleum is burned as gasoline or diesel, or to make electricity or to power boilers for heat, it produces a number of emissions that have a detrimental effect on the environment and human health: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas and a source of climate change. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) causes acid rain, which damages plants and animals that live in water, and it increases or causes respiratory illnesses and heart diseases, particularly in vulnerable populations like children and the elderly. Nitrous oxides (NOx) and Volatile Organic Carbons (VOCs) contribute to ozone at ground level, which is an irritant and causes damage to the lungs. Particulate Matter (PM) produces hazy conditions in cities and scenic areas, and combines with ozone to contribute to asthma and chronic bronchitis, especially in children and the elderly. Very small, or “fine PM,” is also thought to penetrate the respiratory system more deeply and cause emphysema and lung cancer. Lead can have severe health impacts, especially for children. There are other domestic sources of oil that are being considered as conventional resources and are being depleted. These include tar sands – deposits of moist sand and clay with 1-2 percent bitumen (thick and heavy petroleum rich in carbon and poor in hydrogen). These are removed by strip mining (see section below on coal). Another source is oil shale, which is sedimentary rock filled with organic matter that can be processed to produce liquid petroleum. Extracted by strip mining or creating subsurface mines, oil shale can be burned directly like coal or baked in the presence of hydrogen to extract liquid petroleum. However, the net energy values are low and they are expensive to extract and process. Both of these resources have severe environmental impacts due to strip mining, carbon dioxide, methane and other air pollutants similar to other fossil fuels. As the United States tries to extract more oil from its own dwindling resources, they are drilling even deeper into the earth and increasing the environmental risks. The largest United States oil spill to date began in April 2010 when an explosion occurred on Deepwater Horizon Oil Rig killing 11 employees and spilling nearly 200 million gallons of oil before the resulting leak could be stopped. Wildlife, ecosystems, and people’s livelihood were adversely affected. A lot of money and huge amounts of energy were expended on immediate clean-up efforts. The long-term impacts are still not known. The National Commission on the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling was set up to study what went wrong. The Global Dependence of Transportation on Oil: Two-thirds of oil consumption is devoted to transportation, providing fuel for cars, trucks, trains and airplanes. For the United States and most developed societies, transportation is woven into the fabric of our lives, a necessity as central to daily operations as food or shelter. The concentration of oil reserves in a few regions or the world makes much of the world dependent on imported energy for transportation. The rise in the price of oil in the last decade makes dependence on imported energy for transportation an economic as well as an energy issue. The United States, for example, now spends upwards of $350 billion annually on imported oil, a drain of economic resources that could be used to stimulate growth, create jobs, build infrastructure and promote social advances at home. Coal Unlike oil, coal is a solid. Due to its relatively low cost and abundance, coal is used to generate about half of the electricity consumed in the United States. Coal is the largest domestically produced source of energy. Coal production has doubled in the United States over the last sixty year (Figure 1). Current world reserves are estimated at 826,000 million tones, with nearly 30% of that in the United States. It is a major fuel resource that the United States controls domestically. Coal is plentiful and inexpensive, when looking only at the market cost relative to the cost of other sources of electricity, but its extraction, transportation, and use produces a multitude of environmental impacts that the market cost does not truly represent. Coal emits sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and mercury, which have been linked to acid rain, smog, and health issues. Burning of coal emits higher amounts of carbon dioxide per unit of energy than the use of oil or natural gas. Coal accounted for 35% of the total United States emissions of carbon dioxide released into the Earth’s atmosphere in 2010. Ash generated from combustion contributes to water contamination. Some coal mining has a negative impact on ecosystems and water quality, and alters landscapes and scenic views (such as with mountaintop mining). There are also significant health effects and risks to coal miners and those living in the vicinity of coal mines. Traditional underground mining is risky to mine workers due to the risk of entrapment or death. Over the last 15 years, the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration has published the number of mine worker fatalities and it has varied from 18-48 per year. Twenty-nine miners died on April 6, 2010 in an explosion at the Upper Big Branch coal mine in West Virginia, contributing to the uptick in deaths between 2009 and 2010. In other countries, with less safety regulations, accidents occur more frequently. In May 2011, for example, three people died and 11 were trapped in a coalmine in Mexico for several days. There is also risk of getting black lung disease (pneumoconiosis). This is a disease of the lungs caused by the inhalation of coal dust over a long period of time. It causes coughing and shortness of breath. If exposure is stopped the outcome is good. However, the complicated form may cause shortness of breath that gets increasingly worse. Natural Gas Natural gas meets 20% of world energy needs and 25% of United States needs. Natural gas is mainly composed of methane (CH4) and is a very potent greenhouse gas. There are two types of natural gas. Biogenic gas is found at shallow depths and arises from anaerobic decay of organic matter by bacteria, like landfill gas. Thermogenic gas comes from the compression of organic matter and deep heat underground. They are found with petroleum in reservoir rocks and with coal deposits and these fossil fuels are extracted together. Natural gas is released into the atmosphere from coal mines, oil and gas wells, and natural gas storage tanks, pipelines, and processing plants. These leaks are the source of about 25% of total U.S. methane emissions, which translates to three percent of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. When natural gas is produced but cannot be captured and transported economically, it is “flared,” or burned at well sites, which converts it to CO2. This is considered to be safer and better than releasing methane into the atmosphere because CO2 is a less potent greenhouse gas than methane. In the last few years a new reserve of natural gas has been identified: shale resources. The United States possesses 2,552 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) (72.27 trillion cubic meters) of potential natural gas resources, with shale resources accounting for 827 Tcf (23.42 tcm). As natural gas prices increased it has become more economical to extract the gas from shale. Figure 3 shows the past and forecasted U.S. natural gas production and the various sources. The current reserves are enough to last about 110 years at the 2009 rate of U.S. consumption (about 22.8 Tcf per year -645.7 bcm per year). Natural gas is a preferred fossil fuel when considering its environmental impacts. Specifically, when burned, much less carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide are omitted than from the combustion of coal or oil. It also does not produce ash or toxic emissions. Natural gas production can result in the production of large volumes of contaminated water. This water has to be properly handled, stored, and treated so that it does not pollute land and water supplies. Extraction of shale gas is more problematic than traditional sources due to a process nicknamed fracking, or fracturing of wells, since it requires large amounts of water (Figure 4). The technique uses high-pressure fluids to fracture the normally hard shale deposits and release gas and oil trapped inside the rock. To promote the flow of gas out of the rock, small particles of solids are included in the fracturing liquids to lodge in the shale cracks and keep them open after the liquids are depressurized. The considerable use of water may affect the availability of water for other uses in some regions and this can affect aquatic habitats. If mismanaged, hydraulic fracturing fluid can be released by spills, leaks, or various other exposure pathways. The fluid contains potentially hazardous chemicals such as hydrochloric acid, glutaraldehyde, petroleum distillate, and ethylene glycol. The risks of fracking have been highlighted in popular culture in the documentary, Gasland (2010). The raw gas from a well may contain many other compounds besides the methane that is being sought, including hydrogen sulfide, a very toxic gas. Natural gas with high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide is usually flared which produces CO2, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and many other compounds. Natural gas wells and pipelines often have engines to run equipment and compressors, which produce additional air pollutants and noise. Nuclear Power Nuclear power is energy released from the radioactive decay of elements, such as uranium, which releases large amounts of energy. Nuclear power plants produce no carbon dioxide and, therefore, are often considered an alternative fuel (fuels other than fossil fuels). Currently, world production of electricity from nuclear power is about 19.1 trillion KWh, with the United States producing and consuming about 22% of that. Nuclear power provides about 9% of the electricity in the United States There are environmental challenges with nuclear power. Mining and refining uranium ore and making reactor fuel demands a lot of energy. Also, nuclear power plants are very expensive and require large amounts of metal, concrete, and energy to build. The main environmental challenge for nuclear power is the wastes including uranium mill tailings, spent (used) reactor fuel, and other radioactive wastes. These materials have long radioactive half-lives and thus remain a threat to human health for thousands of years. The half life of a radioactive element is the time it takes for 50% of the material to radioactively decay. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulates the operation of nuclear power plants and the handling, transportation, storage, and disposal of radioactive materials to protect human health and the environment. By volume, the waste produced from mining uranium, called uranium mill tailings, is the largest waste and contains the radioactive element radium, which decays to produce radon, a radioactive gas. High-level radioactive waste consists of used nuclear reactor fuel. This fuel is in a solid form consisting of small fuel pellets in long metal tubes and must be stored and handled with multiple containment, first cooled by water and later in special outdoor concrete or steel containers that are cooled by air. There is no long-term storage facility for this fuel in the United States. There are many other regulatory precautions governing permitting, construction, operation, and decommissioning of nuclear power plants due to risks from an uncontrolled nuclear reaction. The potential for contamination of air, water and food is high should an uncontrolled reaction occur. Even when planning for worst-case scenarios, there are always risks of unexpected events. For example, the March 2011 earthquake and subsequent tsunami that hit Japan resulted in reactor meltdowns at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station, causing massive damage to the surrounding area. ADVANTAGES OF NONRENEWABLE ENERGY Lots available: Humans have invested a lot of time, effort and money in to obtaining fossil fuels, so we now have a ready supply. Easier to find: Fossil fuels can be found all over the world, with many are as already identified as being rich in these resources. Very efficient: Fossil fuels can generate a lot of energy, even from just a small amount of fuel. Simpler to transport: Fossil fuels can be easily transported, e.g. using underground pipes to move oil and gas. Easy setup: A fossil fuel plant can be set up at any location, as long as there is a large quantity of fuel to generate power. DISADVANTAGES OF NONRENEWABLE ENERGY Environmental pollution: Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, which is directly linked to global warming–so fossil fuels are very damaging to the health of our planet. Huge amounts of fuel reserves: To keep power stations working, you need truckloads of fuel. This can make energy generation very expensive. Public health issues: Because of all their nasty air pollution, burning fossil fuels can lead to lung problems and asthma attacks in humans. They will run out Once the earth's supplies of fossil fuels have been used up, they can't be renewed (at least not for several hundred million years), so we won't be able to use them for our rising power needs. Oil spills: The huge tankers transporting oil sometimes crash and spill their contents into the sea and nearby coast. This is disastrous for the ocean and land, and can be deadly for the animals that live there. Rising costs: As just a few countries hold a large amount of fossil fuels, fuel prices can rise without warning. Health risks to workers: Mining for coal or drilling for oil can be very dangerous, resulting in a large number of diseases, injuries and deaths every year. APPLICATION OF NONRENEWABLE ENERGY COAL Coal is something that we might have come across at least once in our lifetime. It is a common substance used in many homes and even in big industries. That being said, we will be studying about coal and some of Its uses here. Different Uses of Coal: Coal is seemingly the cheapest and most essential source of energy. Here is a list of all the major uses of coal. Generating Electricity Production of Steel Industries Gasification and Liquefaction Domestic Use Generating Electricity: Coal is generally used in thermal power generation which further helps to produce electricity. Powdered coal is burnt at high temperature which further turns water into steam. This steam is used to turn turbines at high speed in a strong magnetic field. After this, electricity is finally generated. Production of Steel: In the steel industry coal is used indirectly to make steel. What happens here is that coal is baked in furnaces to form coal coke. Once this is formed, manufacturers use coal coke to smelt iron ore into iron and make steel. Meanwhile, ammonia gas is usually recovered from coke ovens and this isused to manufacture nitric acid, ammonia salts and fertilizers. Many industries use coal to manufacture certain products. Some of the popular industries which make use of coal are the cement industry, paper and aluminum industry, chemical and pharma industry amongst others. Coal provides numerous raw materials like benozle, coaltar, sulphate of ammonia, creosote, etc. to chemical industries. Coal is mostly used as a source of energy in most of the industries Gasification and Liquefaction: Coal can be turned into synthetic gas which a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. These gases are an intermediate product that can be further converted into different products like urea, methanol, pure hydrogen and more. Coal can also be turned into liquid known as synthetic fuels. However, these chemicals produced from coal are used primarily to make other products. Besides, most of the products out there in the market have coal or coal by-products as components. Some of them include aspirins, solvents, soap, dyes, plastics and fibers which include nylon and rayon. Specialist Products: Coal is also an essential ingredient in the production of specialist products such as activated carbons, carbon fiber and silicon metals. Domestic Use: In cold regions and in developing or underdeveloped countries coal is still used as fuel for cooking and a source of heat. These are some of the top uses of coal. PETROLEUM Petroleum is useful for various purposes .Its main uses are: Transportation: The entire transport system of the world depends upon petroleum. It has revolutionized the entire transport system be it road, rail, water or air transport. Petrol and diesel are the main sources of energy for all types of modern transport vehicles. Industrial power: Oil is the major source of industrial power. Diese and gasoline are used in gas turbines to produce electricity. Heating and lighting: Heavier oils are used in central heating plants for shops, offices as well as homes. Oil is also used to produce electricity for industrial and domestic use. The lighter grades of oil such as ‘kerosene’ are still used for domestic purposes. Lubricants: Lubricants are very useful for all types of machines especially for the machines used in transport and industries. All types of lubricants and greases are produced from petroleum. Vehicles of all kinds and the vast range of sophisticated machinery in use in factories and offices rely on lubri­cants and would grind to stand still if they were not available. Petro-chemical industry: Both petro-chemical and chemical industries use petroleum by-products as raw material. Petro-products are used to produce: chemical fertilizer, synthetic fiber, synthetic rubber, nylon, plastics, pesti­cides and insecticides, perfumes, dyes, paints, carbon black and sulphur, etc. Use of by-products: The crude oil is a mixture of carbon, hydrogen, impurities and few other components. There fining process separates various fractions of hydrocarbons and several by-products have been produced. The most important products and by-products are :petrol, paraffin, diesel, gasoil, and petro-chemical by-products–plastic, detergents, aviation gasoline, neptha, mobil, grease, vaseline, wax, butadine, asphalt, etc. Infact, nowadays thousands of products are produced by petro-chemical combinations. NATURAL GAS Natural gas is useful for various purposes .Its main uses are: Electric Power Generation: The electric power industry was the largest consumer of natural gas in the United States during 2013. About 34% of natural gas consumption was used to make electricity. Of the three fossil fuels used for electric power generation (coal, oil, natural gas), natural gas emits the least carbon dioxide per unit of energy produced. It emits 30% less carbon dioxide than burning oil and 45% less carbon dioxide than burning coal. Burning natural gas also releases lower amounts of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, particulates and mercury when compared to coal and oil. As the United States becomes more concerned about climate change, carbon dioxide emissions, and air quality, the use of natural gas for electricity generation is expected to increase. Industrial Uses of Natural Gas: Natural gas is used in a wide variety of manufacturing processes. About 31% of the 2013 consumption of natural gas in the United States was by industry. Natural gas is used as both a raw material and as a source of heat. Natural gas is an ingredient used to make fertilizer, antifreeze, plastics, pharmaceuticals and fabrics. It is also used to manufacture a wide range of chemicals such as ammonia, methanol, butane, ethane, propane, and acetic acid. Many manufacturing processes require heat to melt, dry, bake, or glaze a product. Natural gas is used as a heat source in making glass, steel, cement, bricks, ceramics, tile, paper, food products and many other commodities. Natural gas is also used at many industrial facilities for incineration. Oil & Gas and Pipeline Industry Use: Companies that produce and transport natural gas are also consumers. Transporting natural gas through pipelines requires compression stations to keep the gas pressurized and flowing through the pipeline. Many of these compression stations use natural gas as a fuel. Many oil refineries use natural gas for heating and power generation. NUCLEAR ENERGY The main use of nuclear energy is the production of electrical energy. Nuclear power plants are responsible for generating electricity. Nuclear fission reactions are generated in the nuclear reactors of the nuclear power plants. With these reactions, thermal energy is obtained that will be transformed into mechanical energy and later into electrical energy. However, there are many other uses in which nuclear energy are used directly or indirectly. Working with different isotopes of the same element, you can use nuclear technology for other uses in various fields: Generation of electricity: The most important and known use of nuclear energy is the generation of electricity. After the Second World War, the main use that was given to nuclear energy was the generation of electric power. Nuclear power plants are the facilities responsible for converting the nuclear energy contained in the uranium atoms into electricity. The process to obtain this conversion is the result of a thermodynamic and mechanical process. At first, the nuclear reactor generates nuclear fission reactions that emit a large amount of thermal energy. With all this heat energy, steam is obtained at high pressure. The steam, thanks to its high pressure, drives the steam turbines of the plant. In this way, mechanical energy is obtained, energy of rotation of an axis. Finally, the electric generator will convert the kinetic energy of the axis into electrical energy. Industrial uses of nuclear technology: Nuclear technology acquires great importance in the industrial sector, specifically it is used in the development and improvement of processes, for measurements, automation and quality control. It is used as a prerequisite for the complete automation of high-speed production lines, and is applied to process research, mixing, maintenance and the study of wear and corrosion of facilities and machinery. Nuclear technology is also used in the manufacture of plastics and in the sterilization of single-use products. Militaryuses,nuclearweapons: Nautilus nuclear submarine A weapon is an instrument used to attack or defend itself. Nuclear weapons are those weapons that use nuclear technology. The origin of the development of nuclear energy occurred during the Second World War with waraims. At the suggestion of Albert Einstein, the US president initiated what would be called the Manhatan Project to develop the atomic bomb that would later be launched in Hiroshima and Nagasaky. Depending on the role of nuclear technology in the weapon, there are two types of nuclear weapons: Nuclear weapons that use nuclear energy to explode, as would be the case with the atomic bomb. Applications that use nuclear technology to propel themselves. This second category includes cruises, aircraft carriers, submarines... Nuclear medicine: One in three patients, who go to a hospital in an industrialized country, receives the benefits of some type of nuclear medicine procedure. Radio pharmaceuticals are used, techniques such as radio therapy for the treatment of malignant tumors, teletherapy for oncological treatment or radiological biology to sterilize medical products. Uses in agriculture of nuclear technology: The application of isotopes to agriculture has allowed increasing the agricultural production of the less developed countries. Nuclear technology is very useful in the control of insect pests, in the maximum use of water resources, in the improvement of crop varieties or in the establishment of the necessary conditions to optimize the effectiveness of fertilizers and water.. Uses of nuclear technology to food: As for food, nuclear techniques play a fundamental role in food preservation. The use of isotopes allows to considerably increasing the conservation of food. At present, more than 35 countries allow their radiation of some foods. Environmental uses of nuclear technology: The use of isotopes allows to determine the exact amounts of contaminating substances and places where they occur as well as their causes. In addition, treatment with electron beams reduces the environmental and health consequences of the large-scale use of fossil fuels, and contributes more effectively than other techniques to solve problems such as "the green house effect" and acid rain. CONCLUSION It is obvious that there is need for Nigeria to explore alternative source of energy especially to reach out to the people that do not have access to electricity and other modern energy services. It is also established that renewable energy and energy efficiency are two components that should go together to achieve sustainable development. The need to conserve the present energy generated in the country using energy efficiency products and practices is essential for sustainable development. It is recommended therefore that th ecountry should: •Develop policies on energy efficiency and integrate them into current energy policies •Promote energy efficiency products and practices at the side of end-users and energy generation •Create awareness on renewable energy, nonrenewable energy and energy efficiency •Establish agency to promote the use of energy efficiency products and ensure energy efficiency practices •Develop and imbibe energy efficiency technologies •Develop appropriate drivers for the implementation of energy efficiency policy REFERENCE 1. "Key World Energy Statistics (2018)" (PDF). International Energy Agency. 2018.p.14. 2. [bettersourceneeded] IpsosGlobal@dvisor(23June2011). " Global Citizen Reaction to the Fukushima Nuclear Plant Disaster"(PDF). p.3.Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2011. 3. Ellabban,Omar;Abu-Rub, Haitham; Blaabjerg, Frede(2014). "Renewableenergyresources: ,future prospects and their enabling technology". 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