Gallus Anonymus Pringle, Denys, Fortification and Settlement in Crusader Palestine (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2000). Rheinheimer, Martin, Das Kreuzfahrerfürstentum Galiläa (Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1990). Gallus Anonymus The anonymous author of a Latin chronicle, written in Poland in 1112–1116, now generally known as Cronicae et or Gesta ducum sive principum Polonorum. The fifteenth-century historian Marcin Kromer attributed the chronicle’s authorship to one Gallus, whom he regarded as probably having been a monk. This view has been generally accepted, and the Gesta’s author is known in historiography as Gallus Anonymus. He arrived at the court of Boles¬aw III Krzywousty (Wrymouth), the ruler of Poland, before 1110. He probably originated from France (most likely Provence) and reached Poland via Hungary. The Gesta is the oldest extant narrative source originating in and concerning Poland. It was written about twenty years after the First Crusade (1096–1099), and is a fundamental source, which established a chronology of Polish history focused on the lives of the rulers of the realm, although no precise dates are preserved in the text. The Gesta became the principal source for later authors and historians such as Wincenty Kadlubek and Jan D¬ugosz. The Gesta’s third book dwells especially on the wars fought by its protagonist, Boles¬aw Krzywousty, against the Pomeranians and Prussians, and reflects the crusading ideology of the leading families of Poland. The sources of the Gesta were oral history and the traditions of the ruling house. Garin of Montaigu (d. 1227/1228) Master of the Hospitallers (1207–1227/1228). A member of a family that originated in Auvergne, Garin occupied a high rank in the Hospitallers’ central convent during the turbulent mastership of Alfonso of Portugal, who resigned in 1206. He served as preceptor (1204–1206) and marshal (1206–1207), and he was elected master after the death of Master Geoffrey Le Rat (1207). Garin attended the coronation of John of Brienne as king of Jerusalem (1210), played an active role during the crusade of Andrew II of Hungary (1217), and participated in the Fifth Crusade (1217–1221). As a member of a prominent delegation from Outremer, he traveled to the West (1222) and witnessed the deliberations between Emperor Frederick II and Pope Honorius III concerning a new crusade (1223). Garin subsequently visited England, France, and Sicily, returning to Outremer in 1225; he was the only master of the Hospitallers between 1191 and 1291 who traveled from Outremer to the West. Garin died in 1227/1228 during the rebuilding of the fortifications of Sidon and was succeeded by Bertrand of Thessy. –Jochen Burgtorf Bibliography Riley-Smith, Jonathan, The Knights of St. John in Jerusalem and Cyprus, c. 1050–1310 (London: Macmillan, 1967). Gaudin, Thibaud See Thibaud Gaudin –Darius von Güttner Sporzyƒski Bibliography Anonima tzw. Galla Kronika czyli dzieje ksi¶±¶t i w¬adców polskich, ed. Karol Maleczyƒski (Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiej≤tnosci, 1952). Gesta Principium Polonorum: The Deeds of the Princes of the Poles, trans. Paul W. Knoll and Frank Schaer (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2003). Plezia, Marian, Kronika Galla na tle historiografii XII wieku (Kraków: Ksi≤garnia Gebethnera i Wolffa, 1947). ———, “Wst≤p,” in Kronika polska, ed. Marian Plezia (Wroc¬aw: Zak¬ad Narodowy im. Ossoliƒskich, 1965), pp. v–xc. ———, “Nowe studia nad Gallem Anonimem,” in Mente et litteris: O kulturze i spo¬eczeƒstwie wieków ›rednich, ed. Helena Ch¬opocka (Poznaƒ: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Adama Mickiewicza, 1984), pp. 111–120. 498 Gaza, Battle of (1239) A battle fought on 13 November 1239 at Gaza between a contingent of crusaders and Franks of the kingdom of Jerusalem and the Ayy‰bid forces of Egypt, ending in a devastating Christian defeat. The crusaders under Thibaud IV, count of Champagne (since 1234 also king of Navarre), had decided to fortify the city of Ascalon (mod. Tel Ashqelon, Israel) to protect the southern border of the kingdom of Jerusalem. While they were marching from Acre to Jaffa (2–12 November 1239), Egyptian troops moved up to Gaza. Several prominent crusaders and local nobles, namely Henry of Bar, Amalric of Montfort, Hugh of Burgundy, Walter of Jaffa, Balian of Sidon, John of Arsuf, Odo of Montbéliard, and Richard of