Study Morphology Form and Constructions of Mamasa Architecture
(Based on Lontara Mandar Text)
The architecture is a form of culture that was born and developed
along with the development of human civilization. The architecture can
be said to have been a part of human culture, which related to various
aspects of life such as: art, technology, geography, and history. In
terms of art, architecture is the art of building with various forms
and kinds of ornaments. Of technology, architecture is the process of
planning and designing as well as in establishing the system of the
building. Of geography and history, the architecture is an expression
of the physical cultural heritage of a society in a certain place and
time constraints. This surely cannot be fully understood as a work of
architecture without knowing the background knowledge that supports.
One of the attempt to sustainability of Mamasa architecture, is
how to make an understanding of Mamasa Architecture who viewed from the
fields of architecture. Architect or designer who want to present a
draft corresponding with the original up building the present time and
want to called as Mamasa Architecture, is by making changes in a
morphological manner against a waking up or the original form. As
mentioned by Prijotomo, (1992):
“In the present situation of the existence of the present pattern
of architecture or Java idioms into the two poles of fragmented
developments. First is the pole holds that in presenting the
pattern or idioms that Java can be done morphologycal changes to
the wake or the original form; on the other pole is that
attendance
as
wake
and
the
original
form
of
Javanese
architecture”.
Mamasa architecture having property of forms and various
buildings are very interesting to study further aspects of typology and
morphology are closely related to occupancy or habitation with
complementary buildings such as barns, a place of worship, and other
additional buildings. Traditional houses of Mamasa erected according to
concepts, values and norms that are passed on the ancestors, but in its
development experienced a transformation which tended to leave the
authenticity, uniqueness and beauty. As was said by Richoffen
(Hartshorne, 1960: 173) that:
“Geography is the study of the eart surface according to its
differences, or the study of different areas of the earth
surface…, in term of total characteristics”.
Knowledge of architecture also inseparable from the architectural
structure as a form, because it began when humans need a protection
against nature in General and in particular against the weather.
Depending on the nature of existing conditions, make the human wearing
the cave or make a tent of skins. Thus, form and function in
architecture is the human response to the environment (Crowe, 1995).
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According from the background then the problems arising was “How
Mamasa of Architecture can adjust himself with the presence of the
development of the present time, but still be considered as
architecture of Mamasa”? One of the way is to do the transformation to
know morphology and assign of guidance contained in Mamasa of
Architecture. As an illustration can be seen from figure the following:
“Banua Layuk” The Form of Mamasa
House of the beginning.
“Banua Layuk” The Form of Currently
House of Mamasa.
“Tongkonan” The Form of House of
Toraja.
The House
Currently.
of
Mamuju
Mandar
The House of Mandar in 1926.
1
2
3
4
5
6
The Form of Mandar House according
to “lontara Mandar” (The Traditional of
Text of Mandar)
Fig 1.1 The morphology of the architecture of the House, Mandar, Mamasa, Bugis, and
Toraja, (Photograph, 2011)
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The
development
of
Mamasa
Architecture
based
on
these
illustrations indicate the evolution of House types which originated
from one type. Changing shape is also accompanied by a change in
structural construction. Therefore, efforts in order to sustainability
knowledge of Mamasa architecture to create comprehension architecture
of Mamasa reviewed on field of the construction. In addition with
comprehension of Mamasa architecture that can help difficulties faced
by architects and designers presented in the factory of Mamasa
currently or afterward. This is in accordance with the concept of
Habraken (1988) about the basic concept of typology that describes the
object of basic properties in distinguishing the type or form of
architecture, as follows:
a. Spatial System, identify the type and form of spaces and how
the
relationship
between
the
spaces,
pattern
and
orientation,
hierarchy,
b. Physical System, identifying the characteristics of its
components, namely through the materials and structure-forming element
space,
c. Stylistic System, associated with the look of the buildingfor
example, the shape and look of the façade of the building.
Similarly with the theories of applicative created by William
Mitchell, Robin Ligget, and J. P. Steadman (1975),
“The Morphologycal of Space is a form of language in space study
architect who studied the possibility of geometric shapes as well
as its limitations”.
This concept offerred to understand of the Morphology Form of
Architecture and flexibility in architectural morphology in particular
Mamasa relation to the origin and development of form and construction
process of House architecture Mamasa. And to get the much needed
knowledge of understanding morphology in stages to make it easier to
understand.
Another case with Morphology according to Slamet Wirasonjayan
(1993), The World Book Encyclopedia gives the following definition:
“Geometry is a branch of mathematics. It involves studying the
shape, size, and position of geometric figures. These figures
include plane (flat) figures, such as triangles and rectangles,
and solid (three-dimensional) figures, such as cubes and spheres”
(The World Book Encyclopedia, 1993)
According to Morphology Slamet Wirosanjayan that the morphology was
used to make changes to the form either in part or in its entirety,
including the causes and factors of influence factor changes the form
itself is related to the influence of the changing shape of the
architecture.
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Meanwhile, Josef Muller-Brockmann explined that in geometry:
“The proportions of the formal elements and their intermediate
spaces are almost always related to certain numerical progressions
logically followed out” (Elam, 200:5).
According to the additional explanations from the Muller-Brockmann, the
proportion of the formal elements and spaces in geometry always
associated with numerical calculations are logical. As one of
mathematics, geometry surely have rules that restrict the form. With
geometric properties that are associated with a numeric element and
must have a logical form, then the form of variation in the geometry
becomes reduced. The objects that abstract in nature, tend to have a
form that is not logical and cannot be defined as numerical forms. This
is because the constituent elements are not measurable. Therefore these
objects can not be categorized as a form of geometry.
The Geographical, the District of Mamasa Regency is bordered to
the East by Tana Toraja Regency, no wonder if the traditional House of
Mamasa Regency thought to be similar to traditional House of
TanaToraja. In terms of location, D.K. Ching (1979: 90) revealed that
the system of corporete value of space can be created by the presence
of three (3) things, namely: 1) quantity and size, 2) unique of form
and, 3)the strategic of location. As an illustration can be seen in the
following image:
Fig. 2. The Morphological Form of the traditional House of Mamasa
and Toraja, based on the geographical, (Photograph, 2011)
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The
meaningful
of
this
illustration
that
the
house
of
Architecture Tana Toraja known as “Tongkonan”, based on certain types
have in common with the House of Architecture Mamasa better known as
“Banua”. To find out more about Tongkonan and Banua, then needed a
research in order to avoid the possibility of the emergence of nonoverlapping
sections
architecturally
and
understanding
the
developmental process between the architecture of Tana Toraja and
Mamasa although in principle that culture belongs to the community of
these two districts relatively equal.
But in methodology, Irwin Altman (1980) formulate a typology of
architecture within the meaning of the classification and grouping of
buildings on the basis of certain types, which is done first is the
study
on
morphological
unit
building
with
methods
which
was
substantially include the aspects of human culture (concerning the
norms, religion, technology, advice on building, social and economic)
as a factor in the cause or the effect of changing of architecture
form.
Motivating of Questions
In relation to the background mentioned above, and also supported
by availability of the possibility of theories and methods that can be
used to do understanding architectural against Mamasa Architecture,
then the basic question in this research is
“How far theories and
methods of morphology that exists, can be used to perform proof that
through deepening morphology form and construction of the house can
give you a hint about knowledge of Mamasa Architecture, that then has
been demoted to some operational, the definition of research consisting
of:
The First step research on base the question it was “How does the
form and construction of the Mamasa house on the review of the concept
of and consistency that can make it easy for the community to know
elements of the architecture”?
The second fundamental question it was “How the form and
construction of the Mamasa House based on the identification of
environmental
character
manifested
through
form
(buildings
and
geometry) and space (patterns, hierarchy, and the relationship of
spaces of each other)”?
The third factor is anything that have an effect on the
development of differences and similarities of form and construction of
Mamasa house especially in terms of its geographic location and
associated with human activities based on the orientation of spatial
order and its spatial organization”?
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Purposes of Research
The Research purposes is expressing knowledge architecture Mamasa
particularly concerning The Study of Morphology Form and Constructions
Architectural of Mamasa House. This is important for knowledge
architecture mamasa not only in the domain of cultural knowledge but
lead to architectural domain knowledge. Purposes are focused on the
study of morphology form and construction of the architectural mamasa
that is divided into technical operational as follows:
1.
Find knowledge of architecture typology analysis forms the
Mamasa and Mamasa House construction so it is easy to remember and is
known everywhere.
2.
Draft outline of the transformation of the construction,
which can be used as guidelines for the preservation and development of
the form and construction of architecture at home khsusnya Mamasa.
3.
Prove,
indicating,
and
described
of
factors
causing
similarities and differences form and construction house mamasa
particularly in terms of the layout and geografisnya to gain an
synthesis knowledge architecture with an analysis of morphology form
and construction mamasa house.
The Benefit of Research
Research conducted, specifically is expected to give the benefits
in terms of the development of the theory of academic namely the
existence of limitations and discernment in terms of excellence
theories and methods of morphology form and construction spatially
localized that reflects Nusantara Architecture
in general and
architecture of Mamasa and in terms of implementation and applicative
that with conduct a study and construction, morphology the form of
architecture mamasa can be presenting an image that is in accordance
with the dimensions of teoritik, and adjust to the development era, but
still be considered as architecture Mamasa.
Research significance
According to Edward Robbins that quoted by Iwan Sudrajat (1999),
based on the scope of the problem, theory of architecture can be
classified into three groups, namely:
1. Theory in Architecture, Generally observe the formal aspects,
tectonics, structural, representational, and aesthetic principles
informing the architectural composition, as well as trying to
formulate and define the theoretical principles of practical
importance to the creation of a good building design. Superficial
theories, descriptive and prescriptive, less lyrical interpretation
and understanding by critical.
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2. Theory of Architecture, Trying to explain how the architects to
develop the principles and using the knowledge, techniques and
sources in the process of design and production buildings. The issue
here is not the subject of the General principles that guide the
design, but how and why the architect designed, using media, and
act; and why do they happen historical and culture diversity.
3. Theory about Architecture, Aims to clarify the meaning of and
influence of architecture, set in of architecture in the context of
social culture, describing how the architect's work as a producer of
culture, or understanding how architecture is used and accepted by
the community. In other words, this theory attempted to explain how
the architecture works, conceived and produced by socio-cultural.
The conclusion that in research the study of morphology form of
Mamasa architecture is a comparison the state or condition of the past,
now even until the future of activities which take place on Banua and
the space objects, in the form of for the accomplishment of human needs
embodied in buildings that have a distinctive feature vidual and that
is inherited in an hereditary manner.
The methods used to obtain the results/empirical data with a high
degree of trust, then required a research method that is in accordance
with the purposes for which it was developed. The research method used
was Mixed Method Research.
A method of design strategies used in this research is strategies
transforrnasi applied by antoniades ( 1990 ), namely
1. Traditional Strategy: the evolution of a form of progressive through
the adjustment measures is limited by external factors and internal,
as well as arstisitik factors and attitudes as well as the
architect's view with regard to the limitation of costs and other
pragmatic criteria. Independent strategy has limitations, namely the
lack of the role of creativity in them. This is caused by the
preparation of a very presentable and logical from its system.
Traditional strategies will only culminate in standard analysis
results that are owned by the designer. The end result of the use of
the traditional strategy is easy to guess, when there is a
difference with any preconceived notions won't be much.
2. Adoption of the Strategy (borrowing): based on a substance outside
the field of architecture such as painting, sculpture, artifacts,
and also from 2 or 3 dimensional learning by sticking on the
interpretation of the functions. Adoption of strategy possibility
choices in designing. This strategy includes a condensed design
method with the imitation of action in it, namely, mimesis and
metaphor.
3. De-construction or De-composition: Strategy of de-construction
unpacked the entire structure of the deconstruction Strategy into
small sections in order to find a way and possibility to create the
structure and composition of different.
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CLASIFICATION OF BANUA
SPACE
Spatial Form
Copored Form
Visual Form
Purposive Intention
FORM
MORPHOLOGY
The
Beginning
of The
Banua
Banua
Bolong
Change of Dimention
Proces of reflection and rotation
Diminution and enlargement of the
form
Drafting and Coloring
The Addition of the Form
Variety of Form
Undergoing of Banua a
Change in Sulluk Banua
(The Space under the
house)
Banua
Banua
Layuk
Rapa
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Undergoing of
Banua a change in
Kale Banua (The
body of the house)
Banua Longkarrin
Banua that
increasing become a
modern house or
bugis house
Banua Sura