Study Morphology Form and Constructions of Mamasa Architecture (Based on Lontara Mandar Text) The architecture is a form of culture that was born and developed along with the development of human civilization. The architecture can be said to have been a part of human culture, which related to various aspects of life such as: art, technology, geography, and history. In terms of art, architecture is the art of building with various forms and kinds of ornaments. Of technology, architecture is the process of planning and designing as well as in establishing the system of the building. Of geography and history, the architecture is an expression of the physical cultural heritage of a society in a certain place and time constraints. This surely cannot be fully understood as a work of architecture without knowing the background knowledge that supports. One of the attempt to sustainability of Mamasa architecture, is how to make an understanding of Mamasa Architecture who viewed from the fields of architecture. Architect or designer who want to present a draft corresponding with the original up building the present time and want to called as Mamasa Architecture, is by making changes in a morphological manner against a waking up or the original form. As mentioned by Prijotomo, (1992): “In the present situation of the existence of the present pattern of architecture or Java idioms into the two poles of fragmented developments. First is the pole holds that in presenting the pattern or idioms that Java can be done morphologycal changes to the wake or the original form; on the other pole is that attendance as wake and the original form of Javanese architecture”. Mamasa architecture having property of forms and various buildings are very interesting to study further aspects of typology and morphology are closely related to occupancy or habitation with complementary buildings such as barns, a place of worship, and other additional buildings. Traditional houses of Mamasa erected according to concepts, values and norms that are passed on the ancestors, but in its development experienced a transformation which tended to leave the authenticity, uniqueness and beauty. As was said by Richoffen (Hartshorne, 1960: 173) that: “Geography is the study of the eart surface according to its differences, or the study of different areas of the earth surface…, in term of total characteristics”. Knowledge of architecture also inseparable from the architectural structure as a form, because it began when humans need a protection against nature in General and in particular against the weather. Depending on the nature of existing conditions, make the human wearing the cave or make a tent of skins. Thus, form and function in architecture is the human response to the environment (Crowe, 1995). This document has been last revised in February 2013 Page 1 of 9 According from the background then the problems arising was “How Mamasa of Architecture can adjust himself with the presence of the development of the present time, but still be considered as architecture of Mamasa”? One of the way is to do the transformation to know morphology and assign of guidance contained in Mamasa of Architecture. As an illustration can be seen from figure the following: “Banua Layuk” The Form of Mamasa House of the beginning. “Banua Layuk” The Form of Currently House of Mamasa. “Tongkonan” The Form of House of Toraja. The House Currently. of Mamuju Mandar The House of Mandar in 1926. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Form of Mandar House according to “lontara Mandar” (The Traditional of Text of Mandar) Fig 1.1 The morphology of the architecture of the House, Mandar, Mamasa, Bugis, and Toraja, (Photograph, 2011) This document has been last revised in February 2013 Page 2 of 9 The development of Mamasa Architecture based on these illustrations indicate the evolution of House types which originated from one type. Changing shape is also accompanied by a change in structural construction. Therefore, efforts in order to sustainability knowledge of Mamasa architecture to create comprehension architecture of Mamasa reviewed on field of the construction. In addition with comprehension of Mamasa architecture that can help difficulties faced by architects and designers presented in the factory of Mamasa currently or afterward. This is in accordance with the concept of Habraken (1988) about the basic concept of typology that describes the object of basic properties in distinguishing the type or form of architecture, as follows: a. Spatial System, identify the type and form of spaces and how the relationship between the spaces, pattern and orientation, hierarchy, b. Physical System, identifying the characteristics of its components, namely through the materials and structure-forming element space, c. Stylistic System, associated with the look of the buildingfor example, the shape and look of the façade of the building. Similarly with the theories of applicative created by William Mitchell, Robin Ligget, and J. P. Steadman (1975), “The Morphologycal of Space is a form of language in space study architect who studied the possibility of geometric shapes as well as its limitations”. This concept offerred to understand of the Morphology Form of Architecture and flexibility in architectural morphology in particular Mamasa relation to the origin and development of form and construction process of House architecture Mamasa. And to get the much needed knowledge of understanding morphology in stages to make it easier to understand. Another case with Morphology according to Slamet Wirasonjayan (1993), The World Book Encyclopedia gives the following definition: “Geometry is a branch of mathematics. It involves studying the shape, size, and position of geometric figures. These figures include plane (flat) figures, such as triangles and rectangles, and solid (three-dimensional) figures, such as cubes and spheres” (The World Book Encyclopedia, 1993) According to Morphology Slamet Wirosanjayan that the morphology was used to make changes to the form either in part or in its entirety, including the causes and factors of influence factor changes the form itself is related to the influence of the changing shape of the architecture. This document has been last revised in February 2013 Page 3 of 9 Meanwhile, Josef Muller-Brockmann explined that in geometry: “The proportions of the formal elements and their intermediate spaces are almost always related to certain numerical progressions logically followed out” (Elam, 200:5). According to the additional explanations from the Muller-Brockmann, the proportion of the formal elements and spaces in geometry always associated with numerical calculations are logical. As one of mathematics, geometry surely have rules that restrict the form. With geometric properties that are associated with a numeric element and must have a logical form, then the form of variation in the geometry becomes reduced. The objects that abstract in nature, tend to have a form that is not logical and cannot be defined as numerical forms. This is because the constituent elements are not measurable. Therefore these objects can not be categorized as a form of geometry. The Geographical, the District of Mamasa Regency is bordered to the East by Tana Toraja Regency, no wonder if the traditional House of Mamasa Regency thought to be similar to traditional House of TanaToraja. In terms of location, D.K. Ching (1979: 90) revealed that the system of corporete value of space can be created by the presence of three (3) things, namely: 1) quantity and size, 2) unique of form and, 3)the strategic of location. As an illustration can be seen in the following image: Fig. 2. The Morphological Form of the traditional House of Mamasa and Toraja, based on the geographical, (Photograph, 2011) This document has been last revised in February 2013 Page 4 of 9 The meaningful of this illustration that the house of Architecture Tana Toraja known as “Tongkonan”, based on certain types have in common with the House of Architecture Mamasa better known as “Banua”. To find out more about Tongkonan and Banua, then needed a research in order to avoid the possibility of the emergence of nonoverlapping sections architecturally and understanding the developmental process between the architecture of Tana Toraja and Mamasa although in principle that culture belongs to the community of these two districts relatively equal. But in methodology, Irwin Altman (1980) formulate a typology of architecture within the meaning of the classification and grouping of buildings on the basis of certain types, which is done first is the study on morphological unit building with methods which was substantially include the aspects of human culture (concerning the norms, religion, technology, advice on building, social and economic) as a factor in the cause or the effect of changing of architecture form. Motivating of Questions In relation to the background mentioned above, and also supported by availability of the possibility of theories and methods that can be used to do understanding architectural against Mamasa Architecture, then the basic question in this research is “How far theories and methods of morphology that exists, can be used to perform proof that through deepening morphology form and construction of the house can give you a hint about knowledge of Mamasa Architecture, that then has been demoted to some operational, the definition of research consisting of: The First step research on base the question it was “How does the form and construction of the Mamasa house on the review of the concept of and consistency that can make it easy for the community to know elements of the architecture”? The second fundamental question it was “How the form and construction of the Mamasa House based on the identification of environmental character manifested through form (buildings and geometry) and space (patterns, hierarchy, and the relationship of spaces of each other)”? The third factor is anything that have an effect on the development of differences and similarities of form and construction of Mamasa house especially in terms of its geographic location and associated with human activities based on the orientation of spatial order and its spatial organization”? This document has been last revised in February 2013 Page 5 of 9 Purposes of Research The Research purposes is expressing knowledge architecture Mamasa particularly concerning The Study of Morphology Form and Constructions Architectural of Mamasa House. This is important for knowledge architecture mamasa not only in the domain of cultural knowledge but lead to architectural domain knowledge. Purposes are focused on the study of morphology form and construction of the architectural mamasa that is divided into technical operational as follows: 1. Find knowledge of architecture typology analysis forms the Mamasa and Mamasa House construction so it is easy to remember and is known everywhere. 2. Draft outline of the transformation of the construction, which can be used as guidelines for the preservation and development of the form and construction of architecture at home khsusnya Mamasa. 3. Prove, indicating, and described of factors causing similarities and differences form and construction house mamasa particularly in terms of the layout and geografisnya to gain an synthesis knowledge architecture with an analysis of morphology form and construction mamasa house. The Benefit of Research Research conducted, specifically is expected to give the benefits in terms of the development of the theory of academic namely the existence of limitations and discernment in terms of excellence theories and methods of morphology form and construction spatially localized that reflects Nusantara Architecture in general and architecture of Mamasa and in terms of implementation and applicative that with conduct a study and construction, morphology the form of architecture mamasa can be presenting an image that is in accordance with the dimensions of teoritik, and adjust to the development era, but still be considered as architecture Mamasa. Research significance According to Edward Robbins that quoted by Iwan Sudrajat (1999), based on the scope of the problem, theory of architecture can be classified into three groups, namely: 1. Theory in Architecture, Generally observe the formal aspects, tectonics, structural, representational, and aesthetic principles informing the architectural composition, as well as trying to formulate and define the theoretical principles of practical importance to the creation of a good building design. Superficial theories, descriptive and prescriptive, less lyrical interpretation and understanding by critical. This document has been last revised in February 2013 Page 6 of 9 2. Theory of Architecture, Trying to explain how the architects to develop the principles and using the knowledge, techniques and sources in the process of design and production buildings. The issue here is not the subject of the General principles that guide the design, but how and why the architect designed, using media, and act; and why do they happen historical and culture diversity. 3. Theory about Architecture, Aims to clarify the meaning of and influence of architecture, set in of architecture in the context of social culture, describing how the architect's work as a producer of culture, or understanding how architecture is used and accepted by the community. In other words, this theory attempted to explain how the architecture works, conceived and produced by socio-cultural. The conclusion that in research the study of morphology form of Mamasa architecture is a comparison the state or condition of the past, now even until the future of activities which take place on Banua and the space objects, in the form of for the accomplishment of human needs embodied in buildings that have a distinctive feature vidual and that is inherited in an hereditary manner. The methods used to obtain the results/empirical data with a high degree of trust, then required a research method that is in accordance with the purposes for which it was developed. The research method used was Mixed Method Research. A method of design strategies used in this research is strategies transforrnasi applied by antoniades ( 1990 ), namely 1. Traditional Strategy: the evolution of a form of progressive through the adjustment measures is limited by external factors and internal, as well as arstisitik factors and attitudes as well as the architect's view with regard to the limitation of costs and other pragmatic criteria. Independent strategy has limitations, namely the lack of the role of creativity in them. This is caused by the preparation of a very presentable and logical from its system. Traditional strategies will only culminate in standard analysis results that are owned by the designer. The end result of the use of the traditional strategy is easy to guess, when there is a difference with any preconceived notions won't be much. 2. Adoption of the Strategy (borrowing): based on a substance outside the field of architecture such as painting, sculpture, artifacts, and also from 2 or 3 dimensional learning by sticking on the interpretation of the functions. Adoption of strategy possibility choices in designing. This strategy includes a condensed design method with the imitation of action in it, namely, mimesis and metaphor. 3. De-construction or De-composition: Strategy of de-construction unpacked the entire structure of the deconstruction Strategy into small sections in order to find a way and possibility to create the structure and composition of different. This document has been last revised in February 2013 Page 7 of 9 This document has been last revised in February 2013 Page 8 of 9 CLASIFICATION OF BANUA SPACE Spatial Form Copored Form Visual Form Purposive Intention FORM MORPHOLOGY The Beginning of The Banua Banua Bolong Change of Dimention Proces of reflection and rotation Diminution and enlargement of the form Drafting and Coloring The Addition of the Form Variety of Form Undergoing of Banua a Change in Sulluk Banua (The Space under the house) Banua Banua Layuk Rapa This document has been last revised in February 2013 Page 9 of 9 Undergoing of Banua a change in Kale Banua (The body of the house) Banua Longkarrin Banua that increasing become a modern house or bugis house Banua Sura