An Assessment on threatened classification of Gloriosa superba L

DCSI Vol. 15 No. 1: 140 – 150 ( 2016) Nagendra K. Chandrawanshi et. al. Review Art icle DCSI 15: 140 –150 (2016) Received: 13 July, 2016 Revised: 27 July, 2016 Accepted: 29 July, 2016 An Assessment on thr eatened classification of Glor iosasuper ba L. Nagendra K. Chandrawanshi*, K.L. Tiwari, S.K. Jadhav and AfaqueQuraishi School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla Univer sity, Raipur (CG) 492010 *cor r espondence: chandr aw anshi11@gmail.com Abstract: This ar ticle gives an over view of categor ization of thr eatened status of Glor iosasuper ba L., medicinal plant in the pr esent status. The available liter atur e r elated to these aspects dr aw n fr om studies done in var ious inter est ar eas of thr eatened condition viz. extinct, cr itically endanger ed and endanger ed, vulner able (VU), dat a deficient (DD), low r isk (LR) and not evaluated (NE). The suppor ting liter atur e obtained fr om standar d w eb sour ces and available authentic data fr om national and inter national r esear ch agencies. The r elative analysis is definitely pr omoted to actual classifying of G. super baL. in national, IUCN system and as w ell an inter national database. Thr oughout to individual affor d r equir ed of a botanist, biotechnologist, conser vationists and policy maker s , an obligator y to conser ve it and develop techniques for in-sit u and ex-sit u conser vation. Fur ther , the thr eatened medicinal plant will be available for futur e, accor dingly essential need a development method for molecular study, ger mplasm conser vation and phytochemistr y etc. Keywords: Medicinal plant, thr eatened, IUCN, i n-sit u , ex-sit u , phytochemistr y I nt r oduct ion: 80% of t he world’s populat ions direct ly rely on I ndia is a wealt h of plant biodiversit y, t radit ional m edicine. I n t he current scenario, it it s cont aining 8% of the worlds and 12.5% of was felt t hat due t o the absence of a scient ific t he world’s phyt o-biodiversit y. According t o system of collect ion and fostering regenerat ion Anonym ous, ( 2000) I ndia is included am ong of such plants, m any plant species have been t he t op 12 m ega–biodiversit y nat ions in t he com pletely lost or have becom e endangered world. However, this prosperous biodiversit y and m any m ore on t he verge of ext inct ion wit h recent ly reached in severe t hreatened st atus; varying degrees. That is affect ing on a genet ic due t o the habit at ion dest ruct ion and over- erosion and causing a loss of biodiversit y exploit at ion of t he nat ural resources byhum an ( Mishra, 2011) . I n I ndia, m edicinal plant s are for indigenous welfare. The present sit uat ion is ext ensively a very dangerous concerning for m edicinal populat ion, and now it has been est im ated t hat plant diversit y. Rainaet al. ( 2011) st ated t hat in t ot al m ore over 7500 plant species are 140 used by all segm ents of t he DCSI Vol. 15 No. 1: 140 – 150 ( 2016) Nagendra K. Chandrawanshi et. al. direct ly ut ilized by m any et hnic societ ies for st atus. The present review report concerned t reat ing various hum an diseases ( AI CEP 1994; wit h prim ary object ives such as potent ial in Ant hropological Survey of I ndia 1994) . G. m edicinal plant resources ut ilizat ion, diversit y superbaL. is one t hem valuable m edicinal plant and assessing various aspect s of t he m edicinal ( Colchicaceae), plant sector, including som e biot ic and abiot ic which is an herbaceous perennial vine, growing 3.5 t o 6.0 m eters in fact or lengt h. I t is a nat ive plant of t ropical Africa and t hreatened category. The report will be helpful nat urally in m any t ropical Asian count ries like in t he fut ure for public awareness, conservat ion I ndia, and classified for under various threatened Myanm ar, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and which pushed Bangladesh. According t o Maroyiet al. ( 2011) category. G. superba L. is a t uberous plant wit h L or V- Re vie w proce dur e: t o G. superbaL. int o shape, finger- like tubers t hat are pure white, Aut hent ic reports were defined that, G. when becom ing too brown in j uvenile st ageand superbaL. is considered under t he t hreat ening clim bing category. I n t he available references or report s herbnat ure. It has carrying dark green, glossy leaves and each cont aining wit h on a t endril of leaves, which it clings ont o ot her published abst racts, art icles, books and book neighbor plants. According to Sivakum ar and chapter, thesis available at internat ional online Krishnam urthy ( 2002) it s seeds and t ubers databases such as a web of sciences, Scopus, containing Google a valuable alkaloids, such as t he species, scholar which and is consulted j ournal from websites. The colchicine and colchicoside, bot h are t he m aj or potent ial lit erat ure sources find out from online const it uents of t his plant , which are used t o databases of t he precise libraries by screening t reat for gout and rheum at ism . Colchicoside for ident ified drug t hreatened, least concern, crit ically vulnerable, because it has shown a propert y t o direct ly act endangered, crit ically endangered, rare and on spindle fiber form at ion in cell division steps. vulnerable, etc. as a pot ent ial ant icancer t he term s Also, The t ubers direct ly collected from natural sites of under t he references category ident ified of by for m edicinal uses, in unscient ific ways, which searching, an extensive library collect ion of leads t o dest ruct ive harvest ing of t he plant in Nat ional Herbarium and Botanic Garden, Office nat ural superbaL. of Environm ent & Herit age, Orange ( Aust ralia) affected with the problem of low seed set in and NSW Depart m ent of Prim ary I ndust ries. nat ure, Besides, som e searched by habitat . Other which t han, m akes G. seed harvest uneconom ical ( Rainaet al., 2011). Moreover, Diversit y Chandrawanshiet t hat Bullet in, Wildlife and Protected Areas ( I ndia) ; Polyt elagloriosaeis t he m ajor pest of t he G. ENVI S Cent re on Conservat ion of Medicinal superbaL. prevalence Plants, FRLHT, I ndia; Royal Botanic Garden, infect ion m ode of the pest in plant, and furt her Kew; I UCN: Ecosystem s and Livelihoods Group, described that pest att ack was fat al for all Asia infected I nt ernat ional, U.K et c. al. They also j uvenile Chandrawanshiet ( 2013) al. reported recorded plant. ( 2015), According having to Net work African Bot anical and Alliance ( Sout h Africa) ; for Nat ural Envis Healt h N a t ur e of Ca t e gory avery I nt ernat ional Union for Conservat ion of st rong apical dom inance character, t herefore once t he apical m eristem is affected, plant s Nat ure never grown in nat ural habitat . This is a one St andards and Pet it ions Subcom m it tee ( 2010) rem arkable fact has for at tained t o threatened 141 and been Natural recognized Resources t he ( I UCN) categories by DCSI Vol. 15 No. 1: 140 – 150 ( 2016) Nagendra K. Chandrawanshi et. al. and prim ary causal reason for t he ext inct ion of fragm ent at ions of populat ions. I t has defined plant species ( G. superba L.) and sim ilarly t he categories int o nine classes; for every taxon in lack t he com m unit ies geographical range, world ( except populat ions, for m icro- organism s) . of awareness am ongst regarding and t he t he m arket ing local harvest ing, According to Nayar ( 1996) t he earlier groups processing approach t hat have also classified in Ext inct , Endangered, prom ote t o t he t hreat ened st at us of m edicinal Vulnerable, and Rare. These has been super plants. classified under t he cat egories such as Ext inct Unde r in Cr it ically Enda nge re d ca t e gor y Crit ically The habit at loss due t o developm ent al ( EN) ; program s, overgrazing, anim al husbandry and Dependent t ourism had resulted in the loss of biodiversit y. ( CD) ; Dat a Deficient ( DD) ; Low Risk ( LR) and The part icular research note or dat a reported Not Evaluat ed ( NE) . for crit ically endangered species is supported Finding by differ e nt a re a / sour ces by I ndian cont inent . I n I ndia, Ut t rakhand and Unde r in Ex t inct ca t e gory Ut t ar Pradesh region G. superbaL. is considered ( EX.) ; Ext inct Endangered Vulnerable in t he Wild ( EW) ; ( CR) ; ( VU) ; Endangered Conservat ion There is an am ple evidence present in crit ically endangered condit ion; t he survey t hat affected t oo m any wild m edicinal plant was m ade by Utt er Pradesh St at e Biodiversit y species, several reasons for responsible for Board ( Prakash, 2011). suscept ible Unde r in Endange r ed ca t egory such as deforestat ion, over- Most of t he researcher, scient ist , and exploit at ion and other form s of natural habitat In t he different aut hent ic com m unit y division, t hose ordering, G. were prepared dat a for a threatened cat egory superbaL. is also categorized under the ext inct based on plant s availabilit y or geographical category. I n I ndia, it is largely used for t he dist ribut ion. They found t hat one of t he biggest Ayuverdic and Unani syst em of m edicine. I t is problem s i.e. used by t ribal healers for t reat m ent of various exploit at ion of diseases (Chopra et al., 1956; Wat t, 1962) . I n products, for I ndia, is pharm aceut icals subst ance and also dem and considered as a prosperous for t he diversit y of for m edicinal plants, are increasing for t reat ing et hno m edicinal plant s, and rich custom for various hum an diseases, in both developing t radit ional m edicine pract ices. I t reported t hat and 14% of the m edicinal plant s of t his region are Soejart o, under t hreat ening t hat G. superbaL. belong t o an endangered st atus. G.superbaL. is considered at t he verge condit ion, and t he m axim um relat ed report s of researchers obtained from t he I ndia cont inent s and som e al., were reported by globally. dest ruct ion higher ( Bhatt araiet classes of Darjeeling different ext inct ion ( Chhet riet al., al., t hreated Him alayan categories is 2002). report ed 2005, of by Saj em et region 2008) . developed In According t o an addit ional report , in t he Cent ral enorm ous forest -based plant s developm ent count ries 1991) .I t was I ndia, t he to new (Farnswort h scarcely som e related accepted aut hent ic endangered and dat a Him alayas region som e species have already supported becam e ext inct , e.g., Aconit um heterophyllum , G.superbaL. , obtaining from various regions Berberisaristata, like ( West ern Ghat s, I ndia) Ayensu, 1986; Nardost achysjat am ansi, for uncont rolled Am irt halingam superba L. also considered. According t o Bisht I ndia) Soosairajet al., 2007; ( Eastern ghats, ( 2006) over-exploit at ion had recorded t o t he Tam ilnadu, I ndia) ( Pacchaim alai of Saussureacost us and Swert iachirataet c and G. 142 2010; posit ion Soosairaj et Hills, al. DCSI Vol. 15 No. 1: 140 – 150 ( 2016) ( 2005) ; ( Sout hern I ndia) Peninsular, Sukum aranet Nagendra K. Chandrawanshi et. al. Tam il al., wealth of heritage; as a result G. superbaL. Nadu; was under- considered in t he least 2008; ( Him achal concern Pradesh) Badola and Pal, 2002; (West Bengal) order. A few reliable dat a are report ed t o Mit raand Mukherj ee, 2009; ( Vindhyan Region support for t hese t hreatened param eters ex. in Madhya Pradesh, I ndia) Dubeyet al., 2008; t he I ndia, here recorded in som e region alike ( Garhwal Him alaya, Ut t aranchal). Also pointed ( Garhwal Him alaya) Tiwariet al., ( 2010) ; and by m ore scient ist s, such as Bhat t and Negi, ( Eastern Ghat s) Balaguruet al., ( 2006) I n t he 2006; ( Tpchanchi, Hazaribag Jharkhand, I ndia) globally recorded, ( KENYA Nort hern Front ier Lal and Mishra, 2011; (Ut taranchal, I ndia) Kala Dist rict : et al. ( 2004) ; (Orissa) Mishra, 2007; ( Cent ral, ( Sout h Africa) Rooyen (2010) and Moyoet al., I ndia) ( 2011) etc. Mishra, 2011; (Southern Peninsular, Dandu) Hoenselaar, ( 2005) ; and I ndia) Sukum aranet al., 2008; I ndia, Kapaiet al. Thr e a t e ne d re por t ed by som e a ccur a t e 2010; I ndia, Rainaet al. 2011 and ( Nort hern, da t a In I ndia) Chandra et al., 2006. recent years, is focusing on Som e prom inent scient ific societ y t hat categorizat ion of m edicinal plant s in various also categorized under these cat egory e.g. classes, because m ost of t he herbs t otally Chhat t isgarh Board, reach t o landm arks of ext inct in it s nat ural ENVI S Cent re for Conservat ion of habitat . So,m any of t he researcher, scient ific Raipur; St ate Medicinal Plant Bangalore; associat ion and biodiversit y conservat ion board Biodiversit y Conservat ion Priorit izat ion Proj ect t ried t o categorize on t heir presence availabilit y ( BCPP) I ndia, also and part icular dist ribut ion condit ion in locat ion Medicinal Plants, FRLHT, Conservat ion Assessm ent and Managem ent Plan ( C.A. M. P.) , Lucknow wise. ( U.P.) . Am ong all dat a support ed by worldwide t hreatened category in nat ionally and globally, report ed such as ( Bangladesh) Siddiqueet al., whichis supported by som e reliable data. I n 2004; ( Nepal) Gewali, 2008; Bhat t araiet al., I ndia, som e places shows t hreat ened stat us. 2001; ( U.K.) in 2011 reported by Alliance for These are following regions: (Madhya Pradesh) Nat ural Healt h I nt ernat ional agency. Pandey and Saini ( 2007) ; Sikarwar, ( 2011) ; Ra r e ly re por t ed by som e re liable da t a ( Sem iarid region) Kot iaet al. ( 2008) ; ( Eastern under G. rare ( Orissa) Biswal and Nair ( 2008) ; Dash et al. to according part icular to their ( 2007) ; geographical The approved t o a rare stat us in especially various biosphere) I ndia, here Daniels, Sukum aranet al., m ent ioned: 1996, 2008; ( in ( in et al. al. ( 2008) ; ( 2005) ; Manivannan, ( 2010) and ( Bangalore) Naut iyal, ( 2011) . dist ribut ion. Many scient ific dat a or resources of Khan Soosairaj et under Ghat s) condit ion, ( Tam ilnadu) considered Som e researcher also categorized on availabilit y st ates superbaL.is researcher ( Nilgiri worldwide were report s m ade by of som e (southwestern Et hiopia) Yinegeret al. ( 2008) ; ( Aust ralia) MSW Tam ilnadu) and Maharasht ra) OEH, ( 2011) ; ( I ndo- Burm a Hot spot Deshm ukh and Waghm ade, 2011; ( in Nort h- Region) Rai and Lalram nghinglova, ( 2011) ; Eastern Ut ter Pradesh) Shukla, 2009, etc. ( Sout hern Africa) Johnson and Tarr, ( 2005) . Le a st Conce rn r epor t ed by som e r e liable Addit ional cat egorizat ions have recorded such da t a as endem ic ( Locally rare) evaluat ed by t he Due t o lack of knowledge and research researcher. I n I ndia, it has recorded under in of t hese groups of t he plant, people of t he locally rare stat us, in som e places, which are part icular region are also unaware of t his following 143 (Western Ghat s, Maharasht ra) DCSI Vol. 15 No. 1: 140 – 150 ( 2016) Deshm ukh, ( 2010) ; (Southern Nagendra K. Chandrawanshi et. al. biodiversit y is an essent ial necessit y; ot herwise Peninsular) Selvam ony and Solom on ( 2008) , et c. m any plant s species will be vanished in t he Ex ist ing fort hcom ing period. Furt herm ore, prerequisit e Appr oa ches to Biodiv er sit y a Conser v a t ion Nowadays, present stat us of m edicinal plant, in supported dat abank, in level societ ies are having a st rong consciousness of nat ional and worldwide for t aking a st eps for about conservat ion. biodiversit y person of and t he individual characterizat ion conservat ion. Part icularly, conservat ion of m edicinal plant s is M e dicina l pla nt conse rv a t ion ce nt e rs in one of t he m ost burning issues faced t oday in I ndia Most of t he developed count ries have I ndia. Through conservat ion, plant species are num erous developed various st rategies for conservat ion environm ent al t hreat s, including those caused of t hreatened plant s. I n I ndia, m any nat ional by also levels research laboratories have involved in perm it s a plant ’s nat ural regenerat ion on it s research and prom oted t o scient ific database unique habit at ( Bhat tacharyya et al., 2006) . creat ion, also supply a desired m edicinal plant The Governm ent t hrough applying scient ific t echnologies, t hese conserved and hum an protected interference. from This process of I ndia, t hrough various suit able policy int ervent ions, has been st riving research hard t o conserve t he valuable plant biodiversit y various agencies of Governm ent. Som e of t he by prom inent research inst it ute likes i.e. using in- situ and ex- sit u conservat ion works financial supported by t he The m ethods. The exam ples of in- sit u conservat ion Council of Scient ific and I ndust rial Research include creat ion of protected or targeted areas, ( CSI R), which is considered by I UCN categories ( I UCN Research online) Reserve: involved in drug discovery; Cent ral I nst it ute of scient ific Medicinal IIV viz., St rict protected area purpose; Wilderness Nature accom plished Area: for focused inst it utes Lucknow for I nst it ute and such as (CDRI ), Arom at ic focused ( Cent ral on Lucknow) Plant s validat ion and conservat ion. for ecosystem prot ect ion, also m anagem ent Furt herm ore, has ( CI MAP) , m edicinal wilderness protect ion; Nat ional Park: covered Drug propert ies Nat ional Bot anical and recreat ion. Natural Monum ent : precisely Research I nst it ute ( NBRI ), Lucknow working on for plant t he conservat ion of specific nat ural pharm acognosy biodiversit y feat ures; Habitat / Species Managem ent Area: conservat ion preservat ion Laborat ories ( RRLs) at Jam m u, Bhubaneswar, t hrough m anagem ent and and int ervent ion; Threatened Landscape/ Seascape: Jorhat, safeguarding Thiruvanant hapuram for landscape/ seascape Regional Palam pur, Research Bhopal proj ected on and ret ent ion Managed and validat ion of m edicinal values of the plants. Reserve Protected Area: the perpet uat ion of The I ndian Council of Agricult ural Research t he sustainable use of nat ural ecosystem s ( I CAR) has involves an All I ndia Coordinated ( Badm an and Bom hard, 2008) . The I UCN Research Project on Medicinal and Arom at ic report ed 12 percent of t he planet ’s land surface Plants in associat ion wit h Nat ional Research as protect ed area, a drast ic increase com pared Center t o 1962, whereas, m erely 3 percent of the face ( NRCMAP) ; Nat ional Bureau of Plant Genet ic of Research ( NBPGR) , and I ndian I nst it ute of conservat ion and also recreat ion; t he eart h had assessed as protected for Medicinal and Hort icult ural Research ( I I HR) . landscape som e year ago ( I UCN, 2005) . I n current st at us, im pact on t he conservat ion of 144 Arom at ic Plant s DCSI Vol. 15 No. 1: 140 – 150 ( 2016) Nagendra K. Chandrawanshi et. al. and Kalakot i, 1996; Nair, 2002; Bhat t, 2002; The Bot anical Survey of I ndia ( BSI ) is supported by t he Departm ent of Environm ent Purohit and Vyas, 2004) . and Forests, Conser v a t ion t hr ough M icropr opaga t ion established Governm ent m any of I ndia. regional It has circles For t he conservat ion of m edicinal plant , and experim ental gardens in different geographic num erous regions of I ndia for m aintaining t o local specific scient ist plant germ plasm conservat ion t hrough in- sit u were as well as ex-sit u to conservat ion. Maunder ( 1992) reported t hat Bhatt acharyya et al., ( 2006) part icular zone t he re- int roduct ion of plants in steadily applied has established for prom ot ing the conservat ion approaches and sustainable m anaging of m edicinal plant s created an efficient m et hod m edicinal plants. germ plasm in various parts of I ndia, t hat is According located in regions wise , such as Allahabad Hassan and Roy ( 2005) developed in vit ro ( Cent ral circle) , t echniques for of G. superbaL., successfully Coim bat ore done by organogenesis of apical bud. I n I ndia ( Sout hern circle) , Pune ( Western circle) and som e research act ivit y wit h progress on t he Port Blair ( Andam an and Nicobar) . Three ot her conservat ion aspect s by applying t o various st at ions aspect of safeguarding t o t hreaten species. A circle) , Dehradun circle) ; m et hods. Shillong ( Nort hern are at Jodhpur According ( Eastern circle) , Gangtok ( Sikkim –Him alaya (Arid Zone), research and act ivit ies researcher, established for to plent iful for plant carried m et hods prom ot ing prot ect ion Sam arajeewaet and al. by to has ( 1993) ; st raight forward and efficient prot ocol has been and I t anagar The developed for regenerat ion and conservat ion of Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and G. superbaL. t hrough m icro t ubers induct ion Research on from in vit ro cult ure of apical and auxiliary conservat ion and sust aining m anagem ent for buds ( Roy and Hassan, 2008). Abraham et al. deciduous, m arshy and riverine veget at ion, ( 2008) grasslands. Also invest igat ional rocky areas genet ic resource developed for different m icroclim at ic condit ions collected from Andam an and Nicobar I slands. for t he profusion growt h of the t ropical species. Krishnan et al. ( 2011) developed t he in vit ro The inst it ut e also involved in t he expansion of conservat ion technology for G. superbaL. by display garden, in vit ro gene bank, field gene apical bank and seed gene bank. I t has played a developed in vit ro conservat ion m et hod for G. significant role in conservat ion of threatened superbaL. species. t echnology. Through t his m et hod, developed ( Arunachal Pradesh I nst it ut e, Field Kerala Stat ion) . is working m anaged bud. t he of conservat ion t his plant , Chandrawanshiet t hrough of t he germ plasm al. ( 2015) m icrot uberizat ion for t he largest num bers of m icrot uber, on short est is t im e periods.Deshm ukh ( 2010) worked on ex- init iat ed by t he Depart m ent of Biot echnology sit u conservat ion for G. superbaL. Manivannan ( DBT) , Governm ent of I ndia. I t has est ablished ( 2010) developed conservat ion st rategies for t hree rare, endangered and threatened m edicinal The G- 15 GBMAP ( Gene Bank Medicinal and Arom at ic Plant s) program cryo-preservat ion m edicinal plant s gene conservat ion. banks In for plants in South I ndia. fact , Rainaet al. ( 2011) non- governm ent established organizat ions, several indust ries, and private t hreatened organizat ions Pradesh region. The num erous research works governm ent farm ing of and also prom ote m edicinally to com m ercial im portant already and conservat ion m edicinal going on m edicinal plants. pharm aceut ical valued plant s by farm ers ( Shah 145 plants m et hod of for Him achal conservat ion aspect s for DCSI Vol. 15 No. 1: 140 – 150 ( 2016) Nagendra K. Chandrawanshi et. al. Ack now ledgem e nt : Conclusion: Herbal m edicines occupy a Aut hors are thankful to t he School of Studies in very significant sector of t he healt h care system in Biot echnology, I ndia. The m edicinal plants and it s biodiversit y Universit y, Raipur, Chhat t isgarh for support . is nat ional Aut hors are also grateful to Departm ent of resource or assets in nat ionally or globally. The Science & Technology, New Delhi, for financial present paper report s that G. superbaL. is support t hrough DST- FI ST schem e ( Sanct ion considered on under all t hreatened category of No. t he I UCN. sanct ioned represent ed lit erat ure as an im port ant These are supported by aut hent ic and research report s Pt. RavishankarShukla 2384/ I FD/ 2014- 15, to the dated School 31.07.2014) of Studies in Biot echnology. worldwide. Most of t he art icles im plosion on threatened Re fe re nces: category and also endangered t axa. Abr a ham , Z., Se nthilk um ar , R., John, K. J., But it is im portant t o ensure t hat, t heir conservat ion for Sha r m a, sustainable ut ilizat ion is very necessary. I t Unnik r ishna n, should be a proper considerat ion for a regular Ge orge, J. K., Um a , S., La t ha , M., M a lik , S. update on field evaluat ion system for analysis S., M ishr a, S. K. , Bha nda ri, D . C. a nd for defining of stat us on state, nat ional and Pa r e ek , S. K. 2 0 0 8 .Collect ion of plant genet ic int ernat ional levels. Also have t o am bit ious resources effort s I slands.Genet Resour Crop Evol., 5 5 : 1279- of Bot anist , Biotechnologist , T. V. R. M., from S. , N air , Kum a r a n, Andam an and N. V., P. M., Nicobar Conservat ionist s and Policym akers are required 1289. t o t ake essent ial st eps for conservat ion and AI CEP 1 9 9 4 .Sum m ary Report of t he All I ndia characterizat ion Coordinat ed Et hno biological Proj ect ( AI CEP) of of various threatened Minist ry category. of Environm ent and Forest , Governm ent of I ndia. We m ust be developing a connect ion t ribal Am ir t ha lingam , M . 2 0 1 0 . Rare, Endangered conservat ion and Threat ened ( RET) Plants in t he Sacred purposes of t he t hreat ened m edicinal plants. Groves of Tam il Nadu. Eco News, 1 6 ( 2 ) : 18- They should be educat ed t o develop m edicinal 20. plants gardens in the village, which will not Anonym ous only supply t heir basic needs but also be a News.Depart m ent of Biot echnology, GOI , New source Delhi,1 ( 1 ) : 1- 6. bet ween m ass populat ions of awareness regarding incom e, m edicinal plants t o and t he through selling village Vaidya’s, valued 2 0 0 0 .The Ant hr opological t ribal Biom e sur v ey of I ndia healer and ot her plants collect ors. At this t im e, 1 9 9 4 .People of I ndia Proj ect Report for 1994. t he im portance of t he t radit ional m edicine Aye nsu, propert ies has been released in t he worldwide, resources.I n som e of t hem proved t o be very effect ive, agricult ure ( V.L. Chopra and T.N. Khoshoo, som e of t he need t o prescript ion by t radit ional Eds.) . I CAR, New Delhi. healers. Finally, should be created dat abases Ba dm a n T, a nd Bom ha rd, B. 2 0 0 8 .World ( t hrough scient ific analysis for crude m aterials Heritage and I UCN edit ion. applying various required assay) for E.S. 1 9 8 6 .World Conservat ion and Protect ed m edicinal for plant product ive Areas.Published by individual plants, which is m ore beneficial for Ba dola , H. K. a nd Pa l, M . 2 0 0 2 .Endangered hum ankind and also prom ote t o conservat ion m edicinal st eps, for sust ainable m anagem ent. Pradesh.Current Science.8 3 ( 7 ) : 797- 798. 146 plant s species in Him achal DCSI Vol. 15 No. 1: 140 – 150 ( 2016) Nagendra K. Chandrawanshi et. al. Ba la gur u, B., Br it t o, S. J., N a gam urugan, Analysis N ., 1 4 : 142- 147. N a t ar a j a n, D. a nd Soosair a j , S. of GloriosasuperbaL..Biotechnology, 2 0 0 6 .I dent ifying conservat ion priorit y zones Cha ndr a w a nshi, N . K. , K.L. 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