Journal of Global Biosciences
ISSN 2320-1355
Volume 4, Number 7, 2015, pp. 2930-2943
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Research Paper
WOOD ANATOMY OF Kostermansia AND Durio (MALVACEAE HELICTEROIDEAE: DURIONEAE) IN MALAYSIA
Nordahlia A.S. 1,, Noraini T. 2, Chung R.C.K. 1 & Lim S.C. 1
1
Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
2 School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and
Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan,
Malaysia.
Abstract
Wood anatomy of the monotypic genus of Kostermansia and 13 species of Durio
from Malaysia were studied. The results indicated that Kostermansia can be
distinguished from Durio as opposed from the studies by other researchers who
stated that Kostermansia is identical to Durio. Characters that can be used to
separate these genera are wood density, vessel arrangement, ray height, ray
width, the shape and size of intervessel pits, size of vessel-ray pits and mineral
inclusion. The presence of prismatic crystals in chambered axial parenchyma
and occasionally in tile cells was observed in Kostermansia. On the other hand, in
Durio the presence of prismatic crystals in chambered and non-chambered axial
parenchyma was observed in 10 species studied, whilst the silica was absent.
However, in the other three species which were D. griffithii, D. grandiflorus and
D. excelsus showed present of silica, whilst crystal was absent. The silica in these
three species present in the axial parenchyma, occasionally in tile cells and
procumbent ray cells.
Key words: Density-intervessel pits-vessel ray pits- silica-crystal.
INTRODUCTION
According to [1] and [2] the delimitation of families within the core Malvales is problematic, viz.
Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, Bombacaceae and Malvaceae. The phylogenetic studies based on
chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA strongly suggested that they should be merged into
expanded family Malvaceae with nine subfamilies which are Byttnerioideae, Grewioideae,
Tilioideae, Helicteroideae, Sterculioideae, Brownlowioideae, Dombeyoideae, Bombacoideae and
Malvoideae [3,4,5,6,7,8]. In Malaysia, the genera formerly included in the family Bombacaceae
are now grouped in two subfamilies which are Bombacoideae (Bombax L.) and Helicteroideae
(Coelostegia Benth., Kostermansia Soegeng, Durio Adans. and Neesia Blume).
Kostermansia is a monotypic genus with only one species namely K. malayana. This species is
large trees to 50 m tall and 100 cm diameter and endemic to Peninsular Malaysia [9]. Durio is a
genus of about 29 species which are confined to the tropics of Southeast Asia, distributed from
Sri Lanka, India and Mynmmar through Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra, the
Phillipines to New Guinea [10]. Tree of Durio are medium to large trees to 60 m tall and 120-140
cm in diameter [11]. According to Salma [12], the present account recognises 24 species of
Durio in Malaysia. There are 14 spesies of Durio in Peninsular Malaysia [13,12], 16 species in
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Vol. 4(7), 2015 pp. 2930-2943
Sarawak [14,15] and 12 species in Sabah [16]. [17] reported that wood of Kostermansia and
Durio are suitable for light costruction indoors, door and window frames, flooring, planking,
veneers and plywood, wooden sandals and coffins.
[9] first described the genus of Kostermansia and reported that the genus is closely related to
Durio and Coelostegia. [18] studied the vegetative anatomy of Kostermansia and when compared
with Durio, found that the leaf anatomy of Durio differs from Kostermansia, whereas the wood
anatomy of Durio is identical to Kostermansia. The characters he used included ray width, ray
height, vessel diameter, frequency of vessel multiples and degree of homogenus or
heterogeneity of the rays. However, the study by [19] also reported the wood anatomy of
Kostermansia is similar to that Durio, therefore both genera are difficult to differentiate. The
wood anatomy of Durio is widely studied [20,18,21,22,23,24,25,19] whereas the anatomical
study on the genus Kostermansia is rather limited. The objectives of this study are to investigate
the variation in the macroscopic characteristics and microscopic wood anatomical characters of
Kostermansia and Durio species in Malaysia, and to assess their taxonomic values for
differentiating these two genera.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 53 authenticated wood samples were obtained from several institutional wood
collections (Table 1) referred according to [26]. For macroscopic characteristics, observation
were made on their physical features which include the direction of grain, texture and ripple
marks (present or absent) using the 10x lens. The density was determined using oven-dry
weight and green volume. Microscopic slides were prepared, according to[27,28,29] where
wooden block of 1 x 1 x 1.5 cm was taken from each species studied and boiled in distilled water
until they were well soaked and sank. A sledge microtome was used to cut thin sections of
between 15 and 20 µm from the cross, radial and tangential surfaces of each block. The thin
sections were immersed in 1% aqueous safranin-O for several minutes and dehydrated using
alcohol series with increasing concentrations: 30%, 50%, 70%, 90% and 95% untill excess
stains were removed. Clear the sections in clove oil and mount in Canada Balsam and left to dry
in an oven at 60ºC for 48 hours. For maceration [30] wood samples were split into small
matchstick size pieces and transferred into a test tube containing a mixture of 30% hydrogen
peroxide:glacial acetic acid at a ratio of 1:1 The test tube was then heated in a water bath at
45°C until the sticks turned silvery white. Distilled water was used to wash the softened sticks
in order to remove the excess acid. The cleaned sticks were then shaken in distilled water to
break up fibres. One or two drops of safranin-O were added into the test tubes to stain the fibres
for easy observation. Microscopic observations and measurement of the wood structure were
carried out using a light microscope. Descriptive terminology and measurements follow the
IAWA List of Microscopic Features for Hardwood Identification [30]. Statistical analysis was
carried out using statistical analysis software package (SAS ver. 6.12, 1996).
RESULTS
3.1 Kostermansia Soegeng
Macroscopic features
Growth rings present and distinct. Grain straight to interlocked. Texture coarse and uneven.
Ripple marks absent. Density range from 818 to 866 kg/m3 with average of 842 kg/m3 at 15 %
air dry (Table 2).
Microscopic features
Growth rings: Present and very distinct marked by differences in fibre wall thickness (Figure
1A).
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Vessels: The distribution of vessel is typically diffuse. Arrange in radial and tending to form
oblique pattern. Vessel grouping is 55% solitary, in radial multiples of 2−3(−6) and clusters of
3-5 occasionally present. Solitary vessels are mostly round, but oval vessels are occasionally
present (Figure 1 A & B). Average tangential vessel diameter is 271 µm with a range of 251 µm
to 291 µm. Average vessels frequency is 4 with a range of 4−5 vessels per mm2. The average
length of vessel element is 766 µm with a range of 646 to 886 µm. Perforation plates simple.
Intervessel pits alternate and is loosely arranged ,circular to oval and polygonal with coalescent
apertures, 2−4 pits per chambers (Figure 1C), medium in size and with a horizontal diameter
average of 8.1 µm with a range of 7.1 to 9.1 µm, average vertical diameter of 7.8 µm with a range
of 7.0 to 8.6 µm. Vessel-ray pits have distinct borders (Figure 1E), similar to the intervessel pits
in arrangement and size where the pits are alternate, circular to oval and medium in size with
an average horizontal diameter of 8.4 with a range of 7.4 to 9.4 µm. Tylosis and deposits absent.
Tracheids and Fibres: Vascular tracheids are absent. Fibres with simple to minutely bordered
pits, less than 3 µm in diameter, mainly occurring on the radial walls and characterised as nonseptate fibre (Figure 1F). Average fibre length is 1.7 mm with a range of 1.6 to 1.9 mm. Fibre
diameter ranges from 25 to 30 µm with an average of 28 µm. The fibre wall thickness ranges
from 4.0 to 6.0 µm with an average of 5.0 µm. The fibres wall is classified as thin to thicked wall.
Axial parenchyma: Axial parenchyma is abundant, predominantly apotracheal parenchyma
with diffuse and diffuse in aggregates. Narrow bands of 1−3 cells wide present, forming
reticulate with the rays (Figure 1B). Paratracheal parenchyma is predominantly scanty or
occasionally vasicentric with narrow sheath around the vessel, 1−3 cells wide (Figure 1B). Axial
parenchyma strands range from 7 to 10 cells per strand.
Rays: Multiseriate and uniseriate rays present, 6 to 9 rays per mm2 (Figure 1D). Aggregate rays
absent. The multiseriate ray with 3 to 4 cells width and height ranges from 0.9 to 1.5 mm with
an average of 1.2 mm. There are three types of cell composition: homogenous rays with all ray
cells procumbent, heterogenous ray type III with procumbent and one row of upright/square
cells and heterogenous ray type II with procumbent and 2 rows of upright/square cells (Figure
1G). Tile cells of the Durio-type present, same height as the procumbent cells and alternating
with the procumbent ray cells (Figure 1I). Dark-coloured gum-like contents were occasionally
observed in the procumbent and upright/square cells. Sheath cells and storied structure absent.
Mineral inclusions: Prismatic crystal in chambered axial parenchyma, in short chain of 2−7
chambers, 1 crystal per cell or chamber (Figure 1H). Prismatic crystals occasionally present in
the tile cells (Figure 1I). Silica bodies absent.
3.2 Durio Adans.
Macroscopic features
Growth rings in Durio present but vary from distinct to indistinct. Grain is straight to slightly
interlocked. Texture is coarse and uneven. Ripple marks absent. Density ranges from 685 to 801
kg/m3 with an average of 743 kg/m3 at 15 % air dry (Table 2).
Microscopic features
Growth rings: Growth ring varies from distinct (D. carinatus, D. graveolens, D. lowianus, D.
macrophyllus, D. zibethinus, D. singaporensis, D. excelsus and D. griffithii) to indistinct (D. affinis,
D. oxleyanus, D. grandiflorus, and D. oblongus) marked by different in fibre wall thickness (Figure
2A-B).
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Vessels: The distribution of vessel is typically diffuse. Arrange in radial pattern. Vessel grouping
is 54% to 82% solitary, in radial multiples of 2−4(−9), clusters of 3-6 occasionally present
(Figure 2A-B). D. zibethinus consists of the highest percentage of solitary vessels with 82%
whereas D.carinatus has the lowest percentage with 56%. Solitary vessels are mostly round, but
oval vessels are occasionally present (Figure 2A-B). Tangential vessel diameter ranges from 239
to 311 µm with an average of 275 µm. D. oxleyanus consists of significantly largest average
vessel diameter of 316 µm (range: 284−348 µm), whereas the lowest average vessel diameter is
found in D. oblongus with an average of 247 µm (range: 217−277 µm). Vessels frequency ranges
from 2 to 4 with an average of 3 vessels per mm2. Vessel element length ranges from 592 to 851
µm with an average of 722 µm. The longest vessel element length was found in D. oxleyanus with
an average of 884 µm (range: 820−948 µm). Perforation plates simple. Intervessel pit is
alternate and loosely arranged, circular to oval with coalescent apertures, 2−4 pits per
chambers (Figure 2D), small in size with an average horizontal diameter of 6.2 µm (range:
5.3−7.0 µm), average vertical diameter of pits are 5.1 µm (range: 4.1−5.9 µm). Vessel-ray pits
have distinct borders (Figure 2F), similar to the intervessel pits in arrangement, shape and size
where the pits are alternate, circular to oval and small size with an average horizontal diameter
of 6.6 (range: 5.2−7.1 µm). Tylosis and deposits absent.
Tracheids and Fibres: Vascular tracheids are absent. Fibres non-septate, with simple to
minutely bordered pits less than 3 µm in diameter, mainly occurs on the radial walls (Figure
2G). Average fibre length is 1.7 mm (range: 1.4−2.0 mm). Among the Durio species examined, D.
lowianus has the longest fibre with an average length of 1.9 mm (range: 1.8−2.2 mm), whereas
D. griffithii has the shortest fibre with an average length of 1.5 mm (range: 1.3−1.6 mm). Fibre
diameter ranges from 21 to 28 µm with an average of 25 µm. Fibre wall ranges from 3.6 to 5.9
µm in thickness with an average of 4.8 µm. The fibre wall is classified as thin to thicked wall.
Axial parenchyma: Axial parenchyma abundant in all Durio species studied predominantly
apotracheal parenchyma with diffuse and diffuse in aggregates. Narrow bands of 1−3 cells wide
present, forming reticulate with the rays (Figure 2C). Paratracheal parenchyma is
predominantly scanty or occasionally vasicentric with narrow sheath around the vessel, 1−3
cells wide (Figure 2C). Axial parenchyma strands range from 7 to 10 cells.
Rays: Multiseriate and uniseriate rays present, 5−7 rays per mm2 (Figure 2E). The height of
multiseriate ray ranges from 1.2 to 2.4 mm with an average of 1.8 mm. The highest ray is found
in D. grandiflorus with an average of 2.4 mm (range: 1.7−3.0 mm), whereas D. lowianus has the
lowest ray with an average of 1.6 mm (range: 1.0−2.2 mm). Ray width in the genus Durio ranges
from 4 to 10 cells. D. singaporensis has the largest ray with ranges 8-10 cells width. The smaller
ray was found in D. grandiflorus, D. oblongus, D. lowianus and D. carinatus with ranges 4-6 cells
width. There are three types of cell composition in the ray, they are homogenous ray with all ray
cells procumbent, heterogenous ray type II with procumbent and one row of upright/square
cells and heterogenous ray type III with procumbent and 2 rows of upright/square cells (Figure
3A). Tile cells of the Durio-type present and of the same height as the procumbent ray cells and
alternating with the procumbent ray cells (Figure 3A). Dark-coloured gum-like contents were
occasionally observed in the procumbent and upright/square cells. Sheath cells and storied
structure absent.
Mineral inclusions: Prismatic crystals found in all species studied except D. grifithii, D. excelsus
and D. grandiflorus. Prismatic crystals present in chambered axial parenchyma, in short chain of
2-8 chambers, 1 crystal per cell or chamber (Figure 3B) but can also present in non-chambered
axial parenchyma with 1-2 crystal per strand (Figure 3C). Prismatic crystals were found in
chambered axial parenchyma cells in most species studied except D. macrophyllus, D. zibethinus
and D. singaporensis which contained prismatic crystals in both chambered and non-chambered
axial parenchyma cells
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Silica bodies present only in the species of D. griffithii, D.excelsus and D. grandiflorus and occur
in axial parenchyma, occasionally found in tile cells and procumbent ray cells (Figure 3D).
DISCUSSION
According to [18] and [19], the wood anatomy of Kostermansia is identical with Durio and its
wood shares many general similarities with Durio. The most important characteristic of both
genera are the present of Durio-type tile cells which is restricted to tribe Durioneae of
Bombacaceae [22], whereas the Pterospermum-type tile cells were found in the families of
Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae [31]. [32] reported that Grewia of the family Tiliaceae consists of
Pterospermum-type tile cells whilst the intermediate Durio-type tile cells were observed in
Microcos. The present of tile cells is the characteristics restricted to the most subfamilies of
Malvaceae [31,22,33]. The other wood anatomy characters which are similar between these two
genera are presented in Table 2. Based on this study, the percentage of solitary vessels is about
55-66 % which is higher than the findings by [34] who reported that the solitary vessel of tribe
Durioneae is about 10% to less than 50%. These two genera have large vessel diameter up to
200 µm with D. oxleyanus being the largest. [35] reported that D. oxleyanus can absorb
preservatives easily; it might be due to the presence of large vessel diameter in this species.
In this present findings have shown that there are significant differences in some macroscopic
and microscopic wood anatomical characters between Kostermansia and Durio that can used to
distinguish these two genera. However, these macroscopic and microscopic characters could
not be used to distinguish Durio species in this study. A comparison on the macroscopic
characters which is density and wood anatomy of Kostermansia and Durio are presented in
Table 3. Kostermansia wood was found to have significantly higher density than Durio which
were 842 kg/m3 and 740 kg/m3 respectively. This present results shows lower value in density
of Kostermansia compared to [17] and [19] which recorded the density of this species was 865
kg/m3. On the other hand, [17] reported that Durio has the density of 545 to 800 kg/m3. The
differences in the value of density between the present and previous studies might be due to the
sample obtained from different trees, different localities and different parts of the trees. This
fact is supported by [36] and [37], where the density varies along the tree height, along the
wood disc and also from different localities.
Kostermansia and species belongs to the genus Durio showed vessels in radial pattern
arrangement. However, the oblique arrangement of vessels was clearly observed in
Kostermansia. [18] reported similar finding in Kostermansia which have radial and oblique
arrangement of vessel. [38] reported radial arrangement of vessels in Durio. Intervessel pits
shape of Kostermansia is circular to oval and also polygonal, however in Durio the shape of
intervessel pits are circular to oval. On the other hand, size of intervessel pit and vessel ray pit
are also significantly difference at p ≤ 0.05 with Kostermansia categorised as medium size whilst
Durio as small size (Table 3). These sizes and shape of intervessel and vessel ray pits are also
reported by [18] and [39].
Ray characteristics also could be useful as diagnostic values in distinguish these two genera.
Kostermansia showed significantly (at p ≤ 0.05) lower value in ray height as compared to Durio.
In this present study, Durio shows ray height to 2 mm which is similar to the findings by [22]
who also observed higher ray with some of the species reaching 3 mm. Durio was found to have
rays of 10 cells wide whereas Kostermansia has 1 to 4 cells which was also reported by [18].
[39] and [35] also reported Durio has wider ray which were ranges from 3 to 6 cells and 3 to 8
cells respectively. Ray cells of Durio and Kostermansia consist of one or two upright/square cells
and this feature was also reported by [25]. However, [35] reported that the species of Durio
have more than 4 rows of upright/square cells.
Mineral inclusion (crystal, druses and silica) are also one of the wood anatomical characteristics
that have diagnostic values in differentiating wood up to species, genera or family level [40,30].
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In this present study, prismatic crystals were found in Kostermansia in chambered axial
parenchyma and occasionally in tile cells. However, silica bodies was absent in Kostermansia.
[18] also recorded the absent of silica bodies and present of prismatic crystals in chambered
axial parenchyma but not in tile cells. There were three types of mineral inclusion in Durio,
where prismatic crystals were only found in chambered axial parenchyma which was observed
in all species study, except D. macrophyllus, D. zibethinus and D. singaporensis where the
prismatic crystals were found in both chambered and non-chambered axial parenchyma.
According to [25] and [39] prismatic crystals in chambered axial parenchyma are common in
most species of Durio. While, [35] stated that, prismatic crystals were observed in both
chambered and non-chambered axial parenchyma cells in the species of Durio. Prismatic
crystals were absent but silica bodies were present numerously in the axial parenchyma and
occasionally in procumbent cells and tile cells, in three species studied (D. griffithii, D. excelsus
and D. grandiflorus). [25] reported that D. griffithii was observed to have silica bodies in axial
parenchyma but he does not record any silica bodies found in the procumbent and tile cells. [23]
also reported presence of silica bodies in D. grandiflorus.
In the molecular study of [7] and [8], they proposed the segregation of the genera Boschia and
Durio based on the samples of Boschia griffithii and three species of Durio (D.oblongus,
D.testudinarium and D.zibethinus). In Malaysia, Durio griffithii, D. grandiflorus and D. excelsus are
those species previously belonged to the genus Durio, subgenus Boschia while the other species
of Durio are belonged to the subgenus Durio [41]. In this study, these three species shows the
present of silica in the axial parenchyma, occasionally in tile cells and procumbent ray cells with
the absence of crystals.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The first author thanks the Director General of Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) for
the support and encouragement; we thank curators of SARFw and SANw for providing wood
samples in this study; Ms Nadiah Idris (KEP) for providing some references. Financial support to
the first author from the project entitled Pembangunan Produk Baharu yang Beteraskan
Teknologi Termaju (Nano & Mesra Alam) daripada Sumber Lignoselulosa (RMKe-10) is
gratefully acknowledged.
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Species of Burma, Malaya and Sumatra, additional note on Cullenia ceylanica K. Schum.
Communication Forest Research Institute Indonesia 62: 1–36.
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Journal of Global Biosciences
ISSN 2320-1355
Table 1. List of materials studied.
Genus/Species
Location
Kostermansia
K. malayana Soegeng
Pahang, Rompin,
Kelantan, Baling
Durio
D. affinis Becc.
Vol. 4(7), 2015 pp. 2930-2943
Collection number, wood number (Xylarium)
KEP 31606, wt2528 (KEPw); KEP 10007, wt4400
(KEPw); KEP 50651, wt5691(KEPw); KEP 61080,
wt8231 (KEPw)
Bukit Rotan, Brunei,
Simujan, Sarawak
FMS34468,wt4222 (KEPw); S15203 (SARFw)
D. carinatus Mast.
Kuantan, Pekan,
Mersing, Sibu
KEP6653, wt179 (KEPw); KEP 43201, wt3490
(KEPw); KEP 70105, wt6816 (KEPw); S23109
(SARFw)
D. excelsus Bakh.
Sarawak, Belaga
S43565 (SARFw); S80134 (SARFw)
D. grandiflorus Mast.
Kinabatangan, Sabah
SAN138994, wt4743 (SANw)
D. graveolens Becc.
Sg. Siput, Ulu Gombak, Kuala
Pilah, Sik,Lundu, Bintulu
KEP 8832,wt666 (KEPw); KEP 24970, wt4753
(KEPw); KEP 62973,wt6418(KEPw);
KEP 73820,wt8237 (KEPw); S9621 (SARFw);
S15129 (SARFw)
D. griffithii (Mast.)
Bakh.
Plus FR Perak,Sugai Buluh FR,
Senawang, Tatau Sarawak
FMS39052, wt2947 (KEPw); FMS45003,
wt3846 (KEPw); FMS1978,wt4383 (KEPw);
S22134 (SARFw)
D. kutejensis Becc.
Lundu, Sarawak, Marudi
Sarawak
S15682 (SARFw); S22848 (SARFw)
D. lowianus Scort. ex
King
Lenggong,Sg Buloh FR, Rompin,
Kuala Muda, Enggang FR, Muar
KEP 10421,wt669 (KEPw); FMS44943,wt3816
(KEPw);KEP 31700,wt4843 (KEPw); KEP 59642,
wt8193 (KEPw);KEP 74989,wt8194 (KEPw); KEP
70153,wt8238 (KEPw)
D. macrophyllus(King)
Ridl.
Sg Siput, Kuala Kangsar,
Kapit Sarawak
KEP 8836,wt668 (KEPw); KEP 127, wt125
(KEPw); S22284 (SARFw);
D. oblongus Mast.
Bau, Sarawak
S28996 (SARFw)
D. oxleyanus Griff.
Sg Siput,Senawang FR,Gading
FR, Behrang FR,Sik,Batu Pahat.
KEP 8836,wt668 (KEPw); FMS541,wt664 (KEPw);
KEP 66179,wt7345 (KEPw); KEP 61148, wt8195
(KEPw); KEP 73842,wt8198 (KEPw); KEP 79409,
wt8241 (KEPw)
D. singaporensis Ridl.
Temerloh,Genting Sempah,
Panti FR, Dungun
FMS10573,wt248 (KEPw); KEP 34258,wt3731
(KEPw); KEP 70188,wt8223 (KEPw); KEP 93681,
wt9978 (KEPw); KEP 57405,wt6362 (KEPw)
D. zibethinus Murray
Kinta, Batang Kali FR,Chemor
Kinta, Sg Lalang FR, FRIM
Kepong, Sepilok FR, LungManis
Beluran
KEP 65948,wt8122 (KEPw); KEP 64204,wt8221
(KEPw); KEP 65944,wt8235 (KEPw); KEP
72158,wt8236 (KEPw); FRI21831,wt9961
(KEPw); A2879, wt6149 (KEPw);
SAN65612,wt2106 (SANw)
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2938
Journal of Global Biosciences
ISSN 2320-1355
Vol. 4(7), 2015 pp. 2930-2943
Table 2. Wood anatomical characteristics and density of Kostermansia malayana and Durio species.
SP
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
K1
+VO
55
4-5
766(646-886)
G
8.1(7.1-9.1)
7.8(7.0-8.6)
R,8.4(7.4-9.4)
F
5.0(4.0-6.0)
1.7(1.6-1.9)
+
1.2(0.9-1.5)
3-4
6-9
C
842(818-866)
D1
PVR
68
2-4
731(646-816)
S
5.7(4.9-6.5)
4.4(4.1-5.3)
R,6.6(5.4-7.8)
F
4.4(3.6-5.1)
1.7(1.5-1.8)
+
1.8(1.3-2.2)
7-10
4-6
C
673(662-683)
D2
+VR
54
2-4
827(772-882)
S
5.9(5.0-6.8)
5.3(4.3-6.3)
R,5.8(4.9-6.7)
F
5.0(3.8-6.1)
1.7(1.6-1.8)
+
1.6(1.0-2.2)
4-6
6-8
C
641(631-651)
D3
PVR
75
1-2
785(677-892)
S
6.2(5.3-7.0)
6.2(5.3-7.0)
R,6.2(5.4-7.0)
F
4.5(3.8-5.2)
1.7(1.5-1.8)
+
2.4(1.7-3.0)
4-6
7-9
S
704(694-714)
D4
+VR
75
3-5
726(627-825)
S
6.1(5.2-6.9)
5.3(4.5-6.1)
R,6.0(5.1-6.9)
F
4.7(3.7-5.6)
1.8(1.6-2.0)
+
1.7(1.3-2.1)
6-8
5-7
C
778(763-793)
D5
+VR
62
3-4
580(476-684)
S
6.2(5.3-7.0)
6.2(5.3-7.0)
R,6.4(5.5-7.3)
F
4.7(3.4-5.9)
1.5(1.3-1.6)
+
1.7(1.3-2.1)
5-7
6-7
S
850(840-860)
D6
+VR
55
2-5
734(588-881)
S
6.1(5.1-7.0)
6.1(5.1-7.0)
R,6.1(5.2-7.0)
F
4.5(3.3-5.7)
1.9(1.7-2.1)
+
2.2(1.6-2.8)
4-6
6-8
C
776(764-788)
D7
+VR
58
2-4
662(583-741)
S
6.2(5.3-7.0)
5.4(4.5-6.3)
R,6.0(5.1-6.9)
F
5.0(3.9-6.1)
1.9(1.8-2.2)
+
1.6(1.0-2.2)
4-6
6-8
C
764(755-773)
D8
+VR
76
2-3
644(559-729)
S
6.3(5.5-7.0)
5.1(4.1-6.4)
R,6.3(5.4-7.2)
F
4.6(3.3-5.8)
1.5(1.3-1.6)
+
2.0(1.4-2.6)
5-7
5-7
B
715(705-725)
D9
PVR
65
2-5
707(597-817)
S
6.3(5.5-7.0)
6.3(5.5-7.0)
R,6.3(5.6-7.0)
F
4.3(3.5-5.1)
1.8(1.6-2.0)
+
2.1(1.4-2.9)
4-6
7-9
C
732(724-740)
D10
PVR
72
1-2
884(820-948)
S
6.2(5.2-7.1)
5.1(4.1-6.1)
R,5.8(4.7-6.9)
F
5.5(4.3-6.7)
1.5(1.4-1.7)
+
1.7(1.3-2.2)
5-7
5-7
C
717(707-727)
D11
+VR
60
3-5
759(649-869)
S
6.1(5.2-7.0)
5.2(4.8-5.6)
R,6.1(5.1-7.1)
F
4.2(3.3-5.0)
1.7(1.6-1.9)
+
1.7(1.1-2.3)
8-10
4-6
B
782(770-794)
D12
+VR
82
1-3
693(547-839)
S
6.0(5.0-7.0)
4.8(4.1-5.6)
R,6.4(5.5-7.2)
F
5.7(4.5-6.8)
1.6(1.4-1.8)
+
1.8(1.3-2.2)
7-9
4-6
B
706(698-714)
D13
+VR
56
271(251291)
260(244276)
286(254318)
301(261340)
270(251289)
267(228306)
252(224280)
276(232320)
268(251285)
247(217277)
316(284348)
263(241285)
305(263347)
270(237303)
2-4
692(574-810)
S
6.2(5.3-7.0)
5.0(4.2-5.8)
R,6.3(5.5-7.0)
F
4.7(4.0-5.5)
1.5(1.3-1.6)
+
1.7(1.4-2.1)
4-6
7-9
S
827(812-842)
Note:
SP=Species
K1=K. malayana
D1=D. affinis
D2=D. carinatus D3=D.
grandiflorus D4=D.
graveolens
D5=D. griffithii
D6=D. kutejensis
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1.Growth rings; Vessel distribution, arrangement, grouping, outline (+= Growth rings present and distinct; P=Growth ring present but indistinct;
V=vessel diffuse, vessel solitary, in radial multiples and in cluster R=radial pattern arrangement, O=Radial pattern or oblique arrangement)
2.Solitary vessel percentage %
3.Vessel diameter (µm); 4.Vessel per mm2; 5.Vessel element length (µm)
6.Perforation plate; intervessel pit arrangement, shape and size : Durio (S= Perforation plate simple, alternate, loosely arrange, circular to oval with
coalescent apertures and small); Kostermansia (G=Perforation plate simple, alternate, loosely arrange, circular to oval and polygonal with
coalescent apertures and medium)
7. Diameter intervessel pit (horizontal) (µm);
8. Diameter intervessel pit (vertical) (µm)
9. Vessel ray-pit shape, size (R= Vessel ray-pit similar to the intervessel pits in shape and size); Diameter vessel-ray pit (horizontal)
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Journal of Global Biosciences
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D7=D. lowianus
D8=D. macrophyllus
D9=D. oblongus
D10=D. oxleyanus
D11=D. singaporensis
D12=D. zibethinus
D13=D. excelsus
Vol. 4(7), 2015 pp. 2930-2943
10. Fibre pits and septate fibres (Fibres with simple to minutely borderd pits less than 3 µm in diameter, non-septate)
11.Fibre wall thickness (µm); characterized as thin to thicked wall 12. Fibre length (mm)
13.Axial parenchyma, ray and tile cells (+=Present of apotraheal, paratracheal, banded parenchyma, uniseriate ray, multiseriat ray, homogenus and
hetrogenus ray, durio-type tile cells)
14.Ray height (mm);
15. Ray width;
16. Ray per mm
17.Mineral inclusion (C=Crystal present in chambered axial parenchyma, B=Crystal present in chambered and non-chambered axial parenchyma
S=Silica present
18. Density (kg/m3)
Table 3. Main differences of wood anatomical characteristics and density between Kostermansia and Durio
Character
Genus
Kostermansia
Durio
Density (kg/m3)
842±24(818-866)a
740±53(687-793)b
Vessel
Vessel arrangement
Radial pattern and oblique
Radial pattern
Intervessel pit shape
Circular to oval and polygonal
Circular to oval
Intervessel pits size (µm)
8.1±0.96 (7.1-9.1)a
6.2±0.89 (5.3-7.0)b
(horizontal)
Medium
small
a
Vessel-ray pit size (µm)
8.4±1.0 (7.4-9.4)
6.0±1.0 (5.0-7.0)b
medium
small
Ray
Ray height (mm)
1.2±0.3(0.9-1.5)b
1.8±0.6(1.2-2.4)a
b
Ray width
3±0.5(3-4)
6±1.5(5-10)a
Mineral inclusion
Crystal
Prismatic crystals present in chambered axial
Prismatic crystals present in the chambered
parenchyma and occasionally in tile cells
axial parenchyma or in both chambered and
non-chambered axial parenchyma or absence in
D. griffithii, D. grandiflorus and D. excelsus
Silica
Absent
present in D. griffithii , D. grandiflorus and D.
excelsus in the axial parenchyma, occasionally in
tile cells and procumbent ray cells
Note: Number in the bracket ( ) is a value in ranges
Means followed by the different letter in the same rows are significantly different at p≤0.05.
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2940
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ISSN 2320-1355
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Vol. 4(7), 2015 pp. 2930-2943
2941
Journal of Global Biosciences
ISSN 2320-1355
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Vol. 4(7), 2015 pp. 2930-2943
2942
Journal of Global Biosciences
ISSN 2320-1355
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Vol. 4(7), 2015 pp. 2930-2943
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