The cistophori of Nysa

FIDES Contributions to Numismatics in Honor of Richard B. Witschonke Alan Roche Richard B. Witschonke FIDES Contributions to Numismatics in Honor of Richard B. Witschonke Edited by Peter G. van Alfen Gilles Bransbourg Michel Amandry THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY NEW YORK 2015 © 2015 he American Numismatic Society ISBN 978–0–89722–339–3 Printed in China Contents Preface vii A Bibliography of Richard B. Witschonke ix Katerini Liampi. A Hoard from hessaly Containing Aeginetan Staters and hessalian Issues of the Taurokathapsia Type 1 Andrew Burnett and Maria Cristina Molinari. he Capitoline Hoard and the Circulation of Silver Coins in Central and Northern Italy in the hird Century BC 21 Peter van Alfen. A Late hird Century BC Hoard of Sardo-Punic Bronzes (IGCH 2290) 127 Gilles Bransbourg. Currency Debasement and Public Debt Management at the Time of the Second Punic War 141 David Vagi. Alliance and Coinage: South Italy during the Second Punic War 159 Andrew McCabe. A Hoard of Cut Roman Republican Denarii from the Second Punic War 221 François de Callataÿ. he Late Hellenistic Didrachms of Leukas: Another Case of Greek Coinage for the Roman Army 239 Andrew R. Meadows. Four Cistophoric Hoards? 279 William E. Metcalf. he Cistophori of Nysa 311 Nathan T. Elkins. “A City of Brick”: Architectural Designs on Roman Republican Coins and Second-Style Wall Painting 321 Liv Mariah Yarrow. Ulysses’s Return and Portrayals of Fides on Republican Coins 335 Clive Stannard. he Labors of Hercules on Central Italian Coins and Tesserae of the First century BC 357 Michael H. Crawford. Sextus Pompeius between Hispania and Germania 389 Philip Davis. Erato or Terpsichore: A Reassement 393 Bernhard E. Woytek. he Aureus of Pompey the Great Revisited 403 David Hendin. Judaea and Rome: he Early Numismatic Commentary, First Century BCE 427 Patrick Villemur. De Quelques Émissions Coloniales Romaines en Sicile: Retour à Tyndaris 435 Sophia Kremydi and Athena Iakovidou. Corinth and Athens: Numismatic Circulation from the Late Republic to the High Empire 457 Jane DeRose Evans. he hird Neokorate of Sardis in Light of a New Coin Type Found in Sardis 485 Michel Amandry. Le Monnayage de la Res Publica Coloniae Philippensium: Nouvelles Données 495 Preface his volume had its genesis, appropriately enough, among friends enjoying a ine lunch provided by a host, who as it happened was not at the table due to a scheduling conlict. he discussion of coins, wine, and the importance of friendship that aternoon naturally led to the consideration of ways to thank our host for his habitual generosity. Many who knew him were at one time or another a guest at his table; these moments of good cheer and serious conversation, he felt, were the best way to explore ideas in numismatics, to think of grand new projects, and to bring together old colleagues and new friends in an attempt to ever widen the circles of knowledge and acquaintance. As a host, he preferred to ask questions and let others do the talking, to recede to the sidelines (that aternoon to the point of invisibility!), convinced that his role was secondary to the “real” work of others. We all knew this not to be true. Although he modestly considered himself no more than an amateur, there is no question he made substantial contributions to numismatic scholarship, stewardship, and education. A volume of essays in his honor seemed the right answer for all he had done for us individually and collectively. he enthusiastic response to the Festschrit for Richard Beyer Witschonke, “Rick” to most all who knew him, proved the value of the man and the project. Sadly, he did not live to see it completed, although he took great pleasure in reading early drats of many of the papers. His decade-long battle with cancer, in which he displayed his typical good cheer and immense fortitude, came to an end on 24 February 2015. Now as a Gedenkschrit, we hope that this volume will serve as a itting tribute to an exceptional individual. Born in 1945 and raised in Connecticut, Rick graduated from Harvard Business School in 1972 with an MBA with high honors and took a position with American Management Systems (AMS), a technology consulting irm. Rick worked for AMS for most of his career, and ater leaving the company in 2000, he continued to work in technology consulting in California before deciding to retire to Califon, New Jersey, to be with his partner Heidi Becker in 2003. Soon thereater, he began to volunteer several days a week at the American Numismatic Society (ANS) in New York City, before becoming a Curatorial Associate in 2006. Numismatics, especially the coinage of the Roman Republic, had long been a major passion of his; another collecting passion was ine wine. Rick’s coin collecting interests began as a teenager. In 1960 at age 15, he obtained a Roman Republican denarius from a Lu Riggs auction. His interest in denarii intensiied ater reading Edward A. Sydenham’s he Coinage of the Roman Republic (1952), which inspired him to learn more about Republican coinage in general. Republican period coinage was his major collecting focus for the next several decades, during which time he assembled an impressively comprehensive collection of Roman Republican and provincial coins. Most of the Republican collection was sold over the last several years and is featured in the the 2013 Numismatic Ars Classica publication he RBW Collection of Roman Republican Coins. he second part of his collection, almost 3,500 Provincial coins of the Republican period he bequethed to the ANS. his absolutely unique group of coins, probably the only area of Roman coinage that has never been properly catalogued, is comprised of coins from the third to irst centuries BC, produced in various parts of the Mediterranean region under Roman control. A volume on this portion of the collection will be published in the near future by the ANS. vii Rick’s ailiation with the ANS began ater his irst visit in the late 1960s, when he became, for a while, the ANS’s youngest member. In 1999, Rick was elected a member of the Society’s Governing Council and served one term as an ANS Trustee. Where he felt better able to serve the Society, however, was in the curatorial department helping with the care of the Roman collection, and in sharing his passion for coinage with Summer Seminar students. With his immense enthusiasm for teaching and his conviction that the Seminar is one of the most important activities of the ANS, since it helps to train the next generation of numismatists, Rick was asked to co-direct the Seminar in 2006. hanks to his enormous input and energy, an already good program was turned into a great program. His commitment to teaching was demonstrated again in the summer of 2014, when he was already in steep decline from the cancer and in tremendous pain; he still insisted on coming into the Seminar to teach his full roster of sessions. Although he never considered himself a scholar, Rick nevertheless shared his vast knowledge of Republican coinage in a series of critical articles published by several of the most respected numismatic periodicals and helped as well to edit Festschriten for his close friends, one for Charles Hersch that appeared in 1998, and another for Roberto Russo, that appeared in 2013. Perhaps his greatest contributions to scholarship, however, stemmed from his experience as a businessman. A quick study, highly decisive, and hugely pragmatic, he was able to undertake large scale, complicated projects and see them to fruition. At the same time, he demonstrated an amazing openeness to new ideas and perspectives, investing his time, resources and energy in assessing and launching new projects. Such traits were well demonstrated by the computerized die-recognition project he launched and inanced, now being further developed by the ANS, which promises to create a sotware package for automating die studies that will be available in the near future. He also played an important role in the early stages of the ANS’s various digital project initiatives, including Nomisma.org, and more recently in helping to organize and launch Coinage of the Roman Republic Online (www.numismatics.org/crro) and Coin Hoards of the Roman Republic (www.numismatics.org/chrr). As is always the case, a volume such as this one would not have been possible without the assistance, diligence, and hard work of others not named on the title page or in the table of contents. Here we must thank Ute Wartenberg for her immediate and full support of the volume; Andrew Reinhard for his excruciating eye for editorial detail; Aadya Bedi and Alan Roche for image assistance; and Muserref Yetim, whose typesetting and design have given this book life. Peter G. van Alfen Gilles Bransbourg Michel Amandry viii A Bibliography of Richard B. Witschonke Edited Volumes Co-editor. 2013. Essays in honour of Roberto Russo. Zurich and London: Numismatic Ars Classica AG. Co-editor. 2008. One hundred years of solicitude: collecting by the New York Numismatic Club. New York: American Numismatic Society. Co-editor. 1998. Coins of Macedonia and Rome: essays in honour of Charles Hersh. London: Spink and Son. Editor. Manuscript: C. Hersh. Sequence marks on the coinage of the Roman Republic. (Rare books, ANS Library). Articles and Chapters Author. 2013. Some unpublished Roman Republican coins. In: P. van Alfen and R. Witschonke, eds. Essays in honour of Roberto Russo. Zurich and London: Numismatic Ars Classica AG, pp. 305–363. Author. 2012. he use of die marks on Roman Republican coins. Revue belge de Numismatique et de Sigillographie 158: 63–84. Author. 2010. Nine new numismatists: 2010 Eric P. Newman Graduate Seminar. ANS Magazine 9.3: 46–51. Author. 2009. Guest editorial. Celator. 23.1: 2. Author. 2009. “here is much more to the study of numismatics…”: the 2009 ANS graduate seminar. ANS Magazine 8.3: 42–45. Author. 2008. he H denarius rehabilitated. Numismatic Chronicle: 141-144. Author. 2008. Better late than never: Newell manuscript inally published. ANS Magazine 7.3: 32–36. Author. 2008. Frank Campbell: an appreciation of ive decades of service. ANS Magazine 7.1: 52–54. Co-author. 2008. Q. Aemilius Lepidus (Barbula?) cos. 21 B.C. Historia 57.2: 174–207. Editor. 2008. Coins from the excavations at Beisa (Nysa-Scythopolis, Tel Beth Shean), 1929–1935. American Journal of Numismatics 20: 1–52. Author. 2007. he 2007 summer seminar. ANS Magazine 6.1: 60–61. Author. 2007. he 2007 graduate seminar. ANS Magazine 6.3: 56–60. Author. 2005. Volunteer impressions. ANS Magazine 4.3: 43. Author. 2005. Volunteer impressions: the ANS photoile. ANS Magazine 4.2: 34–35. Author. 2005. Michael Bates: a brief biography. ANS Magazine 4.3: 44–48. Co-author. 2004–2005. Another Fimbria cistophorus. American Journal of Numismatics 16-17: 87–92. Author. 1998. Some late “early” Republican quinarii. In: A. Burnett, U. Wartenberg, and R. Witschonke, eds. Coins of Macedonia and Rome: essays in honour of Charles Hersh. London: Spink and Son, pp. 137–138. Book Reviews Author. 2008. Rev: Hollander, Money in the Late Roman Republic. ANS Magazine 7.2: 59–60. Author. 2007. Rev: Draganov, Sylloge nummorum Graecorum Bulgaria. ANS Magazine 6.2: 69. ix he Cistophori of Nysa Plates 1–2 William E. Metcalf he cistophori of Nysa were last examined systematically by Kurt Regling over a century ago.1 His article—virtually the last on the subject—is diicult to access and hardly illustrated at all. I hope that this article pleased Rick Witschonke—who owned more of these cistophori than Regling reported, and whose interest in my work on the “proconsular” cistophori was a constant stimulus. hese scarce coins bear what are certainly era dates; in Regling’s times these consisted of years 2, 6, 9, 12, 13, 15, 23, and 24. A coin of year 1 has now come to light, and years 7, 8, 14, and 16 have appeared as well. No doubt there will be future accretions, though it remains questionable whether the series will be illed out. he purpose of this note is to add to the documentation and to make a few suggestions regarding chronology. Catalogue In the catalogue that follows, each cistophorus has a running number, followed by a sequence representing obverse and reverse dies. he fractional denominations are represented by letters, and their dies are not designated. An asterisk indicates that the coin is illustrated. Obv. Rev. Cista mystica from which a snake emerges, the whole surrounded by an ivy wreath. Between facing serpents, a bow case. Above, an abbreviated name. To l., varying rendition of NYΣA; to r., variable symbol; to l. or r., a date. 1. K. Regling, “Anhang. II. Überblick über die Münzen von Nysa,” in W. von Diest et al., Nysa ad Maeandrum. nach Forschungen und Aufnahmen in den Jahren 1907 und 1909 (JDAI Ergänzunghet 10, Berlin, 1913, pp. 70–103). 311 312 Year 1. MO above, NVΣΑ to l., jugate heads to r. A to l. above. 1.* 1–1 Witschonke ex Triton 6, 14 Jan. 2003, 396, 12.86 g. Year 2. MO above, NVΣΑ to l., jugate heads to r., B to r. above. 2.* 2–2 ANS 1952.101.5, 12.52 g. 3. 2–3 Witschonke ex Lanz 38, 24 Nov. 1986, 349. 4. 3–4 Paris (Waddington 6982), 12.15 g. 5. 4–5 Witschonke ex Münzen und Medaillen Deutschland 13, 9 Oct. 2003, 326 = SNG von Aulock 3039, 11.84 g. ANS identiies another one, 12.30 g, as of Year 2, but no marking except MO is visible. Year 6 ΔH / IEPE / ΩΣ above, NYΣ – A to l., Ϛ to r. above. 6.* 5–6 Vienna 35007, 12.41 g. 7. 5–6 Witschonke ex Münzen und Medaillen Deutschland 13, 9 Oct. 2003, 327, 12.52 g. 8. 5–7 London, BM 1913.0101.1, 11.08 g. 9. 6–8 Private collection. Year 7 MO above, NVΣΑ to l., grain stalk and poppy to r., Z to l. above. 10.* 5–9 Witschonke ex Hirsch 162, 8 May 1989, 394. 11. 5–9 BM 1967.0101.1, 12.52 g. MO above, NVΣΑ to l., grain stalks to r., Z to r. above. 12.* 7–10 Witschonke ex Münzen und Medaillen Deutschland 13, 9 Oct. 2003, 328, 12.67 g. Year 8 MO above, NVΣΑ to l., grain stalk and poppy to r., H to r. above. 13.* 8–11 Witschonke ex Veres, Feb. 1996, 12.66 g. Year 9 MO above, NVΣA to l., herm to r., Θ to r. above. 14.* 9–12 Paris, Waddington 6983, 12.42 g. 15.* 10–13 Witschonke ex Hirsch 193, 20 Sept. 1994, 539. 12.67 g. 16. 11–14 Kayhan (SNG Turkey 1.1007), 12.53 g. 17. 12–15 Witschonke ex Künker 236, 7 Oct. 2013, 627, 12.61 g. Year 12 MO above, NVΣA to l., warrior (or Dionysus?) to r., IB to r. above. 18. 13–16 Paris, Waddington 6984 (NYCA), 12.22 g. he Cistophori of Nysa 313 19. 14–17 CNG 72, 14 June 2006, 295 = Lanz 125, 28 Nov. 2005, 395, 12.53 g. 20.* 15–18 Witschonke ex Gorny 58, 9 Apr. 1993, 416. 21. 16–19 Lanz 138, 26 Nov. 2007, 415, 12.28 g. 22. 17–20 Kayhan (SNG Turkey 1.1006), 12.60 g. Similar but NVCA Trade (see F. Imhoof-Blumer. Lydische Stadtmünzen p. 106, no.1), 12.25 g) . Year 13 MO above, NVΣA to l., warrior (or Dionysus?) to r., IΓ to r. above. 23.* 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 18–21 19–22 20–23 21–24 21–25 Berlin 1908/610, 12.05 g. Witschonke ex Auhäuser 7, 9 Oct. 1990, 212, 12.58 g. Witschonke ex Gorny 11, Apr. 1991, 12.51 g. Witschonke ex Künker 26, 9 Mar. 1974, 192, 12.60 g. Witschonke ex Klassische Münzen, April 2012, 12.48 g. (ΙΓ rendered with iota under gamma). 21–26 ANS 1957.11.13, 12.09 g. Year 14 ANTI / OXOΣ / ALE above, NYΣA to l., warrior to r., IΔ to r. above. 29.* 22–27 Witschonke ex H. Kreindler, 14 Dec. 2006. 12.14 g. Year 15 ANTI / OXOΣ / ALE above, NYΣA to l., Dionysus to r., IE to r. above. 30. 31.* 23–28 Rauch 89, 5 Dec. 2011, 1181, 11.87 g. 24–29 von Aulock (SNG 3041), 12.03 g. Year 16 ΠYΘΙΩΝ / XAΙΡE above, NYΣA to l., Dionysus to r., IϚ to r. above. 32.* 25–30 Witschonke ex Münzen und Medaillen Deutschland 13, 9 Oct, 2003, 329, 11.86 g. = von Aulock (SNG 3042), 11.86 g. Year 23 AN / NEΩTE / POΣ above, NYΣA to l., Demeter to r.; KΓ to r. above. 33. 34. 35. 26–31 Berlin 1906 Löbbecke, 12.28 g. 26–32 Witschonke ex Leu, 19 Apr. 1988, 12.30 g. 26–33 London (BM 1884.0619.51 = BMC 2), 11.66 g. William E. Metcalf 314 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.* 41.* 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 26–34 27–35 27–36 27–37 27–38 27–39 28–40 29–41 29–42 30–43 31–42 31–43 31–44 32–45 Trade 2007. Witschonke ex Münzen- und Medaillenhandlung Stuttgart, 13 Apr. 1991, 12.53 g. Witschonke ex Kovacs, 24 July 1990, 12.51 g. Witschonke ex Künker 26, 9 Mar. 1994, 193, 12.47 g. Vienna 15979. Yale 2004.6.2913, 12.56 g. CNG E219, 30 Sept. 2009, 282, 12.55 g. CNG E229, 10 Mar. 2010, 169, 12.15 g. Private collection. Auhäuser 7, 9 Oct. 1990, 213, 12.53 g. von Aulock (SNG 3043), 12.45 g. London (BMC 1), 11.68 g. Trade 2007. London (BMC 2), 11.96 g. Year 24 ΦΟΙΝΙΞ above, NYΣA to l., palm branch to r.; KΔ to r. above. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 33–46 34–47 35–48 36–49 37–50 Witschonke ex Hirsch 171, 25 Sept. 1991, 352, 12.60 g. Emporium Hamburg 67, 10 May 2012, 126, 12.32 g. Witschonke ex NFA, 18 Nov. 1988, 12.09 g. ANS 1944.100.37604, 12.63 g. CNG E229, 10 Mar. 2010, 170 = Gorny and Mosch 108, 3 Apr. 2001, 1279, 12.61 g. 38–51 Witschonke ex Gorny 52, 6 Nov. 1990, 324, 12.28 g. Fractions Obv. Rev. Bunch of grapes on ield of oak leaves. Various markings, or none. Club and lion skin surrounded by wreath. Various markings, or none. Year 2 Obv. Above, B – MO Didrachm A.* Witschonke ex NFA 31, 18 Mar. 1993, 217, 6.09 g. Drachm B.* Witschonke ex Malter 49, 15 Nov. 1992, 760, 2.51 g. Year 12 Obv. Above, MO; to lower l., IB / NYΣA; to r., Dionysus? he Cistophori of Nysa 315 Didrachm C. Berlin 1900 Imhoof-Blumer, 5.75 g.2 Year 23 Didrachm NEΩ-TEROΣ above, NYΣA to lower l., [A?] – N to l. and r. Basket with grain stalks at r. 3 D. 1.* Berlin 1906 Löbbecke, 5.38 g. 2. Witschonke ex Auhäuser 10, 5 Oct. 1993. 234. 6.29 g. 3. Witschonke ex Amphora 1999, 6.20 g. (all same dies) Drachm NEΩ-TEROΣ above, NYΣA to lower l., A – N to l. and r. Basket with grain stalks at r. E. Berlin 1900 Imooof-Blumer, 2.84 g. Uncertain date Drachm XAI (?) above, NYΣA to l. F. 1.* Berlin 1900 Imhoof-Blumer, 2.69 g.4 2. Paris, 2.43 g. 3. Paris (SNG delepierre 2796), 2.42 g (XA-I). 3. Copenhagen (SNG 303), 2.55 g. XA-?A. In trade, 2.55 (non vidi: see Regling 1913: 74 no. 13). Possibly the same as the preceding. he Copenhagen piece was acquired in 1891. In trade, 2.47 g (non vidi: seen by Kubitschek). G. NYΣA at lower l., no other markings visible. London (BMC 3), 2.82 g. Paris (Waddington 6985) (NYCA), 3.01 g. he tetradrachms cover era-years from 1 to 24, with some gaps, the most extensive of which is the period from year 17 to year 22. he fractions are a diferent story: they are very sparsely distributed. his is true of the cistophoric fractions in general; indeed Tralles is the only cistophoric mint that produced fractions in abundance, even into the period ater 59 BC and the signing of the cistophori by Roman magistrates. he fractions of years 2 and 12 bear dates, and the place of others has to be divined from the signature. When the era of Ephesus was considered to be the era of Asia, the chronology of the cistophori of Nysa was straightforward, and Ephesus 1 = Nysa 1 was accepted by Pinder, Imhoof-Blumer, Regling and others. hat equation has been destroyed by Rigsby’s convincing demonstration that the “era of 2. F. Imhoof-Blumer, Lydische Stadtmünzen (Geneva and Leipzig, 1897), p. 106, no. 2. 3. I think it plausible that the name expands to Antiochos, a view shared by Leschhorn (Lexikon der Aufschriten auf griechischen Münzen/Lexicon of Greek Coin Inscriptions II (ÖAW Phil.-Hist. Klasse 383, Vienna, 2009), p. 316, n. 15. 4. F. Imhoof-Blumer, Griechische Münzen. Neue Beiträge und Untersuchungen (Munich, 1897) p. 718, no. 596. 316 William E. Metcalf Asia” was in fact the era of Ephesus.5 here is no known case of its use elsewhere. Little is known of the earlier history of Nysa; whatever adjustment is made to the era of Nysa, it seems that the cistophori were the city’s irst coinage. he key to the chronology of the Nysa issues lies in two coins, a tetradrachm and a fraction. For the unique tetradrachm of year 16 certainly bears the signature ΠYΘΙΩΝ XAIPE (μονος) (no. 32). his is doubtless the son of Chaeremon, a wealthy local whose support of the Romans against Mithridates (he provided them with 60,000 modii of wheat) earned him an acknowledgment from C. Cassius, governor of Asia in 88–87 BC.6 Chaeremon’s actions did not sit well with Mithridates: he ofered a reward of forty talents to anyone who apprehended Chaeremon or his sons Pythodorus and Pythion, or twenty if anyone brought the head of any of them. Charemon got himself and his sons to Rhodes, but “on hearing of Mithridates’ proximity” he led to Ephesus and claimed asylum in the temple of Artemis. 7 It is thought that he perished there. he letter of Cassius and the two of Mithridates are mounted together; Welles thought this probably took place in 85 BC, ater Sulla brought about a peace; and it has been suggested by Leschhorn that it was Sulla (in 85/4 BC) from whom the era was dated.8 his would terminate the coinage with the issue of Phoinix in 62/61. Soon ater this point the number of cistophoric mints was standardized at ive—not including Nysa—and names of proconsuls (in Latin) and signers (in Greek) made their appearance. On this construct the progression to fully-spelled-out names on the cistophori of Nysa abuts the full signatures on the proconsular coinage. his date is just consistent with the slender evidence ofered by the Karacebey (formerly Mihailiç) hoard (IGCH 1358 = Noe2 694).9 his hoard, of 271 pieces, consists entirely of cistophori. he latest of Ephesus, the only irmly-dated series, is of year 56, 79/8 BC Neither coin of Nysa can be irmly dated: One (no. 132) has MO above, with one or possibly two strokes to r.; these are known for years 1–2, 7–9, 12 and 13; the second has Dionysus to r., thus year 12 or 13. If year 1 = 85/84 BC, the latest possible date of the Nysa component is 73/2 BC, well within range of the “c. 75 B.C.” date given by IGCH.10 One of the undated fractions, tantalizingly, bears the legend X-AI vel sim. on the obverse; the 5. See K. J. Rigsby, “he era of the province of Asia,” Phoenix 33 (1971), pp. 39–47. he idea of 134/3 as the beginning of a provincial era goes all the way back to Borghesi and it had held the ield until Rigsby’s compelling analysis. For earlier bibliography see his n. 2 on p. 39. 6. See R. K. Sherk, Roman Documents from the Greek East. Senatus Consulta and Epistulae to the Age of Augustus (Baltimore, 1969) document 48, pp. 260–262, with a summary of the episode. Sherk remarks that the erection of such a stele ater the war would serve “not merely to honor the far-sighted Chaeremon but also to establish a future bargaining power with the Romans for the welfare of the city. Chaeremon gave aid to Rome in a desperate hour. Chaeremon was a citizen of Nysa. he implication is clear.” 7. See C. B. Welles, Royal Correspondeence in the Hellenistic Period. A Study in Greek Epigraphy (New Haven and Prague, 1934), documents 73–74, pp. 295–299. 8. W. Leschhorn, Antike Ären. Zeitrechnung, Politik und Geschichte in Schwarzmeerraum und in Kleinasien nordlich des Taurus. Historia Einzelschriten 81 (Stuttgart, 1993) pp. 220, 422. 9. K. Regling, “Ein Kistophorenschatz aus der Provinz Brussa,” Frankfurter Münzzeitung n. F. 3 (1932), pp. 506–510. 10. Kleiner later placed the burial of the Karacebey/Mihailiç hoard in 76 on the basis of its last coin of Tralles (which he dated to ca. 77/76), assuming an immediate deposit. See F. S. Kleiner, “Hoard evidence and the late cistophori of Pergamum,” ANSMN 23 (1978), pp. 77–105. It should be noted that Kleiner, as well as almost everyone else, thought that the striking of cistophori concluded with the issues of Ephesus year 67 (67 BC) Now it has been shown that the issues of Pergamum, at least, extended right through to the striking of the cistophori signed by Roman governors, so the chronology of the undated series should probably be brought down slightly. See D. Backendorf, “Ephesos als spätrepublikanischer Prägeort” in H. Friesinger and F. Krinzinger (eds.), 100 Jahre österreichische Forschungen in Ephesos. Akten des Symposions Wien 1995 (Vienna, 1999), pp. 195–201. his downdates the last issues of Pergamum, and must bring down some of Kleiner’s earlier ones as well. he Cistophori of Nysa 317 temptation to take this as a coin of Chaeremon himself is to be resisted, if only because he probably perished before the introduction of the series; moreover all but one of the known strikings through year 13 bear the signature (if that is what it is) MO. Perhaps the fraction was struck by Chaeremon’s grandson, Chaeremon Pythodorou. His father (and he) eventually settled at Tralles, but there is nothing to indicate when this happened.11 A inal note on the metrology. he mean weights of the denominations are as follows: Tetradrachms 12.33 g (41 examples) Didrachms 5.88 g (4) Drachms 2.66 g (8) If the tetradrachm is the standard, the didrachm should be 6.17, and the drachm 3.08; the lower denominations deviate from this standard by 4.8% and 13.7% respectively. he cistophoric coinage of Nysa was very small: only in its last two years have as many as four obverse dies been observed, and there is one case of die sharing in consecutive years (years 6–7, die 5). he coinage disappeared abruptly, and this is the last silver coinage of the city.12 11. P. honemann, he Maeander Valley. A Historical Geography from Antiquity to Byzantium (Oxford, 2012), p. 206 is almost alone in believing that Chaeremon survived, relying on the evidence of this coin. He provides a detailed stemma of the family on p. 207, which shows the continuing inluence of the family. I am grateful to him for a very informative discussion of this and other problems. 12. In he Cistophori of Hadrian (Numismatic Studies 15, New York, 1980) I attributed a Hadrianic cistophorus with rev. Rape of Persephone to the mint. hough this attribution continues to be quoted, I abandoned it almost immediately in the face of a new cistophorus of the same reverse type die-linked to Sardis. See “A corrigendum to he Cistophori of Hadrian,” ANSMN 26 (1981), pp. 185–186. Plate 1 1 2 6 10 11 12 13 14 15 20 Plate 2 D 23 29 32 40 41 53 A B E F