Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 482 – 488 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$GYDQFHVLQ0DQXIDFWXULQJDQG0DWHULDOV(QJLQHHULQJ $00( &RPSXWDWLRQDO,QYHVWLJDWLRQRI0DVV6HQVLQJ8VLQJ'HIHFWLYH 'RXEOH:DOOHG&DUERQ 1DQRWXEHV $MD\03DWHOD $QDQG<-RVKLE D $VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRU*+3DWHO&ROOHJHRI(QJLQHHULQJ 7HFKQRORJ\9DOODEK9LG\DQDJDU*XMDUDW ± ,QGLD E 3URIHVVRU*+3DWHO&ROOHJHRI(QJLQHHULQJ 7HFKQRORJ\9DOODEK9LG\DQDJDU*XMDUDW ±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© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ‹  7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU /WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). 6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI 2UJDQL]LQJ&RPPLWWHHRI$00( Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014 .H\ZRUGV ':&17 )UHTXHQF\6KLIW:DYLQHVV0DVV6HQVRU  ,QWURGXFWLRQ &DUERQQDQRWXEH &17 ZKLFK ZDV ¿UVWGLVFRYHUHGE\,LMLPDHW DO  KDYHYDVWSURVSHFWLYHIRUDSSOLFDWLRQ DVVWUXFWXUDOHOHPHQWVLQQDQRVFDOHGHYLFHVRZLQJWRWKHLUUHPDUNDEOHPHFKDQLFDOSK\VLFDODQGFKHPLFDOSURSHUWLHV VXFKDVORZZHLJKWKLJKDVSHFWUDWLRH[WUHPHO\KLJKVWLIIQHVVDQGKLJKO\VHQVLWLYLW\WR WKHLUVXUURXQGLQJVFKDQJH >'UHVVHOKDXV HWDO  DQG :RQJ HWDO  @6XFKIHDWXUHVRI&17VPDNHWKHPDXVSLFLRXVFDQGLGDWHVIRU DWRPLFUHVROXWLRQPDVVVHQVRU>-HQVHQDQG.LP  @ $MD\03DWHO7HOID[ (PDLODGGUHVVDMD\PSDWHO#\DKRRFRP 2211-8128 © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014 doi:10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.291 Ajay M. Patel and Anand Y. Joshi / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 482 –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ȡ į [ ǻU ǻș ǻ¡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¶V PROHFXODU VWUXFWXUDO PHFKDQLFV DSSURDFK HIIHFWLYH FRQWLQXXP SURSHUWLHV( 73D W QP DQG ȡ JFP DUH XVHG (IIHFWLYH FRQWLQXXP SURSHUWLHV XVHG IRU RWKHU VWDQGDUG FDVHVKDYHEHHQH[WUDFWHGIURP-RVKLHWDO D  )RU XWLOL]LQJ WKH ILQLWH HOHPHQW SURFHGXUH SRWHQWLDO HQHUJ\ LV XVHG WR HYDOXDWH OLQHDU VSULQJ VWLIIQHVV 7KH WRWDO IRUFHLVWKHVXPRIWKHIRUFHJHQHUDWHGE\WKHHOHFWURQVDQGWKHHOHFWURVWDWLFVIRUFHEHWZHHQSRVLWLYHFKDUJHV7KH JHQHUDOIRUPXODIRUWKHSRWHQWLDOHQHUJ\LV 484 Ajay M. Patel and Anand Y. Joshi / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 482 – 488 8 ¦ 8 U  ¦ 8T  ¦ 8I  ¦ 8Z  ¦ 8 YGZ  :KHUH8ULVWKHHQHUJ\GXHWRERQGVWUHWFKLQWHUDFWLRQ8șWKHHQHUJ\GXHWREHQGLQJ ERQGDQJOHYDULDWLRQ 8ĭ WKHHQHUJ\GXHWRGLKHGUDODQJOHWRUVLRQ8ȦWKHHQHUJ\GXHWRRXWRISODQHWRUVLRQDQG8YGZWKHHQHUJ\GXHWRQRQ ERQGHG9DQGHU:DDOVLQWHUDFWLRQ      8U N U U  U N U 'U        8T NT T  T  NT 'T      NW 'I  :KHUHNUNșDQGN7DUHWKHERQGVWUHWFKLQJERQGEHQGLQJDQGWRUVLRQDOUHVLVWDQFHIRUFHFRQVWDQWVUHVSHFWLYHO\ ZKLOHǻUǻșDQGǻ¡ UHSUHVHQWERQGVWUHWFKLQJLQFUHPHQWERQGDQJOHYDULDWLRQDQGDQJOHYDULDWLRQRIERQGWZLVWLQJ UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KHLQWHUOD\HULQWHUDFWLRQLVGHVFULEHGE\WKHYDQGHU:DDOVSRWHQWLDO7KH/HQDUG-RQHVSRWHQWLDOLVXWLOL]HG WRH[SUHVVWKHLQWHUDFWLRQRIFDUERQDWRPV ORFDWHGRQWKHGLIIHUHQWZDOOV  º ª 8W 8 5 8I  8 Z H §U· «¨ ¸ «¬© 5 ¹ §U· ¸ » © 5 ¹ »¼ ¨  :KHUH5LVWKHLQWHUDWRPLFGLVWDQFHDQG İ î 1QPDQG ı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Ȧ LV WKH YLEUDWLRQDOIUHTXHQF\ 7KHHOHPHQWDOHTXDWLRQIRUJOREDOV\VWHPEHFRPH § .  F F · ª< º  § 0  · ª< º ¨ F .  F ¸ « »  ZQ ¨  0 ¸ « »  © ¹ ¬< ¼ ©   ¹ ¬< ¼  )RU WKH )LQLWH (OHPHQW 0RGHO RI ':&17 WKH 9DQ GHU :DDOV IRUFH ILHOG EHWZHHQ WKH LQWHUIDFLDO OD\HUV LV UHSUHVHQWHG E\ D VSULQJ HOHPHQW &20%,1 DQG DWWDFKHG PDVV LV MRLQHG ZLWK RXWHU QDQRWXEH XVLQJ HOHPHQW 62/,'7KHVSULQJVWLIIQHVVFRHIILFLHQWRI(TXDWLRQV    DUHWDNHQWREHHTXDOWR NU î 1QPNș î 1QPUDG DQG NW î 1QPUDG >&RUQHOOHWDO  @7RPRGHOWKHLQWHUOD\HULQWHUDFWLRQV DQG GHVFULEH WKH YDQ GHU :DDOV SRWHQWLDOV EHWZHHQ FDUERQ DWRPV RQ GLIIHUHQW OD\HUV &20%,1 OLQHDU VSULQJ HOHPHQWLVXWLOL]HG Ajay M. Patel and Anand Y. Joshi / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 482 – 488  0RGHOLQJ RI D ZDY\ ':&17 ,Q WKH FXUUHQW VWXG\WKHZDYLQHVV DVVRFLDWHGZLWKD':&17LVGHILQHGE\WKHZDYLQHVV IDFWRU= į/ZKHUHįLV WKHPD[LPXPDPSOLWXGH RIZDYLQHVV DQG/LVWKHSURMHFWHGOHQJWKRIWKH&17)LJXUH D VKRZVFRQILJXUDWLRQRI GRXEOH ZDOO FDUERQ QDQRWXEH KDYLQJ ZDYLQHVV UDWLR GHILQHG DV į/ ZLWK DWWDFKHG PDVV 7KH VXUIDFH GHYLDWLRQ LQ ':&17LVGHVFULEHGDVDEHDPZLWKDQDQQXODUFURVVVHFWLRQKDYLQJD ODUJHDVSHFWUDWLR7KHZDYLQHVV LQWKHQDQR EHDPLVPRGHOHGXVLQJDKDOIVLQFHZDYHZLWKDVPDOOULVHIXQFWLRQGHVFULEHGE\ = G VLQ S[ /  :KHUH[LV WKHVSDWLDOFRRUGLQDWH/LVWKHOHQJWKRIWKHFDUERQQDQRWXEHDQGį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į/ZLWKDWWDFKHGPDVVLQ =J E :DYLQHVVUDWLRZLWKW\SLFDOQDQRWXEHVDGRSWHGE\=KDQJHW DO   7DEOHVKRZVWKHIUHTXHQF\VKLIWRIZDY\FDQWLOHYHUGRXEOHZDOOHGFDUERQQDQRWXEH ZLWKZDYLQHVVIDFWRU ,WLV FOHDUO\REVHUYHGIURPWKH ILJXUH D  E WKDWZLWK WKHLQFUHDVH LQ PDVV VKRUWHUOHQJWKRI&17VH[KLELWDKLJKHU VKLIW LQWKH IUHTXHQF\ 7KLV VXJJHVWV WKDWLUUHVSHFWLYHRI WKHW\SHRIERXQGDU\FRQGLWLRQVVKRUWHUOHQJWK &17VDUH EHWWHUFDQGLGDWHVIRUPDVVVHQVLQJ 7DEOH)UHTXHQF\VKLIW:DY\&DQWLOHYHU':&17 ' QP' QPDQGW  į/  0DVV =J /  /  /       ( ( (  ( ( (  ( ( (  ( ( (  ( ( (  ( ( ( 485 486 Ajay M. Patel and Anand Y. Joshi / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 482 – 488 )LJXUH)LQLWH(OHPHQW0RGHORIEULGJHG':&17ZLWKZDYLQHVVRI į/  OHQJWKQP DQGF\OLQGULFDOPDVVDGGHGDWWKHFHQWHU )LJXUH VKRZVWKH ¿QLWHHOHPHQWPRGHORI%ULGJHG ':&17ZLWKDZDYLQHVVRI į/ DQGOHQJWKRIQP ZKLFK KDV EHHQ PRGHOHG XVLQJ WKH DQLVRWURSLF PDWHULDO SURSHUWLHV 7KH ZHDN YDQ GHU :DDOV IRUFH RI DWWUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQWKHLQQHUDQGWKHRXWHUWXEHVKDVEHHQPRGHOHGXVLQJWKHVSULQJHOHPHQW&20%,1 0DVV =J 7DEOH)UHTXHQF\VKLIW :DY\EULGJHG ':&17 ' QP' QPDQGW  į/  /  /  /      ( ( (  ( ( (  ( ( (   ( ( (  ( ( (  ( ( ( )LJXUH )XQGDPHQWDOIUHTXHQF\VKLIWYV0DVV =J IRUYDULRXV ZDYLQHVV į/ )LJXUH  VKRZV IXQGDPHQWDO IUHTXHQF\ VKLIW YV PDVV =J IRU YDULRXV ZDYLQHVV UDWLRV ,W LV REVHUYHG WKDW D VXEVWDQWLDO VKLIW LQ WKH )UHTXHQF\ WDNHV SODFH IRU ORZHU YDOXHV RI ZDYLQHVV UDWLR ZKLFK IXUWKHU UHGXFHV 7KLV Ajay M. Patel and Anand Y. Joshi / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 482 –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x (IIHFWVRIZDYLQHVVLQGLFDWHDUHGXFWLRQLQWKH UHVRQDQWIUHTXHQFLHVZLWKLQFUHDVHLQWKHDWWDFKHGPDVVIRUERWK WKHFRQILJXUDWLRQV x $ KLJKHU YDOXH RI IUHTXHQF\ VKLIW LV GHWHFWHG ZLWK WKH LQFUHDVH LQ PDVV IRU VPDOOHU OHQJWKV RI ':&17 DV FRPSDUHGWRODUJHUOHQJWKVIRUDSDUWLFXODUYDOXHRIFXUYDWXUH IDFWRU DV x 0D[LPXP IUHTXHQF\ FKDQJH LV DFKLHYHG IRU WKH EULGJHG FRQGLWLRQ ZLWK D PLQLPXP OHQJWK DV FRPSDUHG WR D FDQWLOHYHUHQGFRQGLWLRQ $FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV 7KH DXWKRUV ZRXOG OLNH WR DFNQRZOHGJH WKH '67 JUDQW QR6%)73(7$ SURYLGHG E\ 'HSDUWPHQW RI 6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\ '67  6FLHQFHDQG(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK%RDUG*RYWRI,QGLD 5HIHUHQFHV &RUQHOO:'%DOO\&,*RXOG,50HU].0-U)HJXVRQ'06SHOOPH\HU'&)R[7&DOGZHOO-:.ROOPDQ3$  -RXUQDORI $PHULFDQ&KHPLFDO6RFLHW\ (::RQJ3(6KHHKDQ&0/LHEHU ³1DQREHDP0HFKDQLFV(ODVWLFLW\6WUHQJWKDQG7RXJKQHVVRI1DQRURGVDQG 1DQRWXEHV´ 6FLHQFH  ± *LEVRQ 5 ) (PPDQXHO 2 $DQG <XDQ ) :  ³9LEUDWLRQV RI&DUERQ 1DQRWXEHVDQG 7KHLU&RPSRVLWHV $ 5HYLHZ´ &RPSRV 6FL 7HFKQRO  SS± ,LMLPD6³+HOLFDO0LFURWXEHVRI*UDSKLWLF&DUERQ´1DWXUH9RO  SS -RVKL$<+DUVKD63DQG6KDUPD6&D³9LEUDWLRQ6LJQDWXUH $QDO\VLVRI6LQJOH:DOOHG&DUERQ1DQRWXEH%DVHG1DQR0HFKDQLFDO 6HQVRUV´3K\VLFD( $PVWHUGDP   SS± -RVKL$<+DUVKD63DQG6KDUPD6&E³9LEUDWLRQ5HVSRQVH$QDO\VLVRI'RXEO\&ODPSHG6LQJOH:DOOHG:DY\&DUERQ1DQRWXEH %DVHG1DQR0HFKDQLFDO6HQVRUV´-RXUQDORI1DQRWHFKQRORJ\LQ(QJLQHHULQJ 0HGLFLQHYROSS -RVKL $ < +DUVKD 6 3 DQG 6KDUPD 6 &  ³&KDRWLF 5HVSRQVH $QDO\VLV RI 6LQJOH:DOOHG &DUERQ 1DQRWXEH 'XH 7R 6XUIDFH 'HYLDWLRQV´1$12    .-HQVHQ..LP$=HWWO ³$QDWRPLFUHVROXWLRQQDQRPHFKDQLFDOPDVVVHQVRU´1DW1DQRWHFKQRO  ± /L & DQG &KRX 7:  ³6LQJOHZDOOHG &DUERQ 1DQRWXEHV DV 8OWUDKLJK )UHTXHQF\ 1DQRPHFKDQLFDO 5HVRQDWRUV´ 3K\VLFDO 5HYLHZ % &RQGHQVHG0DWWHUDQG0DWHULDOV3K\VLFV    487 488 Ajay M. Patel and Anand Y. Joshi / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 482 – 488 /L & DQG &KRX 7:  ³9LEUDWLRQDO %HKDYLRUV RI 0XOWLZDOOHG&DUERQQDQRWXEHEDVHG 1DQRPHFKDQLFDO 5HVRQDWRUV´$SSOLHG 3K\VLFV /HWWHUV± /L& DQG&KRX7: ³0DVV'HWHFWLRQ 8VLQJ&DUERQ1DQRWXEHEDVHG1DQRPHFKDQLFDO5HVRQDWRUV´ $SSOLHG3K\VLFV/HWWHUV  06'UHVVHOKDXV*'UHVVHOKDXV$-RULR ³8QXVXDOSURSHUWLHVDQGVWUXFWXUHRIFDUERQQDQRWXEHV´ $QQX 5HY0DWHU5HV  ± 1DWVXNL 7 1, 4 4 DQG (QGR 0  9LEUDWLRQDO DQDO\VLV RI IOXLGILOOHG FDUERQQDQRWXEHVXVLQJ WKH ZDYH SURSDJDWLRQ DSSURDFK $SSO 3K\V$   3DWHO$MD\0-RVKL$<³(IIHFWRI:DYLQHVVRQWKH'\QDPLF&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI'RXEOH:DOOHG&DUERQ1DQRWXEHV´1DQRVFLHQFH1DQR WHFKQRORJ\/HWWHUYRO  3DWHO $MD\ 0 -RVKL $<  ³9LEUDWLRQ $QDO\VLV RI 'RXEOH :DOO &DUERQ 1DQRWXEH EDVHG 5HVRQDWRUV IRU =HSWRJUDP OHYHO 0DVV 5HFRJQLWLRQ´&RPSXWDWLRQDO0DWHULDOV6FLHQFH(OVHYLHU3XEOLVKHUV 9ROXPH3S± :DQJ/*XR:DQG+X+³*URXSYHORFLWLHVRIZDYHSURSDJDWLRQLQFDUERQQDQRWXEHV´3URF5 6RFD   =KDQJ ; 0 /LX * 5 DQG /DP . <  ³&RXSOHG YLEUDWLRQ DQDO\VLV RI IOXLGILOOHG F\OLQGULFDO VKHOOV XVLQJ WKH ZDYH SURSDJDWLRQ DSSURDFK´ -RXUQDORI$SSOLHG$FRXVWLFE