JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 JPETThis Fast Forward. Published onformatted. July 12,The 2010 DOI:10.1124/jpet.110.169995 article has not been copyedited and final as version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 The M2 muscarinic receptor inhibits the development of streptozotocin-induced neuropathy in mouse urinary bladder KJ Pak, RS Ostrom, M Matsui and FJ Ehlert Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4625 (KJP, FJE); Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee General Medicine, Tokyo-Nishi Tokushukai Hospital, Tokyo, Japan (MM) 1 Copyright 2010 by the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 (RSO); Department of Clinical Research and JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 Running Title: M2 muscarinic receptors oppose neuropathy in diabetes Address correspondence to: Frederick J. Ehlert Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4625 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 Office Telephone (949) 824-6208 Fax (949) 824-4855 fjehlert@uci.edu Number of text pages: 17 Number of tables: 3 Number of figures: 7 Number of references: 27 Number of words in Abstract: 226 Number of words in Introduction: 693 Number of words in Discussion: 1,451 Abbreviations: EFS, electrical-field stimulated; KRB, Krebs Ringer Bicarbonate; mATP, α,ßmethylene ATP; NMS, N-methylscopolamine; TTX, tetrodotoxin 2 JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 ABSTRACT We investigate the role of M2 muscarinic receptors in maintaining neurogenic bladder contraction during hyperglycemia. Mice were injected with a single dose of streptozotocin (125 mg/kg), and neurogenic contraction of urinary bladder from wild type and M2 muscarinic receptor knockout (M2 KO) mice was measured 8 – 24 weeks after treatment. In wild type bladder lacking urothelium, the summation of the cholinergic (64%) and purinergic (56%) capacity. Although the cholinergic component was a little less in the M2 KO mouse, the total electrical-field-stimulated contraction was the same as wild type. The cholinergic and purinergic components of contraction in wild type bladder were minimally affected by streptozotocin treatment. In M2 KO bladder, streptozotocin treatment reduced both the cholinergic (after 8 – 9 weeks and 20 – 24 weeks) and purinergic (after 20 – 24 weeks only) components. The loss of function was about 50 – 70%. Similar results were observed in bladder with intact urothelium. M2 KO bladder was more sensitive to the relaxant effect of isoproterenol compared to wild type, and this difference significantly increased at the early and late time points after streptozotocin treatment. In the presence of urothelium, however, this difference in isoproterenol sensitivity was smaller with streptozotocin treatment, but this trend reversed over time. Our results show that M2 receptors oppose urinary bladder distension in wild type bladder and inhibit STZinduced neuropathy. 3 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 components of the electrical-field-stimulated response exceeded 100% indicating a reserve JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 INTRODUCTION The efferent control of the urinary bladder reservoir is mediated by both sympathetic (hypogastric) and parasympathetic (pelvic) nerves (de Groat and Yoshimura, 2001; Andersson and Arner, 2004; Michel and Barendrecht, 2008). Parasympathetic nerves release ATP and acetylcholine, which act primarily on P2X and M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors, respectively, to contract the bladder reservoir (de Groat and Yoshimura, 2001). Their role in rodent bladder is prevented by antagonism of muscarinic and purinergic receptors. The ß-adrenergic antagonist propanolol increases the peak contraction to EFS and slows the subsequent rate of relaxation (Giglio et al., 2005), suggesting that norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerves acts on ß-adrenoceptors to oppose contraction. Urinary bladder voiding dysfunction or cystopathy is commonly reported in diabetes (Freeman, 2005) and is traditionally attributed to diabetic autonomic neuropathy (Faerman et al., 1973; Andersen and Bradley, 1976). A common animal model for studying the influence of diabetes on neurogenic control of urinary bladder makes use of the pancreatic ß-cell toxin streptozotocin (STZ) to render animals hyperglycemic. It is still not entirely clear, however, whether neurogenic bladder function is altered in animal models of diabetes. Studies in Wistar rats have shown that treatment with STZ increases (Benko et al., 2003) or decreases (Gür and Cinel, 2002) bladder contractions elicited by electrical field-stimulation depending on whether data are expressed relative to cross-sectional area or maximal KCl contraction, respectively. In Sprague-Dawley rats, STZ treatment has been reported to cause an increase (Liu and Daneshgari, 2005) or no change (Longhurst et al., 2004) in EFS responses. In a study on the mouse urinary bladder, Liu and Lin-Shiau (1996) showed decreased contraction to EFS following STZ treatment. The cholinergic component of the EFS contraction in bladder from the STZ-treated Wistar rat increases (Luheshi and Zar, 1991; Benko et al., 2003), whereas that measured in the Sprague-Dawley rat decreases (Liu and Daneshgari, 2005). Following STZ4 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 apparent because neurogenic contractions elicited by electrical-field-stimulated (EFS) are JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 treatment, the purinergic component of EFS contraction was reported to be unchanged in the Sprague-Dawley rat (Liu and Daneshgari, 2005) and slightly increased in the Wistar rat (Benko et al., 2003). The more abundant muscarinic receptors in smooth muscle of the urinary bladder and other tissues are of the M2 and M3 subtypes. The M3 receptor acts through Gq to mediate direct contraction in smooth muscle, whereas the M2 enhances M3 receptor-mediated contraction and inhibits the relaxant effect of isoproterenol and forskolin on contractions elicited by other M2 receptor also elicits a modest direct contraction of some smooth muscles, but direct M2 contractions of the urinary bladder are quite small (Stengel et al., 2002; Matsui et al., 2003). Braverman, Ruggieri and colleagues (1998; 1999; 2003) have shown that there is an increase in M2 receptor-mediated contractile function in urinary bladder following dennervation or partial outlet obstruction. This increase in M2 function appears to be caused by bladder distension because it is prevented by surgically diverting urine flow from the kidney away from the bladder and into the gastrointestinal tract. Because autonomic neuropathy and urinary bladder distention is associated with diabetes, one might expect a similar increase in M2 function in diabetes. We recently reported an increase in postjunctional M2 receptor contractile function and a corresponding decrease in that of the M3 receptor in the mouse STZ model (Pak et al., 2010). The upregulation in M2 receptor function in STZ-induced diabetes suggests that it may have a protective effect, perhaps by enhancing contraction and reducing chronic bladder distention and its associated neuropathy. In the present study, we have investigated this question by monitoring cholinergic and purinergic electrical-field-stimulated (EFS) contractions during the course of the development of STZ-induced diabetes in wild type and M2 KO mice. While the direct postjunctional contractile response to the exogenously applied purinergic agonist mATP was maintained in urinary bladder from wild type and M2 KO mice, there was a large loss of both purinergic and cholinergic EFS-induced contractions in M2 KO urinary bladder, but not in 5 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 contractile receptors including the M3 (Ehlert et al., 2005; Ehlert et al., 2007). In the mouse, the JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 wild type. Our results suggest that the M2 receptor inhibits the development of urinary bladder neuropathy in the hyperglycemic state. Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 6 JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 METHODS Animals Male C57BL/6 wild type mice (Harlan Sprague Dawley, Inc., Indianapolis, IN, USA) and M2 muscarinic receptor knockout (M2 KO) mice (Matsui et al., 2000; Matsui et al., 2002) (2 – 3 months old, 19 – 29 g) were treated with a single intraperitoneal injection of either vehicle (sodium citrate dihydrate) or 125 mgkg-1 of STZ 8 – 24 weeks prior to isolated bladder assays. Pharmaceuticals, Inc., St. Joseph, MO, USA) for injection of STZ. To prevent hypoglycemic shock, animals were provided water with 10% sucrose for 48 hr after injection. Mice were housed in a 12-hr light/dark facility and fed water and food ad libitum. Fasting blood glucose was measured using an Ascensia Contour glucometer (Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany), and diabetic ketoacidosis was assessed by Keto-Diastix (Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany). All procedures on live mice were approved by the Institutional Laboratory Animal Care and Use Committee at UC Irvine. Isolated Urinary Bladder Whole urinary bladder was dissected from CO2-asphyxiated mouse and cut in half sagittally. The urothelium was carefully removed from one of the strips (denuded bladder), using forceps under a microscope, while the other was left intact. Microscopic examination of the denuded bladder revealed the exposed blood vessels of the compromised suburothelium, confirming the removal of the more superficial urothelium. Each half-bladder strip was mounted in a longitudinal orientation between two platinum electrodes in an organ bath and connected to a force-displacement transducer using silk thread. Tissues were bathed in a Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate (KRB) buffer (124 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1.3 mM MgSO4, 26 mM NaHCO3, 1.2 mM KH2PO4, 1.8 mM CaCl2, and 10 mM glucose) at 37°C and gassed with O2/CO2 (19:1) as described previously (Ehlert et al., 2005). Resting tension was adjusted to a one-gram load (9.8 7 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 Mice were fasted for 4 – 6 hr and then briefly anesthetized with isoflurane (Phoenix JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 mN) during an equilibration period of at least 1 hr before stimulating the bladder with two test doses of KCl (50 mM). Tissues were washed and allowed to rest for 10 min after each test dose. Contraction to KCl was calculated as the stable plateau level of contraction after a 3-min period, and subsequent responses were normalized to the larger of the two KCl-induced responses, which were usually similar. All contractile measurements are reported as the total tension minus the resting tension. Control contractile responses were elicited by EFS (each pulse: 20 Hz, 0.5 ms duration, 40 V/cm) lasting for 5 sec before a 2-min resting period. Each control response was calculated as the maximum point of contraction (which was usually a plateau) minus resting tension. A total of nine control responses were elicited, and the last five were averaged for estimation of the control EFS contraction. When measuring the effects of α,ß-methylene ATP (mATP), N-methylscoplamine (NMS) and tetrodotoxin (TTX) on EFS contractions, a total of six responses were measured and the average of the last five are reported. These agents were added in the following sequence. First, either mATP (100 µM; 4 – 5 min) or NMS (1 µM; 10 min) was added to the organ bath, and EFS contractions were recorded. Then, the other agent was added so that both NMS and mATP were present together. After 4 – 10 min, EFS contractions were recorded. Finally, the solution was supplemented with TTX (0.1 µM), and EFS contractions were measured 10 min later. The small contractions that persisted in the presence of TTX were assumed to be caused by direct electrical excitation of the muscle because TTX blocks impulse flow through neurons. Representative contractile measurements from these experiments are shown in Figure 1. The control EFS response was normalized to that of bladder from vehicle-treated wild type mouse, and responses elicited after the incubation with mATP, NMS or TTX were normalized to the respective control contractile response in the same tissue. We define the total contraction as the control EFS contraction minus the residual response after the addition of mATP and NMS. 8 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 EFS contraction JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 The latter was usually not significantly different from that measured in the presence of TTX (0.1 µM). This result indicates that the neurogenic component of contraction (TTX-sensitive) can be attributed almost entirely to cholinergic and purinergic neurotransmitters. The cholinergic contraction is defined as the EFS contraction measured in the presence of mATP minus that measured in the presence of both mATP and NMS. Finally, the purinergic contraction is defined as the EFS contraction measured in the presence of NMS minus that measured in the presence of both mATP and NMS. exceeded the total contraction, which indicates a moderate excess of neurotransmitter release. For this reason, we calculated the purinergic and cholinergic components of contraction as described above, instead of the conventional approach of defining the purinergic and cholinergic contractions as the amount of inhibition caused by purinergic or a muscarinic blockade, respectively. We also measured the inhibition of EFS contraction by increasing concentrations of isoproterenol. The average of the last five of nine control EFS contractions were calculated as the control contraction. Then, increasing concentrations of isoproterenol were added to the bath. After each addition, an EFS contraction was measured approximately 5 min later, and the cycle was repeated with the addition of the next concentration of isoproterenol. Statistical Analysis To determine if there was a greater loss of EFS contraction in M2 KO bladder relative to wild type following STZ treatment we first estimated the mean difference (MDSTZ-WT) between the STZ- and vehicle-treated groups with respect to the difference in EFS contraction in wild type and M2 KO urinary bladder: MDSTZ −WT = (CWT −STZ − CM 2KO −STZ ) − (CWT −V − CM 2KO −V ) (1) In this equation, CWT-STZ and CM2KO-STZ denote the mean EFS contractions in wild type and M2 KO urinary bladder following STZ treatment, respectively, and CWT-V and CM2KO-V denote the 9 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 The summation of the cholinergic and purinergic components of contraction often JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 corresponding values in bladder from vehicle-treated mice. The standard error for the estimate of MDSTZ-WT is: SE MD = (SEWT −STZ )2 + (SE M 2KO −STZ )2 + (SEWT −V )2 + (SE M 2KO −V )2 (2) In this equation, SEWT-STZ and SEM2KO-STZ denote the standard error of the estimate of the mean EFS contraction in wild type and M2 KO urinary bladder following STZ treatment, respectively, and SEWT-V and SEM2KO-V denote the corresponding estimates for the vehicle-treated group. To determine if MDSTZ-WT was significantly different from zero, the following statistic (t) was t= MDSTZ −WT SE MD (3) This statistic exhibits a t-distribution with the degrees of freedom equaling the total number of measurements minus four. This test was performed on the total and cholinergic and purinergic components of the EFS contraction. The analysis of the concentration-response curve of isoproterenol for inhibiting EFS contraction of the urinary bladder was based on the operational model (Black and Leff, 1983): ⎛ ⎜ R = P⎜1 − ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ X m M sys X m ⎛ +⎜ ⎝ m X+K ⎞ τ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ (4) In this equation, R denotes contraction, P, the level of response in the absence of isoproterenol, X, the concentration of isoproterenol, Msys, the maximum response of the system, K, the dissociation constant of isoproterenol, m, the transducer slope factor, and τ, a parameter proportional to the intrinsic efficacy (ε) of isoproterenol and the sensitivity of its signaling pathway. Specifically, τ is defined as: τ = εRT/KE, in which RT denotes the total population of active ß-adrenoceptors and KE a parameter inversely proportional to the sensitivity of the signaling pathway. Equation 4 was fitted to the isoproterenol relaxation curve from the M2 KO mouse urinary bladder. In wild type bladder, both the potency and maximal effect of isoproterenol were 10 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 calculated: JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 lower. These two properties of the concentration-response curve were adequately described by a reduction in the τ parameter of the operational model. Thus, the following equation was fitted to the data from the wild type bladder: ⎛ ⎜ R = P⎜1 − ⎜ ⎜ ⎝ m X M sys X m ⎛ +⎜ ⎝ m X+K ⎞ ατ ⎟ ⎠ ⎞ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟ ⎠ (5) This equation is identical to that used to analyze the M2 KO data except that τ has been activated by the evoked release of ACh, the M2 receptor in wild type bladder inhibits the relaxant effect of isoproterenol. This action reduces the sensitivity of the ß-adrenoceptor signaling cascade, which is consistent with a reduction in τ. Thus, the reciprocal of α is a measure of the functional role of the M2 receptor in opposing isoproterenol-induced relaxation. In the text, the log of the reciprocal of α is reported (-log α). For a given treatment condition (vehicle or STZ), equations 4 and 5 were fitted to the isoproterenol relaxation curves from both M2 KO and wild type bladder by global nonlinear regression analysis sharing the estimates of Msys, K, m and τ between the curves and allowing a unique estimate of α for the wild type data. To determine if there was a significant difference in α between the vehicle and STZ groups, the significance of the increase in residual sum of squares when the data were analyzed sharing the estimate of α between the groups was determined using an F distribution as described previously (Pak et al., 2010). The Student’s t-test was used to assess statistically significant changes in fasting blood glucose and body weight after vehicle or STZ treatment. 11 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 multiplied by the scalar, α. Thus, α represents the change in τ in the wild type bladder. When JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 RESULTS Effect of STZ treatment on body weight change and fasting blood glucose The body weights of wild type and M2 KO mice injected with STZ (125 mg/kg) significantly decreased compared to that of control (Table 1). Mice treated with STZ exhibited significantly greater fasting blood glucose levels compared to those treated with vehicle (Table 1). Changes in body weight and glucose levels occurred at both early and late time points after Effect of STZ treatment on bladder weight During the course of our experiments, we noted an increase in bladder weight with STZ treatment, particularly in bladder from M2 KO mice. Figure 2a shows the wet weights of the urinary bladders from some of the animals used in our studies. The average age of the vehicletreated wild type and M2 KO mice and STZ-treated wild type and M2 KO mice were 21, 33, 30 and 24 weeks, respectively, for the data shown in Figure 2a. Analysis of variance showed a highly significant difference among the groups (F3,11 = 11.72; P = 0.0009). Neuman Keuls Multiple Comparison Test showed significant differences (P < 0.05) among all the groups except vehicle-treated M2 KO versus STZ-treated wild type. The data show a significant increase in bladder weight with STZ treatment and in the M2 KO mouse relative to wild type. To explore the latter difference more completely, we measured bladder weight in control and vehicle-treated wild type and M2 KO mice, and plotted these data against the age of the mice (Figure 2b). Linear regression analysis showed a highly significant reduction in residual error (P = 1 x 10-6) when separate linear equations were fitted to each group of data compared to using a single regression equation. There was no significant increase in residual error when that data were fitted simultaneously sharing the estimate of the Y interecept (19.3 ± 3.7 mg; F1,45 = 0.463, P = 0.5). Analysis of variance showed that the slope of the line for the M2 KO data (1.47 ± 0.15 mg/week) was significantly greater than that of the wild type data (0.58 ± 0.09 mg/week) (P = 12 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 STZ treatment. JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 0.0017). When expressed relative to the Y intercept, the slopes corresponded to 7.6 and 3.0% increases in bladder weight per week for the M2 KO and wild type mice, respectively. The data suggest that a slowly developing bladder distention occurs in the M2 KO mouse. To address this question directly, we euthanized seven-month old wild type (n = 5) and M2 KO (n = 6) mice at approximately the same time of day (15:00) and immediately measured the length (bladder dome to outlet) and width of the urinary bladder with vernier calipers. These measurements are illustrated in Figure 2c. Both the length and width were significantly greater respectively). We also estimated the theoretical surface area of the bladders assuming an ellipsoid shape having a longitudinal axis equivalent to the length of the bladder. We assumed that a cross section normal to the longitudinal axis and at its midpoint defined a circle with a diameter equivalent to the width of the bladder. These calculations yielded estimates of the theoretical surface area of urinary bladders from wild type and M2 KO mice of 2.3 ± 0.33 cm2 and 6.92 ± 0.51 cm2, respectively. The difference in theoretical estimates is highly significant (P < 0.00005) and illustrates prominent bladder distention in the M2 KO mouse. Because the average weight of these seven-month old M2 KO bladders (0.70 ± 3 mg) was 1.75-fold greater than that of the age-matched wild type bladders (40 ± 2 mg), yet the corresponding difference in surface area was 3.0-fold, our data suggest greater tension on the M2 KO bladder wall. The M2 receptor inhibits the development of impaired neurogenic bladder contraction in STZ-treated mice We investigated the effect of STZ treatment on the components of EFS contraction of urinary bladder from wild type and M2 KO mice. EFS contractions were recorded in the absence (control) and presence of four combinations of inhibitors: 1) NMS, 2) mATP, 3) NMS and mATP, and 5) NMS, mATP and TTX. When used, the concentrations of NMS, mATP and TTX were 1 µM, 0.1 mM and 0.1 µM, respectively. A summary of the data measured 8 – 9 and 20 – 24 weeks after STZ injection is shown in Figure 3. For each panel in Figure 3, the data are 13 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 in urinary bladder from M2 KO mice compared to wild type (P = 0.00008 and P = 0.00005, JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 expressed relative to the control, vehicle-treated, wild type condition. There were no significant differences in the mean ± SEM of this control, EFS contraction when expressed as a percent of the KCl-induced contraction for denuded urinary bladder at the 8 – 9 week (248 ± 16%) and 20 – 24 week (254 ± 18%) time points and in intact bladder at the same time points (243 ± 13% and 208 ± 18%, respectively) (F3,24 = 1.672; P = 0.20). The residual contraction measured in the presence of both NMS and mATP was approximately the same as that measured in the presence of TTX, indicating that cholinergic and purinergic mechanisms account for the total neurogenic was subtracted from that measured 1) under control conditions, 2) in the presence of mATP, and 3) in the presence of NMS. This calculation yielded the 1) total neurogenic contraction and its 2) cholinergic and 3) purinergic components, respectively. These components are displayed in Figures 4 and 5 for denuded and intact urinary bladders, respectively. In some instances, the summation of the cholinergic and purinergic components in urinary bladder from vehicle-treated wild type mice exceeded 100%. These data suggest that the signaling pathways of purinerigic and muscarinic receptors converge on the same contractile mechanism and that the mechanism exhibits saturation kinetics. That is, when a substantial contractile stimulus has been generated by one type of receptor, the stimulation of a second receptor type leads to a less than an additive contraction because contraction is already near maximal. Treatment of wild type and M2 KO mice with STZ 8 – 9 weeks prior had little effect on the total EFS contraction of the denuded bladder (Figure 4a). In vehicle treated mice, the cholinergic component of contraction (Figure 4b) in the M2 KO mouse was 78% that of wild type. STZ treatment significantly reduced this component to 46% of wild type (p = 0.040). In contrast, there was no significant effect of STZ treatment on the purinergic component of contraction (Figure 4c) in wild type and M2 KO mice. At 20 – 24 weeks after STZ treatment, there was a highly significant reduction in the total, cholinergic and purinergic components of contraction in the M2 KO mouse relative to wild type. This comparative loss of function (M2 KO relative to wild type) in STZ-treated mice was 14 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 response. The magnitude of the EFS contraction measured in the presence of NMS and mATP JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 significantly greater than the corresponding difference in vehicle-treated mice in all cases. That is, following STZ treatment, the total (Figure 4d), cholinergic (Figure 4e) and purinergic (Figure 4f) components of contraction in M2 KO mice were only 41% (p = 0.019), 41% (p = 0.018) and 30% (p < 0.001) of wild type, respectively. Although the purinergic component of EFS contraction decreased 20 – 24 weeks after STZ treatment, there was no significant difference in the magnitude of the contraction elicited by directly applied mATP (100 µM) among the different treatment groups. The mean mATP- 7.9%; Vehicle M2 KO, 131 ± 8.3%; STZ wild type, 111 ± 9.4%; STZ M2 KO, 96 ± 7.8% (F3,21 = 2.35; p = 0.102). A similar trend was observed in intact urinary bladder 8 – 9 weeks after STZ treatment although the differences between vehicle- and STZ-treated groups were not significant (Figure 5a - c). At 20 – 24 weeks after STZ treatment, EFS contractions in intact urinary bladder were similar to those observed in denuded tissue. That is, there was a highly significant reduction in the total, cholinergic and purinergic components of contraction in the M2 KO mouse relative to wild type (Figure 5d – f). This comparative loss of function (M2 KO relative to wild type) in mice treated with STZ was significantly greater than the corresponding change in vehicle-treated mice in the case of the cholinergic and purinergic components (Figure 5e and f, respectively). When expressed relative to wild type, these components in the STZ-treated M2 KO mouse were only 32% (p = 0.032) and 36% (p < 0.001), respectively. Effects of STZ treatment on the relaxant effect of isoproterenol on neurogenic contraction of the urinary bladder We measured how STZ treatment affected the relaxant action of isoproterenol on EFS contraction of denuded (Figure 6) and intact (Figure 7) wild type and M2 KO urinary bladder. The data were analyzed using global nonlinear regression analysis with equations 4 and 5 to 15 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 induced contraction expressed relative to that elicited by KCl were, vehicle wild type, 119 ± JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 quantify the role of the M2 receptor in opposing isoproterenol-induced relaxation as described under “Methods”. Denuded bladder from the M2 KO mouse was more sensitive to isoproterenolmediated relaxation compared to wild type tissue (Figure 6a) confirming the role of the M2 receptor in inhibiting isoproterenol-mediated relaxation. This difference was significant 8 – 9 weeks after STZ treatment (p = 0.046) (Figure 6b; Table 2) and to an even greater extent 20 – 24 weeks after STZ treatment (p = 1.3E-14) (Figure 6c versus d; Table 2). A summary of the Emax and pEC50 values of isoproterenol is given in Table 3. little lower in tissue from STZ-treated M2 KO mice at the late time point, one-way analysis of variance showed that the difference was insignificant (F3,12 = 1.06, p = 0.403). It might be argued that decreased neurotransmitter release in the M2 KO mouse after STZ treatment reduces the contractile stimulus in the urinary bladder, making it more susceptible to the relaxant action of isoproterenol. While this seems likely to at least some extent, we found that the pEC50 and Emax values of isoproterenol for inhibiting the contractions elicited by EC50 (Emax, 52% inhibition; pEC50, 7.9 ± 0.086) and EC90 (Emax, 47% inhibition; pEC50, 8.3 ± 0.083) concentrations of the muscarinic agonist oxotremorine-M were similar. In other words, the relaxant effect of isoproterenol did not change when the concentration of muscarinic agonist decreased. These results, therefore, provide little support for a decrease in the release of endogenous acetylcholine as being the cause of the increased relaxant effect of isoproterenol in the M2 KO mouse bladder after STZ-treatment. In urinary bladder with intact urothelium, the difference in isoproterenol sensitivity between wild type and M2 KO bladders was decreased with STZ treatment (p = 0.0036) at the early time point (Figure 7a, versus b; Table 2). The trend reverses by 20 – 24 weeks when STZ treatment increases isoproterenol sensitivity in M2 KO urinary bladder (Figure 7c versus d; Table 2). The latter change was not significant, however. A summary of the Emax and pEC50 values of these experiments is given in Table 3. 16 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 Although the magnitude of the EFS contraction in the absence of isoproterenol was a JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 DISCUSSION We used a single injection of STZ (125 mg/kg) to induce hyperglycemia. This dose causes substantial increases in blood glucose levels with minimal mortality (data not shown). Others (Tesch and Nikolic-Paterson, 2006; Tesch and Allen, 2007) have shown that a similar dose produces minimal acute renal cytotoxicity while inducing chronic renal damage akin to human nephropathy. Urinalysis of our STZ-treated mice showed no diabetic ketoacidosis as shown). We found that STZ treatment caused a loss of EFS cholinergic contraction in urinary bladder lacking the M2 muscarinic receptor 8 – 9 weeks after STZ injection (Figure 4b). This result is consistent with prior work (Pak et al., 2010) showing that urinary bladder lacking the M2 receptor exhibits a greater loss of responsiveness to directly applied muscarinic agonist following STZ treatment. At 20 – 24 weeks after STZ treatment, there was a large neurogenic deficit in both the cholinergic and purinergic components of contraction in denuded M2 KO urinary bladder (Figure 4d – f, respectively). The purinergic deficit cannot be attributed to a postjunctional loss of function because there was no significant difference in the contraction elicited by directly applied mATP (100 µM) among the different treatment groups. We previously reported little difference in muscarinic agonist-induced contractions of isolated urinary bladder from STZtreated wild type and M2 KO mice at this time point (Pak et al., 2010). Thus, the loss of neurogenic cholinergic and purinergic contraction in urinary bladder lacking the M2 receptor indicates a loss of nerve function. Our data suggest that the presence of the M2 receptor throughout the course of hyperglycemia prevents this nerve damage in wild type urinary bladder from STZ-treated animals. We cannot rule out the possibility, however, that the congenital lack of the M2 receptor before STZ treatment has an influence on the development of neuropathy in the M2 KO mouse. 17 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 reflected by undetectable, or very rarely, trace (5 mg/dL) amounts of acetoacetic acid (data not JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 In intact bladder, STZ treatment was without effect on neurogenic contraction (Figure 5a – c) at the 8 – 9 week time point. At the late time point (20 – 24 weeks, Figure 5d – f), however, the presence of the M2 receptor was critical in maintaining function in STZ-treated animals, as both cholinergic and purinergic contractions were impaired in its absence (Figure 5e, f). Thus, the M2 receptor protects the urinary bladder from STZ-induced neuropathy as assessed in both the absence and presence of urothelium. Male M3 KO mice rapidly develop distended urinary bladders and a complete loss of EFS (Matusi et al., 2000; Ehlert et al., 2007), presumably because of the near complete loss of postjunctional muscarinic receptor mediated-contraction. We have shown that the M2 receptor causes a low-potency enhancement of M3 receptor-mediated contractions of the urinary bladder (Ehlert et al., 2005). It is conceivable that the absence of this M2 contractile function during the micturition reflex causes incomplete voiding and a gradual bladder distention (see Figure 2). We found no significant effect of STZ treatment on EFS contraction in urinary bladder from wild type animals and a huge loss of EFS contraction in M2 KO bladder, which could not be attributed to a loss of postjunctional mechanisms during the EFS measurement. Perhaps the susceptibility of the M2 KO mouse to bladder distention coupled with the neuropathic effects of STZ-induced hyperglycemia leads to more prominent bladder distension in the M2 KO mouse. This may put greater tension on the nerves in the bladder wall leading to a cycle of more neuropathy and more distension. Thus, the deficit in M2 contractile activity may ultimately lead to greater STZ-induced neuropathy. It is also possible that the lack of the M2 receptor in the urothelium may lead to a diminished afferent input for the micturition reflex, and hence greater bladder distention, and ultimately, neuropathy. Finally, it is possible that a lack of the M2 receptor elsewhere in the body may ultimately cause enhanced STZ-induced neuropathy in the M2 KO mouse. The susceptibility of the M2 KO mouse to STZ-induced neuropathy of the urinary bladder appears to be a phenotype of this mouse strain. It seems likely that the loss of function can be 18 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 bladder contraction, including the purinergic component, around three to four months of age JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 attributed to the loss of M2 receptors, as described above, and not to changes in other mechanisms. We have previously reported no change in the sensitivity of the M2 KO mouse urinary bladder to the contractile effects of mATP and PGF2α and the relaxant effect of isoproterenol against KCl- and mATP-induced contractions and (Ehlert et al., 2005; Ehlert et al., 2007). Ito et al. (2009) reported 35 and 34% decreases in total muscarinic receptors in bladder from M4 and M5 KO mice, suggesting that a loss of one subtype in a single KO mouse causes a loss of other subtypes. The authors suggested that a loss of prejunctional M4 receptors might in the M2 KO mouse (82%) is commensurate with the high proportion of this receptor in wild type bladder. We also investigated the effect of STZ treatment on the ability of the M2 receptor to inhibit the relaxant effects of isoproterenol on EFS contraction of the urinary bladder. Isoproterenol was slightly more effective in relaxing EFS contractions in M2 KO bladder compared to wild type tissue (Figure 6a), indicating that neuronally released acetylcholine acts on the M2 receptor to oppose relaxant responses as previously described with other stimulation parameters (Ehlert et al., 2007). STZ treatment enhanced this effect (Figure 6b), suggesting a greater role for this M2 mechanism in diabetic bladder. This role was greater 20 – 24 weeks after STZ treatment (Figure 6c versus d). At the late time point, deletion of the M2 receptor had a very robust effect in STZ-treated animals (Figure 6d) versus those injected with vehicle (Figure 6c). Our results suggest that the urinary bladder reservoir may become more susceptible to ß-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation over the development of STZ-induced diabetes and that the M2 receptor opposes this susceptibility, although part of the enhanced effect of isoproterenol may be caused by changes in the release of norepinephrine, acetylcholine and ATP. In intact urinary bladder, the ability of the M2 receptor to oppose isoproterenol-mediated relaxation was greater in vehicle-treated (Figure 7a) rather than STZ-treated (Figure 7b) mice at the 8 – 9-week time point. At the later time point, this trend is reversed, albeit without reaching statistical significance. The known effect of muscarinic receptor activation on the release of an 19 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 cause a postjunctional down-regulation of receptors. Regardless, the loss of muscarinic receptors JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 inhibitory factor from the urothelium (Hawthorn et al., 2000; Wuest et al., 2005) and the loss of this release following STZ treatment (Kosan et al., 2005) might account for these data. The M2 receptor in the urothelium inhibits the release of an inhibitory factor whose initial release is stimulated by a muscarinic receptor other than the M2 subtype (Pak et al., 2010). The relaxant effect of isoproterenol against EFS contraction of urinary bladder from vehicle-treated mice, therefore, may be greater in M2 KO bladder because of a lack of M2 receptor-mediated inhibition of the release of the inhibitory factor. STZ treatment causes a loss of the urothelial inhibitory factor in M2 KO bladder. This explanation may account for the reduced relaxant effect of isoproterenol at the early time point after STZ treatment in intact bladder (Figure 7a versus b). At the later time point (Figure 7c versus d), however, the increased role of the postjunctional M2 receptor in opposing isoproterenol-induced relaxation probably increases, like that observed in denuded bladder (Figure 6c versus d). This change may lead to a reversal in the magnitude of role of the M2 receptor between the vehicle- and STZ-treated groups (Figure 7c versus d). The effect of ß-adrenoceptor agonists on the release of mediators from urothelial tissue after STZ treatment (Birder et al., 2002) may also make interpretation of these results difficult. Our research demonstrates that, during STZ-induced hyperglycemia, the M2 muscarinic receptor inhibits the development of neuropathy of the urinary bladder. These results suggest that the use of anticholinergics in the treatment of overactive bladder during the early stages of diabetic incontinence may enhance the rate of progression to bladder neuropathy, which is common in the later stages of the disease (see Daneshgari et al. (2009) for the progression of urinary bladder dysfunction in diabetes). In humans the cholinergic component to EFS contraction of the urinary bladder is 95 – 100% (Sibley, 1984; Burnstock, 2002), suggesting that inhibition of muscarinic receptor function would be more likely to promote neuropathy in the human than in the mouse. 20 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 factor, and hence, the relaxant effect of isoproterenol would not be enhanced by the inhibitory JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 REFERENCES Andersen JT and Bradley WE (1976) Abnormalities of bladder innervation in diabetes mellitus. Urology 7:442-448. Andersson KE and Arner A (2004) Urinary bladder contraction and relaxation: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 84:935-986. Benko R, Lazar Z, Porszasz R, Somogyi GT and Bartho L (2003) Effect of experimental diabetes electrical field stimulation or capsaicin. Eur J Pharmacol 478:73-80. Birder LA, Nealen ML, Kiss S, de Groat WC, Caterina MJ, Wang E, Apodaca G and Kanai AJ (2002) Beta-adrenoceptor agonists stimulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase in rat urinary bladder urothelial cells. J Neurosci 22:8063-8070. Black JW and Leff P (1983) Operational models of pharmacological agonism. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 220:141-162. Braverman A, Legos J, Young W, Luthin G and Ruggieri M (1999) M2 receptors in genitourinary smooth muscle pathology. Life Sci 64:429-436. 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Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 Ehlert FJ, Ahn S, Pak KJ, Park GJ, Sangnil MS, Tran JA and Matsui M (2007) Neuronally released acetylcholine acts on the m2 muscarinic receptor to oppose the relaxant effect of isoproterenol on cholinergic contractions in mouse urinary bladder. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 322:631-637. Ehlert FJ, Griffin MT, Abe DM, Vo TH, Taketo MM, Manabe T and Matsui M (2005) The M2 muscarinic receptor mediates contraction through indirect mechanisms in mouse urinary bladder. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 313:368-378. Autonomic nervous system and diabetes. Histological and histochemical study of the autonomic nerve fibers of the urinary bladder in diabetic patients. Diabetes 22:225-237. Freeman R (2005) Autonomic peripheral neuropathy. The Lancet 365:1259-1270. 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NaunynSchmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 354:773-778. 22 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 Faerman I, Glocer L, Celener D, Jadzinsky M, Fox D, Maler M and Alvarez E (1973) JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 Longhurst PA, Levendusky MC and Bezuijen MW (2004) Diabetes mellitus increases the rate of development of decompensation in rats with outlet obstruction. J Urol 171:933-937. Luheshi GN and Zar MA (1991) The effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on cholinergic motor transmission in the rat urinary bladder. Br J Pharmacol 103:1657-1662. Matsui M, Griffin MT, Shehnaz D, Taketo MM and Ehlert FJ (2003) Increased relaxant action of forskolin and isoproterenol against muscarinic agonist-induced contractions in smooth muscle from M2 receptor knockout mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 305:106-113. Mice lacking M2 and M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are devoid of cholinergic smooth muscle contractions but still viable. J Neurosci 22:10627-10632. Matsui M, Motomura D, Karasawa H, Fujikawa T, Jiang J, Komiya Y, Takahashi S and Taketo MM (2000) Multiple functional defects in peripheral autonomic organs in mice lacking muscarinic acetylcholine receptor gene for the M3 subtype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:9579-9584. Michel MC and Barendrecht MM (2008) Physiological and pathological regulation of the autonomic control of urinary bladder contractility. Pharmacol Ther 117:297-312. Pak KJ, Ostrom RS, Matsui M and Ehlert FJ (2010) Impaired M(3) and enhanced M(2) muscarinic receptor contractile function in a streptozotocin model of mouse diabetic urinary bladder. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. Sibley GN (1984) A comparison of spontaneous and nerve-mediated activity in bladder muscle from man, pig and rabbit. J Physiol 354:431-443. Stengel PW, Yamada M, Wess J and Cohen ML (2002) M(3)-receptor knockout mice: muscarinic receptor function in atria, stomach fundus, urinary bladder, and trachea. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 282:R1443-1449. Tesch GH and Allen TJ (2007) Rodent models of streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy. Nephrology (Carlton) 12:261-266. 23 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 Matsui M, Motomura D, Fujikawa T, Jiang J, Takahashi S, Manabe T and Taketo MM (2002) JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 Tesch GH and Nikolic-Paterson DJ (2006) Recent insights into experimental mouse models of diabetic nephropathy. Nephron Exp Nephrol 104:e57-62. Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 24 JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 FOOTNOTES This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases [F30 DK081289]; University of Tennessee-federal flow through funds from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute [UTN-37775]; National Institutes of General Medical Sciences [R01 GM069829]; Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation and Achievement Rewards for College Scientists Foundation; and the University of California Irvine To whom reprint requests should be addressed: Frederick J. Ehlert Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4625 fjehlert@uci.edu 25 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 Medical Scientist Training Program. JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 LEGENDS FOR FIGURES Figure 1. Representative traces of EFS contractions in urinary bladder from vehicle-treated wild type mouse. Control EFS contractions were first inhibited by either mATP (a) or NMS (b) before the additional blockade by the alternative agent and then final supplementation with TTX. Figure 2. Effect of STZ treatment and age on urinary bladder hypertrophy and distension. (a) groups is shown. Mean values ± SEM are shown. Each group contained 3 – 6 mice. (b) The weight of urinary bladder from wild type (N = 27) and M2 KO (N = 22) mice is plotted against age. (c) The average length and width of urinary bladders immediately after euthanization of wild type (N = 5) and M2 KO (N = 6) mice at seven months of age are shown. Figure 3. Effects of mATP, NMS and TTX on EFS contraction in wild type and M2 KO bladder 8 – 24 weeks after vehicle or STZ treatment. Inhibition of neurogenic contraction was measured in denuded (a) and intact (b) urinary bladder at 8 – 9 weeks and in denuded (c) and intact (d) bladder 20 – 24 weeks after treatment. Mean values ± S.E.M. from 3 – 10 experiments are shown. Figure 4. Effect of STZ treatment on total, cholinergic and purinergic EFS contraction in wild type and M2 KO urinary bladder lacking urothelium. The total (a), cholinergic (b) and purinergic (c) components of EFS contraction were measured at 8 – 9 weeks after STZ treatment and after 20 – 24 weeks (d, e, f, respectively). Mean values ± S.E.M. from 3 – 10 experiments are shown. Significantly different from vehicle (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.001). Figure 5. Effect of STZ treatment on total, cholinergic and purinergic contraction in wild type and M2 KO intact bladder. Total (a), cholinergic (b) and purinergic (c) responses were measured 26 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 The effect of STZ treatment on the wet weight of urinary bladders from different treatment JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 8 – 9 weeks after STZ treatment and after 20 – 24 weeks (d, e, f, respectively). Mean values ± S.E.M. from 3 – 10 experiments are shown. Significantly different from vehicle (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.001). Figure 6. Effect of STZ treatment on isoproterenol-mediated relaxation of EFS contraction in urinary bladder lacking urothelium. Responses were measured 8 – 9 weeks after mice were treated with vehicle (a) or STZ (b) and after 20 – 24 weeks (c, d, respectively). Mean values ± 3 Figure 7. Effect of STZ treatment on isoproterenol-mediated relaxation of EFS contraction in intact urinary bladder. Responses were measured 8 – 9 weeks after mice were treated with vehicle (a) or STZ (b) and after 20 – 24 weeks (c, d, respectively). Mean values ± SEM from 3 – 6 experiments are shown. Statistically significant differences are shown in Table 2. 27 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 – 6 experiments are shown. Statistically significant differences are shown in Table 2. JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 Table 1. Body weight % change and fasting blood glucose levels 8- 24 weeks after STZ injection. The mean estimate ± SEM are shown. The number or replicates is indicated in parentheses. % Body Weight Change 8-9 Vehicle after STZ treatment 20 – 24 Vehicle weeks after treatment STZ wild type M2 KO wild type M2 KO 18.0 ± 1.8 13.5 ± 2.0 112 ± 5 113 ± 6 (19) (18) (19) (18) -3.8 ± 2.8*** -0.2 ± 3.6* 426 ± 32*** 461 ± 32*** (18) (17) (13) (14) 38.9 ± 6.3 41.7 ± 1.5 139 ± 6.5 144 ± 8.7 (8) (7) (8) (7) 2.1 ± 5.7** 8.9 ± 4.2*** 492 ± 42*** 602 ± 92*** (8) (4) (8) (4) Significantly different from vehicle: *p < 0.05 **p < 0.001 ***p < 0.0001 28 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 weeks Fasting Blood Glucose (mgdL-1) JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. JPET #169995 Table 2. Effect of STZ treatment on isoproterenol-mediated inhibition of EFS contraction in urinary bladder from wild type and M2 KO mice. The parameter -log α is a measure of the role of the M2 receptor in opposing isoproterenol-induced relaxation. The parameters were estimated from the data in Figures 6 and 7. Mean estimates ± SEM are shown, and the number of replicates is indicated in parentheses. M2 receptor disinhibitory effect Vehicle after treatment 20 – 24 STZ Vehicle weeks after treatment STZ Intact bladder (-log α) (-log α) 0.74 ± 0.18 1.24 ± 0.098 (3 - 6) (3 - 6) 1.01 ± 0.071 * 0.860 ± 0.051** (4 - 5) (4 - 5) 0.076 ± 0.046 0.53 ± 0.098 (4 - 5) (4 - 5) 0.88 ± 0.10 *** 0.69 ± 0.050 (3 - 4) (3 – 4) Significantly different from vehicle: *p < 0.05 **p < 0.01 ***p < 0.0001 29 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 8 - 9 weeks Denuded bladder JPET #169995 Table 3. Summary of pEC50 and Emax values after isoproterenol-mediated inhibition of EFS contraction. The parameters were estimated from the data in Figures 6 and 7. Mean values ± SEM are shown, and the number of replicates is indicated in Denuded bladder pEC50 Intact bladder Emax (% control) pEC50 Emax (% control) WT M2 KO WT M2 KO WT M2 KO WT M2 KO Vehicle 7.41 ± 0.32 (6) 7.58 ± 0.30 (3) 87 ± 4.0 (6) 71 ± 4.8 (3) 7.26 ± 0.16 (6) 7.89 ± 0.56 (3) 84 ± 2.7 (6) 43 ± 9.9 (3) STZ 7.49 ± 0.21 (4) 7.83 ± 0.31 (5) 89 ± 2.0 (4) 59 ± 4.2 (5) 7.35 ± 0.16 (4) 7.74 ± 0.24 (5) 80 ± 2.7 (4) 60 ± 3.9 (5) Vehicle 7.78 ± 0.32 (5) 7.79 ± 0.15 (4) 83 ± 2.9 (5) 82 ± 1.6 (4) 7.71 ± 0.19 (5) 7.96 ± 0.46 (4) 88 ± 1.9 (5) 73 ± 4.5 (4) STZ 7.75 ± 0.25 (3) 8.11 ± 0.28 (4) 85 ± 3.4 (3) 19 ± 4.1 (4) 7.64 ± 0.13 (3) 7.98 ± 1.3 (4) 83 ± 2.1 (3) 49 ± 15 (4) 8 – 9 week 20 – 24 week 30 JPET Fast Forward. Published on July 12, 2010 as DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.169995 This article has not been copyedited and formatted. The final version may differ from this version. parentheses. Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 etjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022 Downloaded from jpet.aspetjournals.org at ASPET Journals on January 12, 2022