Photomedicine and Laser Surgery
Volume 31, Number 6, 2013
ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
Pp. 274–282
DOI: 10.1089/pho.2012.3405
Immediate and Short-Term Effects of In-Office
Desensitizing Treatments for Dentinal Tubule Occlusion
Milena Traversa Palazon, DDS,1 Tais Scaramucci, DDS, PhD,1 Ana Cecilia Correa Aranha, DDS, PhD,1
Renato Araújo Prates, DDS, PhD,2 Karina Monteleone Lachowski, DDS,1
Fernando S. Hanashiro, DDS,1 and Michel Nicolau Youssef, DDS, PhD1
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the immediate and short-term effects of laser
neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) irradiation and in-office desensitizing treatment on dentin
tubule occlusion. Background data: Literature shows a lack of long-lasting treatments for dentin hypersensitivity.
Methods: Forty-eight dentin slabs (4 · 4 · 2 mm) were ground flat, polished, and treated with 27% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to open the dentinal tubules. Specimens were randomly divided into the following
experimental groups (n = 12): Group 1: Control (no treatment); Group 2: Nd:YAG laser irradiation (100 mJ, 85 J/cm2
per pulse with a quartz fiber of 400 lm, in scanning movements); Group 3: In-office prophylaxis with pumice;
Group 4: In-office Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief Desensitizing Paste. Treatments were performed according to the
manufacturer’s instructions. After treatment, the specimens were submitted to a sequence of erosive and abrasive
challenges, twice a day for 5 days. The specimens were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated by scanning
electron microscopy immediately after treatment and after 4 and 5 days. The response variable was the amount of
occluded dentin tubules per area, determined by three different examiners with the use of visual criteria, with a
standardized grade created in the PowerPoint program. Data were compared with ANOVA and Tukey’s test,
considering a 5% significance level. Results: Immediately after treatment, a reduction in the number of opened dentin
tubules was observed for the laser group when compared with the control group ( p < 0.05). After the experimental
procedures, there were no quantitative differences between the amount of opened dentin tubules for all groups;
however, micrographs showed some qualitative tubule occlusion for the laser group after the erosive/abrasive
challenge. Conclusions: only laser irradiation was capable of immediately sealing the dentinal tubules; however,
none of the treatments showed efficacy in maintaining tubule occlusion after the chemical and mechanical challenges.
Introduction
D
entin hypersensitivity (DH) has been defined as a
short, sharp, and transient pain arising from exposed
dentin in response to thermal, osmotic, tactile, or chemical
stimuli that cannot be attributed to any other form of dental
disease or defect.1 Several theories have been proposed to
explain the mechanism of pain from DH, but the most widely
accepted is the hydrodynamic theory, suggested by Brännström.2,3 According to this theory, either an inward or outward movement of fluid within the dentin tubules is
responsible for the stimulation of receptors in the pulpal
areas, resulting in the generation of pain impulses.
Some studies of human dentin surfaces have indicated
that tubules are larger in size and greater in number in
sensitive areas of dentin, when compared with the nonsen1
2
sitive areas,4,5 which further substantiates the role of opened
dentin tubules in the etiology of DH.
Clinically, DH is often associated with noncarious cervical
lesions, which is the loss of tooth structure at the cement–
enamel junction, not related to caries.6 These lesions are of
multifactorial origin,7 in which erosion, abrasion, and abfraction are known to play an important role.8 Erosion and
abrasion are also believed to be implicated in the etiology
and development of DH. Corroborating this idea, micromorphological studies have indicated that some acidic beverages9–11 and toothbrushing12,13 can open, and sometimes
even enlarge the diameter of, the dentinal tubules.
There are two strategies for the treatment of DH. One is to
physically occlude dentin tubules to isolate the tubule contents from the oral environment and prevent the fluid flow
movement. Among the agents used to occlude dentin
Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Center for Lasers and Applications, Institute of Energetic and Nuclear Researches, IPEN-CNEN/SP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
274
IN-OFFICE DESENSITIZING TREATMENTS FOR TUBULE OCCLUSION
tubules are: adhesives, fluoride solutions or dentifrices containing sodium fluoride, calcium fluoride, or ferric, aluminum, or potassium oxalate.14–16 The other strategy is to
chemically desensitize the sensory nerves, blocking the
transmission of the noxious stimuli from the dentin tubules
to the central nervous system. Potassium salts are an example this kind of agent.17 Both strategies have shown to be
effective in reducing DH; however, evidence suggests that
the occlusion of dentin tubules is more likely than chemical
desensitization to be successful in clinical applications.18
The desensitizing agents can be applied topically at home
by the patients or in the office by a dentist. The at-home
methods are known to have an immediate effect and a lower
cost,19 whereas the in-office agents can show a better effect
because dental professionals can deliver a wider range of
more complex and more potent desensitizing agents.17
However, repeated desensitization applications are usually
necessary to maintain the treatment effect, because exposed
dentin continues to sustain erosive and abrasive challenges
in the oral cavity.20
As an alternative to the topical agents, but with the aim of
occluding the dentin tubules as well, the use of an Nd:YAG
laser has also been suggested.21–26 A previous study demonstrated that Nd:YAG laser irradiation has the ability to
cause melting and re-solidification of the dentin surface, thus
occluding the dentinal tubules.11
The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of
some in-office protocols in promoting the occlusion of dentin
tubules with Nd:YAG laser irradiation, and also the shortterm efficacy of these agents after erosive and abrasive challenges. This latter is particularly important because until now,
little has been known about the long-lasting effects of the
agents or forms of treatment of DH described in the literature,
whether or not they are able to resist the chemical and mechanical challenges constantly present in the oral environment.
The null hypothesis was that none of the treatments
would be able to sustain tubule occlusion after chemical and
mechanical challenges.
Materials and Methods
Specimen preparation
The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the local institution (University of São
Paulo, School of Dentistry), protocol 195/2010- CAAE
0021.0.017.000-10. Specimens from human third molars were
used. Molar teeth were freshly extracted and they were
stored in 0.1% thymol solution at 4C for < 1 month until the
beginning of the experiment. From these teeth, dentin slabs
(4 · 4 · 2 mm) were sectioned from the roots using a microtome (Isomet 1000- Precision Saw- Büehler, Lake Bluff, IL).
The slabs were then embedded in an acrylic resin (Varidur,
Buehler, Lake Bluff, IL). The resulting blocks were ground
flat and polished with water-cooled abrasive discs (600- and
1200-grit Al2O3 papers; Buehler). Any specimens with cracks
or defects were discarded and replaced.
Phase 1: Procedures to open tubules (simulation
of hypersensitive dentin)
Three different agents were tested regarding their ability
to open dentinal tubules and simulate hypersensitive dentin:
275
27% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA pH 7.4), 37%
phosphoric acid (Villevie, Joinville, SC, Brazil/ pH 1.28)
and an acetate buffer solution (pH 5.5) with equimolar
amounts (4.875 mmol/L) of calcium and phosphate, proposed by Shellis and Curtis.20 Calcium and phosphate were
added as CaCl2.2H2O and KH2PO4, respectively.
For this test, nine dentin specimens were randomly divided into three groups (n = 3). In the first group, the specimens were immersed in 27% EDTA solution for 2 min. In the
second group, specimens were immersed in the buffer acetate solution (pH 5.5) for 2 h and ultrasonicated for 1 min in
the same buffer solution. The third group was treated with
37% phosphoric acid for 20 sec. After the treatments, the
specimens were washed with water/spray and analyzed by
MeV to determine which solution best simulated hypersensitive dentin.
Phase 2: Evaluation of in-office treatments
After simulating hypersensitive dentin by opening the
dentinal tubules, 12 dentin specimens were randomly divided into four experimental groups (n = 3), according to
their respective treatments. Group 1 was the control group in
which no treatment was performed. For Group 2, an
Nd:YAG laser (Power LaserTM ST6, Lares Research, Chico,
CA) was used in contact mode, focused, and in a perpendicular direction, with the following parameters: 1.0 W power,
10 Hz repetition rate, within the energy parameters of 100 mJ
and an energy density of 85 J/cm2 per pulse. Using a quartz
fiber of 400 lm, in a pre-established region, scanning movements were made in occlusal-apical and mesio-distal directions, and vice versa. Four 10 sec irradiations were made in
each direction, totaling an irradiation time of 40 sec. An interval of 10 sec between irradiations was performed to allow
thermal relaxation of the tissue.11 Before all irradiations, the
real power delivered was measured with Power Meter
equipment (Coherent, Newport, United States), to ensure no
loss of power during any of the irradiations. For Group 3,
prophylaxis was performed using a rubber cup mounted in a
slow speed handpiece (5000 rpm) and pumice (SS White,
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil) for 20 sec, according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. In Group 4, Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief desensitizing paste (Colgate Palmolive,
New York, NY) was applied with a rotary cup at low speed
(5000 rpm) for 3 sec, following the manufacturer’s instructions.
Erosive/abrasive cycling challenges
For this challenge, samples from all the groups were immersed for 5 min in 1% citric acid (pH adjusted to 3.8 using
NaOH), rinsed with distilled water, stored for 60 min in artificial saliva, and then brushed with a slurry of a regular
toothpaste, according to the brushing protocol described in
the next section. This cycle was repeated twice a day, over
5 days. The specimens were stored overnight in artificial
saliva.
Brushing protocol
With the aid of a brushing simulation machine (MSEt ELQUIP, São Carlos, SP, Brazil), brushing of the specimens
was standardized regarding the number of brushing cycles,
276
time of toothpaste injection, temperature, and load. The
speed of the equipment and time spent on daily brushing
was calculated at 2 min for each brushing episode, at a
brushing speed of 258 cycles/min. One cycle was considered
to be one complete back and forth movement of the toothbrush. A 200g load was used. Taking into account that
people usually brush their teeth for 2 min, twice a day, it
would result in 516 cycles per brushing. Therefore, 5 days of
erosive challenge and 20 brushing times, corresponding to
5160 cycles, were performed by the end of the study.
Crest Pro-Health (Procter&Gamble, Cincinnati, OH), a
medium abrasiveness dentifrice, was chosen to simulate
tooth brushing. This dentifrice contains 0.454% of stannous
fluoride and 0.16% of fluoride and was used in accordance of
the manufacturer’s instructions, which corresponds to its use
for at least 1 min twice a day. A toothbrush (Sorriso Master,
Kolynos, Colgate-Palmolive, Brazil) with round-tipped nylon
bristles of soft consistency placed in three rows of tufts, #40,
was used. Screws were used to fix the toothbrushes onto the
brushing machine arms. Each sample was brushed with a
toothbrush designated for the sample and it was not re-used.
Also, the equipment has a controllable water-dentifrice suspension injection system, with independently programmed
timing and intervals between injections, and is temperature
controlled at * 37 – 1C. During the brushing abrasion test, a
dilution of toothpaste and distilled water was used in a
proportion of 1:2 (90 g of toothpaste to 180 mL of distilled
water). The dilution was prepared immediately before use
with the purpose of preserving its characteristics. The final
pH value of this dilution was 5.6. This toothpaste/water
slurry was inserted in syringes and injected onto the toothbrush bristles every 1 min. After concluding the brushing
simulation, the specimens were carefully removed and washed under running water for 2 min to remove the abrasive
toothpaste particles.
PALAZON ET AL.
The SEM used for this study was a Hitachi Analytical
Table Top Microscope TM3000 (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). Representative SEMs were taken at 1000x and 3000x, 15 kVA in
the center of the specimen. No special sample preparation,
such as coating with metal films, was required.
Qualitative assessment
The micrographs had their surface characteristics evaluated and checked for the patency or occlusion of the dentinal
tubules.
Quantitative assessment
A computer program (Windows/PowerPoint, version 7.0)
was used to standardize the micrographs for grading at a
magnification of 1000x. The amount of opened dentinal tubules were recorded by three different trained examiners and
considered as the response variable. The mean number of
opened dentinal tubules was calculated for all groups using a
representative micrograph for each group. For standardization purposes, opened tubules with a reduced diameter were
considered as opened tubules.
Statistical analysis
A descriptive analysis was used in the qualitative assessment. For the quantitative assessment, the statistical analysis
of the data was performed using the Sigma Plot software,
version 12.0 (Systat Software, Chicago, IL). Initially, Friedman’s test was used to check for consistency of the examiners. Then, the homoscedasticity and normal distribution of
the data was checked by the Hartley and Shapiro–Wilks
tests. Once these assumptions were satisfied, two way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey tests were performed
for comparisons among groups and experimental times. A
level of 5% was taken as significant.
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) evaluation
Specimens in Phase 1 were qualitatively evaluated by
SEM. In Phase 2, qualitatively and quantitative evaluation
was performed at the following experimental times: immediately after treatment and after 4 and 5 days. The response
variable was the amount of opened dentin tubules per area.
For standardization purposes, the opened tubules with a
reduced diameter were considered as opened tubules.
Results
Phase 1
The images obtained in Phase 1 are shown in Fig. 1. It can
be observed that the 27% EDTA solution (Fig. 1B) was more
effective in opening dentinal tubules than the other agents
and the experimental solution (Fig. 1A). Therefore, 27%
FIG. 1. Experimental simulation of hypersensitive dentin. (A) Experimental solution. (B) 27% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
(EDTA) solution. (C) Phosphoric acid (1000 · ).
IN-OFFICE DESENSITIZING TREATMENTS FOR TUBULE OCCLUSION
277
FIG. 2. (A and B) Micrographs of treatments immediately after treatment. (G1)
Control. (G2) Nd:YAG laser.
(G3) Oral prophylaxis with
pumice. (G4) Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief (A: 1000 · , B:
3000 · ).
EDTA was the solution used to simulate hypersensitive
dentin in this study.
Phase 2
Qualitative analysis. Qualitative assessment of the treated dentin surface micrographs revealed that some tubule
occlusion occurred for all groups immediately after treatment (Fig. 2A and B); however, the laser group showed the
most satisfactory results (Fig. 2A-G2 and B-G2). A melted
and solidified surface was observed. In addition, for this
group, the tubules that remained opened presented a smaller
diameter than those of the other groups (Fig. 2A-G2 and
B-G2). Colgate Pro-Relief sensitive paste showed some
278
PALAZON ET AL.
FIG. 3. (A and B) Micrographs of the 4th day of abrasive and erosive challenges.
(G1) Control. (G2) Nd:YAG
laser. (G3) Oral prophylaxis
with pumice. (G4) Colgate
Sensitive Pro-Relief (A: 1000 · ,
B: 3000 · ).
degree of tubule occlusion with plugs of the paste observed
inside tubules (Fig. 2A-G4 and B-G4). After the erosive/
abrasive challenges, the laser group continued with tubule
occlusion (Fig. 3A and B). On the 4th day, few opened
dentinal tubules could be seen with a smaller diameter;
however, opened dentinal tubules were visible for the other
groups (Fig. 3A and B). On the 5th day of erosive/abrasive
challenges, all groups showed opened dentinal tubules with
regular diameter, comparable to the immediate EDTA micrograph (Fig. 4A and B).
Quantitative analysis. Friedman test showed a value of
0.76, which indicates confidence between the examiners. The
results of the quantitative analysis are presented in Table 1.
IN-OFFICE DESENSITIZING TREATMENTS FOR TUBULE OCCLUSION
279
FIG. 4. (A and B) Micrographs of the 5th day of erosive/abrasive challenges. all
groups showed opened dentinal tubules with regular diameter, comparable with the
immediate ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) micrograph. (G1) Control. (G2)
Nd:YAG laser. (G3) Oral
prophylaxis with pumice.
(G4) Colgate Sensitive ProRelief (A: 1000 · , B: 3000 · ).
The only group that showed a significant reduction in the
amount of opened dentin tubules immediately after application of the desensitizing agents in comparison with the
control (Group 1) was the laser (Group 2). After 4 days of
cycling, there was no significant difference in the number of
opened dentin tubules between the groups and the control
( p > 0.05); however, Group 3 presented significantly lower
values than did Group 4. After 5 days of cycling, there was
no significant difference in the number of opened dentin
tubules among the groups. When comparing the results of
each group over the course of time, Groups 1 and 4 presented a significant reduction in the number of opened
dentin tubules after 5 days of cycling, but that difference for
Groups 2 and 3 was not significant.
Discussion
The null hypothesis was accepted in this study, as no
treatments were able to sustain tubule occlusion after the
erosive and abrasive challenges. Similar to previous reports,27–32 the Nd:YAG laser irradiated specimens showed a
significant occlusion of the dentin tubules immediately after
irradiation; however, the number of opened dentin tubules
was not significant from the control after the 5th
280
PALAZON ET AL.
Table 1. Means ( – SD) of the Open Tubule Evaluation for All the Groups in Each Experimental Time
Groups
G1
G2
G3
G4
Immediate
Control
Nd:YAG laser
In-office prophylaxis
Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief
469.00
325.00
374.33
501.33
(67.29)
(15.52)
(61.27)
(54.10)
4 days
a
b
ab
a
A
A
A
A
345.00
303.00
237.33
370.00
(74.22)
(48.77)
(20.23)
(31.10)
5 days
a,b
a,b
b
a
AB
A
B
B
272.67
275.33
345.33
342.67
(42.10)
(21.73)
(10.97)
(64.78)
a
a
a
a
B
A
A
B
In vertical columns, different lower case letters imply significant difference between the groups within time ( p < 0.05). In horizontal rows,
different capital letters imply significant difference among time within a group ( p < 0.05).
experimental day, implying that, under the conditions of this
investigation, the laser was initially effective, but presented
no long-term effects after the challenges.
The Nd:YAG laser irradiation has been extensively used
for the treatment of DH.33–36 The mechanism in which this
equipment works is simple and reproducible. The irradiation
can melt the hydroxyapatite structure, which, upon cooling,
can re-solidify forming hydroxyapatite crystals larger than
the initial structure. The result is the formation of a glazed
and nonporous surface with occluded dentinal tubule orifices. Dentin has a low value of absorbance at the wavelength
of 1064 nm (which is wavelength of the Nd:YAG laser);
therefore, the most incident light penetrates into the tooth
and may cause an unacceptable increase of the tooth temperature. The use of correct protocols, according to previous
studies in the literature, overcomes this difficulty.11,21–24,33–35
Laser protocols may vary depending upon the equipment
and diameter of the fiber used, but most of the investigations
present protocols in the range of 0.5–1 W in power, 10–15 Hz
of repetition rate and 60–150 mJ of energy. Recently, Farmakis
et al. showed that the Nd:YAG laser irradiation at 1 W caused
more tubule occlusion when compared with the irradiation at
0.5 W, implying that this protocol may lead to a more effective
treatment of cervical dentinal hypersensitivity.
In addition to the ability of occluding tubules, Nd:YAG
laser irradiation may also have an effect on intradental nerve
responses to mechanical stimulation of dentin. This laser is
believed to depress intradental nerve responses, similar to
low-level laser therapy, by interfering in the sodium pump.37
The outcomes of this present investigation are in disagreement with the results obtained by Naylor et al.11 and
Gelskey et al.38 In the study by Naylor et al., dentin tubules
occluded by the Nd:YAG laser irradiation remained obliterated even after a subsequent erosive challenge with different
beverages. It must be pointed out that the previous investigation did not include an abrasive challenge, as used in the
current study; therefore, despite the differences in methodology, it could be speculated that toothbrushing indeed has
an impact in the permeability of the dentin tubules and can
be considered an important etiological factor of DH. An
in vivo study by Gelskey et al.38 found a significant reduction
of DH in 19 patients after Nd:YAG laser irradiation. According to those authors, this effect lasted up to 3 months.
Therefore, further in situ and in vivo studies are needed to
elucidate the benefits of Nd:YAG laser irradiation on DH.
The Colgate Pro-Relieve in-office paste formula contains
the Pro-Argin technology, which is composed of calcium
carbonate and arginine, an amino acid naturally found in
saliva, which effectively plugs and seals opened dentin tubules based on a natural process of tubule occlusion.39 The
arginine and calcium carbonate are believed to bind to the
dentin surface and help attract a calcium-rich layer into
the dentin tubules. According to the literature, it provides
instant and lasting relief for 4 weeks.40–42 However, in the
present study, this in-office treatment was not able to significantly reduce the number of opened dentin tubules, in
comparison with the control, at all experimental times. A
reduction in the number of opened dentin tubules was only
observed over time, but this effect was also observed in the
control group, and may be a result of the deposition of
toothpaste abrasive in the tubules.
The two professionally applied desensitizing treatments
used in the present study were selected according to their
different mechanisms of action. However, a simple topical
prophylaxis, with the use of a rubber cup mounted on a lowspeed handpiece and pumice was included, as it is a common procedure performed in the dental office, especially
before the application of therapeutic agents. It has been hypothesized that this procedure could reduce dentin permeability with the formation of pumice plugs inside the
dentinal tubules and act as a contributing factor for the immediate effect of in-office desensitizing agents. However, in
this study, there was no difference between the number of
opened dentin tubules in the specimens treated with the
pumice in comparison with the control, at all experimental
times. According to Al-Saud and Al-Nahedh,44 the relationship between the surface and intratubular precipitation is not
simple. It is important to observe the quality of the deposits,
density, and degree of porosity, depth of penetration into
tubules, and how the deposits are bound to the dentin surface. Therefore, it may be supposed that the topical agents
tested in this in vitro study presented surface deposits that
were not firmly bound to the dentinal surface, given the
washing procedures performed after the treatments and the
dynamic nature of the oral environment also tested
throughout the erosive/abrasive challenges.
To simulate the condition of DH with opened dentinal tubules, three different agents were tested: 27% EDTA, 37%
phosphoric acid, and a 100 mmol/L acetate buffer solution
with calcium and phosphate in equimolar concentrations,
proposed by Shellis and Curtis in 2010.20 According to these
authors, the treatments usually used to simulate DH in studies
are often aggressive and not only remove the smear layer off
the dentin tubules, but also promote a demineralization of the
underlying dentin surface, enlarging the tubule diameter by
dissolving the peritubular dentin. This would be a matter of
concern, especially when testing tubule occluding agents, as
the quantification of occlusion would be jeopardized by the
lack of peritubular dentin. In view of this fact, the present
authors tried to develop a minimally destructive technique to
IN-OFFICE DESENSITIZING TREATMENTS FOR TUBULE OCCLUSION
remove the smear layer and open dentin tubules with the use
of the acetate buffer solution. However, under the conditions
of this in vitro study, it was not possible to observe opened
dentin tubules with the use of this solution. As can be observed in the micrographs of Phase 1, the only agent that was
able to remove the smear layer or plugs and open the dentin
tubules was the 27% EDTA solution (Fig. 1A), which was
applied for 2 min, in accordance with a previous study.11
The SEM equipment used in this investigation presents
some advantages over regular equipment, such as the ability
to analyze the specimens without previous preparation. It
also has a higher magnification range, allowing more detailed observation and better resolution (*30 nm compared
with *0.2 lm), and a greater depth of field ( > 1 mm compared with 2–3 lm), which means that more of the sample
can be in focus at the same time, allowing imaging of taller
objects. The image also contains compositional and topographical information, if needed, and also permits the load
and investigation of larger and taller samples (samples with
a diameter of up to 70 mm, and a height of 50 mm).
One of the limitations of this study was the fact that it was
not possible to obtain dentin specimens from the same tooth
to be distributed among the groups, because of the small size
of the roots from human third molars. Although we recognize that this procedure would provide a better standardization of the substrate, efforts were made in order to select
dentin specimens with similar amounts of tubules per area.
In addition to that, in the quantitative analysis, the dentin
tubules with narrow diameter or those that were partially
closed had to be considered as open tubules, in order to
reduce subjectivity among the examiners. This may have led
to underestimation of the protection given by the treatments
in some cases. Therefore, caution should be taken to extrapolate the findings of the present investigation to the
clinical scenario.
10.
Conclusions
16.
Based on the current results, Nd:YAG laser irradiation
was the only treatment capable of occluding dentin tubules
immediately after application; however, this effect was not
maintained after the erosive/abrasive challenges. It is possible that a combination of in-office techniques or repeated
irradiation could show a better effect for dentin tubule occlusion, and should be explored in further studies.
Author Disclosure Statement
No competing financial interests exist.
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Address correspondence to:
Ana Cecilia Correa Aranha
Departamento de Dentistica
Faculdade de Odontologia de São Paulo – USP
Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes
2227 – Cidade Universitária
São Paulo – SP
Brazil – 05508-900
E-mail: acca@usp.br