International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies 2019; 7(6): 85-88
E-ISSN: 2347-5129
P-ISSN: 2394-0506
(ICV-Poland) Impact Value: 5.62
(GIF) Impact Factor: 0.549
IJFAS 2019; 7(6): 85-88
© 2019 IJFAS
www.fisheriesjournal.com
Received: 01-09-2019
Accepted: 03-10-2019
Nurul Mutmainnah
Postgraduate Program of
Fisheries Science, Hasanuddin
University, Indonesia
Muh. Yusri Karim
Faculty of Marine Science and
Fisheries, Hasanuddin
University, Indonesia
Siti Aslamyah
Faculty of Marine Science and
Fisheries, Hasanuddin
University, Indonesia
The effect of dissolved glucose on survival rate and
performance of swimming crab larvae Portunus
pelagicus from zoea stadia to megalopa
Nurul Mutmainnah, Muh. Yusri Karim and Siti Aslamyah
Abstract
The main problem faced by swimming crab hatchery today is the low survival rate of larval stages,
especially zoea to megalopa. This research aims to examine the effect of dissolved glucose
administration on survival and performance of swimming crab larvae of Portunus pelagicus in the zoea
stadia to megalopa. This research was conducted at the Brackish Water Aquaculture Fisheries Center of
Takalar, Takalar Regency, Province of South Sulawesi. Swimming crab larvae of zoea-1 are maintained
in a black plastic basin with a volume of 40 L totaling 24 pieces equipped with aeration equipment and
filled with water by salinity 32 ppt as much as 30 L. Feed given is rotifers and Artemia salina with the
addition of dissolved glucose. The research was designed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD)
with 4 dose treatments of dissolved glucose with 3 replications. The four doses are 0, 50, 100 and 150
ppm. The results of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that the administration of dissolved glucose
had a very significant effect (p<0.01) on glycogen content, stress resistance, and swimming crab larvae
survival. The glycogen content, stress resistance and survival rate were produced at a dose of 100 ppm,
respectively 4.31%, 91 and 39.22%, while the lowest at a dose of 0 ppm respectively 3.14%, 119 and
9.15%.
Keywords: Swimming crab, glucose, survival rate, performance
Corresponding Author:
Nurul Mutmainnah
Postgraduate Program of
Fisheries Science, Hasanuddin
University, Indonesia
1. Introduction
The swimming crab is a fishery commodity that has good prospects to be developed. The
swimming crab hatchery has actually been successful in several hatcheries. However, there are
still some obstacles, which are limited availability of seeds, so they have not been able to
supply the needs of seeds for crab production activities.
The main problem faced in the swimming crab hatchery activities and until now is the low
survival rate of larvae in the critical phase, namely in the zoea to megalopa phases. Elferizal et
al. (2019) [7] the highest mortality rate in the swimming crab is in the zoea stage to megalopa.
Some research results related to swimming crab larvae survival from zoea stadia to megalopa
include Bakkara et al., only getting 15% (2015) [5]; 3.17% (Azis et al., 2016) [4]; 12.89%
(Prastyanti et al., 2017) [17] and 5.91% (Abriyadi et al., 2017) [1].
The low survival rate of swimming crab larvae in the zoea stage to megalopa is caused by the
low quality of the feed provided so that nutritional needs are not fulfilled, and the maintenance
environment is not appropriate and the presence of cannibalism (Zaidin et al., 2013) [23].
According to Budi et al. (2016) [6] the cause of low survival rate of swimming crab larvae is
internal factors such as organ and nerve development, energy and external factors such as
environmental stressors, nutrition and pathogens.
One of the supports of success in the activity of swimming crab seed production is the
availability of adequate nutrition. According to Ikhwanuddin et al. (2016) [11] nutritional
deficiencies can cause nutritional stress and can reduce or slow down the development of
larvae because energy needs are not fulfilled. Nutritional improvement and availability is one
of the effort that can be done to increase survival and improve swimming crab larvae
performance. Larva performance is a display/form, how well the performance of larvae to
survive and grow in an environment. According to Budi et al. (2016) [6], the availability of
sufficient energy, the organisms are needed to achieve high survival rate and growth. One of
the sources of energy for larvae is glucose.
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(1977) [22]. Stress resistance of swimming crab larvae is tested
by osmotic shock, that is, swimming crab larvae are put into
water with salinity 0 ppt. Cumulative Stress Index (CSI) is
calculated using the formula of Ress et al. (1994) [19].
Glucose is a monosaccharide compound from carbohydrates
that is needed by every organism and is one of the nutrients
that is easily revamped into energy when needed. The body
needs glucose especially to produce energy. The benefits of
glucose are as a ready source of energy and as a source of
energy reserves or glycogen (Fujaya, 2015) [5, 10]. According
to Rantetondok & Karim (2010) [18] the digestive system in the
larvae has not been fully formed so that the utilization of feed
is still low and causes energy needs are not
fulfilled. Therefore it is necessary to provide nutrients such as
glucose which can be directly used as a source of energy
without going through the digestive process. Glucose can be
absorbed directly through the skin or gills by diffusion.
Glucose is absorbed and enters the blood and will be
distributed throughout the body, especially to the brain, liver,
muscles, kidneys, fat tissue and other tissues (Firani, 2017) [9].
Research on the use of glucose in several larvae has been
carried out by Jamal (1995) [15] 82.22% of marble sleeper;
Rantetondok & Karim, (2010) [18] 31% mud crab S. serrata;
(Sulfiadi, 2015) [20] 48.33% of climbing perch and Imran et
al., (2018) [13] 94.44% of saline tilapia. The results of the
research stated that administration of dissolved glucose can
increase the survival rate of several types of larvae.
From the above problems in order to produce high survival
rate and good performance of swimming crab larvae (P.
Pelagicus) it is necessary to study related to the provision of
glucose in the maintenance of swimming crab larvae.
Stress resistance is calculated using the following formula:
CSI = D5 + D10 + D15 + … + D60
CSI = Cumulative stress index
D = Numbers of swimming crab larvae that are stressed at a
certain minute
Survival rate is calculated using the formula as follows:
S=
S = Survival rate of tested larvae (%)
= Numbers of larvae that lived at the beginning of the
experiment
= Numbers of larvae that lived at the end of the
experiment
Data obtained in the form of glycogen content, stress
resistance and survival rate are analyzed using Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA). The physical-chemical parameters of
water were analyzed descriptively based on the viability of
life of swimming crab larvae (P. pelagicus).
2. Materials and Methods
This research was conducted at the Brackish Water
Aquaculture Fisheries Center or BPBAP, Mappakalompo
Village, District of Galesong, Takalar Regency, as a larval
rearing site. Analysis of larval glycogen content was carried
out at the Food Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Animal
Husbandry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar.
Test animals used were swimming crab larvae of zoea-1
obtained from spawning and hatching of parent swimming
crab mains at the Brackish Water Aquaculture Fisheries
Center or BPBAP, South Sulawesi, with a parent weight of
158 g/individual. The larvae are stocked with a density of 50
individuals/L and are kept until they enter the Megalopa
stage. Maintenance containers are 24 black plastic basins with
volume of 40 L filled with 30 L of media water with salinity
32 ppt, including 12 containers used for glycogen content
analysis and 12 other containers used for observation of stress
resistance and survival rate of swimming crab larvae.
Natural feed used such as rotifer and nauplius artemia is
given 2 times a day at 07.00 am and 05.00 pm. Rotifer began
to be administered on the zoea-1 stage to the beginning of the
zoea-4 stage with a density of 50 individuals/ml and naupli
artemia was given to the zoea-4 stage to the megalopa stage
with a density of 1-3 individuals/ml. Giving glucose is given
before the larvae are spread and given once a day in the
morning according to the treatment doses. Before it is given
to maintenance media, glucose is weighed according to the
treatment dose using a digital scale, then glucose is dissolved
into 1 L of water and then spread evenly to the maintenance
media.
4. Results
Table 1: Average of Glycogen Content of the swimming crab larvae
of Portunus pelagicus
Dose (ppm) Dissolved Glucose
Glycogen Content
0 (control)
3,14 ± 0,48b
50
3,61 ± 0,48b
100
4,31 ± 0,44a
150
3,75 ± 0,12b
Description: Different letters show significant differences between
treatments at level of 5% (p<0.05)
The results of the Analysis of Variance showed that
administration of dissolved glucose significantly affected
glycogen content of swimming crab larvae (p<0.01). The
highest glycogen content is produced at a dose of 100 ppm
with a value of 4.31, followed by a dose of 150 ppm (3.75),
50 ppm (3.61) and the lowest at 0 ppm (control) with a value
of 3.14.
Table 2: Average of Cumulative Stress Index (CSI) of the
swimming crab larvae of Portunus pelagicus
Dose (ppm)Dissolved Glucose CSI (Cumulative Stress Index)
0 (control)
119,00 ± 1,00a
50
108,66 ± 2,08b
100
91,00 ± 2,00c
150
106,00 ± 2,64b
Description: Different letters show significant differences between
treatments at level of 5% (p<0.05)
The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the
administration of dissolved glucose had a very significant
effect (p<0.01) on the stress resistance of small crab larvae.
High stress resistance results in a low CSI (Cumulative Stress
Index). The highest CSI (Cumulative Stress Index) is
produced at 0 ppm (control) with a value of 119, followed by
3. Observed Parameters
The observed parameters were glycogen content, stress
resistance and survival rate of swimming crab larvae. The
glycogen content was measured at the beginning and end of
the research using the method of Wedemeyer & Yasutake
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doses of 50 ppm (108), 150 ppm (106) and the lowest is
produced at a dose of 100 ppm with a value of 91
that energy needs are not fulfilled to maintain the condition of
the body in the new environment. Environmental conditions
affect conditions in the body so that it affects the use of
energy. Arifin (2014) [3] states that under stress conditions will
occur a metabolic energy reallocation. The energy initially
used for growth and reproduction will change to be used to
improve homeostasis, such as respiration, movement,
hydromineral regulation, and tissue repair. The new
environment or an environment that is not suitable to cause
increased energy use thus affecting the endurance of the
larvae. CSI value of swimming crab larvae obtained in this
research is lower than the results of the research of Jamal et
al. (2019) [14], which is 112% with enrichment of natural feed
using Beta Carotene.
Based on the Table 3 it can be seen that the highest survival
rate of swimming crab larvae are produced at a dose of 100
ppm and the lowest is at control of 0 ppm. The highest
survival rate of swimming crab larvae was produced at a dose
of 100 ppm with a value of 39.22%. The high survival rate of
swimming crab larvae is suspected to have additional feed in
glucose derived media which is used as an energy source
without going through the digestive process so that the larvae
still exist to maintain survival. According to Fujaya (2015) [5,
10]
glucose is required by larvae as an energy source that is
ready to use or ready to be used without the digestion process,
so that energy needs are fulfilled. Glucose is a source of
energy for the body and when energy is required, glucose is
rapidly metabolized to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP),
a high-energy product (Szablewski, 2017; Fadaka et al., 2017)
[21]
. The low survival rate was generated at control of 0 ppm
with a value of 9.15%. This is due to the absence of additional
food intake or glucose supplementation from the media as an
energy source available to the larvae in maintaining survival
rate. Lack of energy sources will trigger the high nature of
larval cannibalism so that the survival rate of larvae is low.
According to Szablewski (2017) [21] glucose is the main
source of energy production. The survival rate value of
swimming crab larvae obtained in this research was higher
compared to the results of other studies that were still below
30% (Bakkara et al., 2015; Azis et al., 2016; Prastyanti et al.,
2017; and Abriyadi et al., 2017) [5, 4, 17, 1].
Water quality in this research is still in optimal condition. The
temperature in this research ranges from 27-32°C. The
temperature range values in this research are still in optimal
conditions. Temperature greatly affects crab activity, appetite,
growth and survival. According to Ikhwanuddin et al. (2016)
[11]
the optimal temperature for rearing larvae is 25 - 34 0C.
Salinity in this research ranged from 33-38 ppt. Salinity range
values in this research are still in optimal condition. The
degree of acidity (pH) in this research ranges from 7-8.1. The
pH range value in this research is still in optimal
condition. According to Abriyadi et al. (2017) [1] the value of
the salinity range for crab larvae is 23-40 ppt. Low and high
salinity can cause crab larvae to become stressed and even
die. DO in this research ranged from 5.30-7.58 ppm. DO
range values in this research are still in optimal condition.
According to Zaidin et al. (2013) [23] the DO range for
viability of swimming crab larvae is in the range of > 4 ppm.
The low dissolved oxygen content can cause the organism's
appetite to decrease so that it affects the physiological
processes in terms of survival, respiration, circulation,
metabolism, moulting and crustacean growth (Karim 2013)
[16]
. Ammonia levels in this research ranged from 0.048 to
0.083 ppm. Ammonia range values in this research are still in
Table 3: Average of Survival Rate of the swimming crab larvae of
Portunus pelagicus
Dose (ppm) Dissolved Glucose
Survival Rate
0 (control)
9.15 ± 0,17d
50
15,84 ± 0,90c
100
39,22 ± 0,49a
150
31,09 ± 0,52b
Description: Different letters show significant differences between
treatments at level of 5% (p<0.05)
The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the
administration of dissolved glucose had a very significant
effect (p<0.01) in survival of crab larvae. The highest
survival rate is at a dose of 100 ppm with a value of 39.22%,
followed by a dose of 150 ppm (31%), a dose of 50 ppm
(15%) and the lowest is at 0 ppm control with a value of 9%.
5. Water quality during the course of the maintenance
period
Water physics chemistry parameters in this study are still in
optimal condition. Temperatures range from 27 - 320C,
salinity ranges from 33 - 38 ppt, the degree of acidity of the
water (pH) ranges from 7 - 8.1, DO ranges from 5.30 - 7.58
ppm and Ammonia ranges from 0.048 - 0.083.
6. Discussion
Based on the Table 1 it can be seen that the highest glycogen
content of swimming crab larvae are produced at a dose of
100 ppm and the lowest is at control of 0 ppm. The highest
glycogen content is produced at a dose of 100 ppm with a
value of 4.31%. The high content of glycogen in the larvae is
suspected that glucose from the media absorbed by the larvae
is not all used directly as energy but is stored in the form of
glycogen
in
the
body
through
the
process
ofglycogenesis. Glycogen acts as a source of energy
reserves. According to Fujaya (2015) [5, 10] glucose that is not
utilized will be stored in the form of glycogen through the
process of glycogenesis, namely the formation of glycogen
from glucose. Glycogen is glucose stored in the liver and in
the muscles that will flow in the blood as energy providers
(Andany et al., 2016; Szablewski, 2017) [2, 21]. The low
glycogen content is produced at 0 ppm with a value of 3.14%.
This is due to the fact that glucose in the body is utilized
directly without the process of glycogenolysis, which is the
formation of glycogen (food reserves), so that the glycogen
content of larvae becomes low. According to Fujaya (2015) [5,
10]
the process of glycogenolysis is the breakdown or
utilization of glycogen into glucose to fulfill energy needs.
Based on the Table 2 it can be seen that the highest stress
resistance of swimming crab larvae are produced at a dose of
100 ppm and the lowest is at control of 0 ppm. The lowest
level of stress resistance with CSI is produced at a dose of 100
ppm with a value of 91. The high level of stress resistance in
the larvae is caused by food reserves or glycogen which can
be used as an energy source in maintaining the condition of
the body to keep hemostasis. According to Arifin (2014) [3]
states that to cope with stress conditions requires the ability of
animals to provide sufficient energy in the tissue to deal with
the allostatic burden that can be obtained from glucose and
protein. The lowest CSI is produced at control of 0 ppm with
a value of 119. This is due to the lack of nutritional intake so
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optimal condition. According to Zaidin et al. (2013) [23] the
range of ammonia for survival of swimming crab larvae is in
the range <0.1 ppm. High ammonia concentration will cause
loss of balance and even death will occur (Ikhwanuddin et al.,
2016) [11].
12. Ikwanuddin MMN, Azra, Noorulhudha NF. Embryonic
Development and Hatching Rate of Blue Swimming
Crab, Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758) Under
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and Aquatic Sciences. 2016; 16:669-677.
13. Imran MA, Maharani Y, Marding H, Dahliah A, Karim
MY. Use of Dissolved Glucose on Cultured Media on the
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Feeding Enrichment Using Beta Carotene on Stress
Resistance and Survival Rate of Blue Swimming Crab
(Portunus pelagicus) Larvae. International Journal of
Scientific and Research Publications. 2019; 9:789-790.
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Materials (Glucose) on Aquaculture Media on the
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Postgraduate
Program,
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7. Conclusion
7.1 Provision of dissolved glucose in the media of rearing
swimming crab larvae results in better survival rate and
performance of swimming crab larvae from zoea stadia to
megalopa becomes better.
7.2 The best dose of 100 ppm of dissolved glucose which
produces glycogen content is 4.31%, stress resistance is
96.00% and survival rate is 39.22%.
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