Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(2): 711-721
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 3 Number 2 (2014) pp. 711-721
http://www.ijcmas.com
Original Research Article
Comparing the interactive effects of NPK fertilization and saline water on tow
genotypes of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown in southern of Tunisia
Abdennaceur Ben khaled*, Taoufik Hayek, Elhem Mansour and Ali Ferchichi
Institut Des Regions Arides De Medenine, Laboratoire D Aridoculture Et Des Cultures
Oasiennes, 4119, Tunisia
*Corresponding author
ABSTRACT
Keywords
Barley;
Ardhaoui ;
salinity;
fertilization,
Nitrogen;
Phosphorus;
Potassium.
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is the major cereal in many dry areas of the world.
Ardhaoui is a local landraces cropped in southern Tunisia which is characterized
by its resistance to drought and salinity. In order to study its response to different
fertilization doses, an experimental design was used in a split-split plot
arrangement: 96 elementary parcels were cultivated with two varieties of barley, 6
doses of fertilizer (NPK; kg), 0-0-0, 200-0-0; 200-250-0; 200-0-150; 0-250-150;
200-250-150) and tow levels of salinity. The total biomass at final harvest, straw
yield and yield compound associated with different fertilizer doses were
determined. The results showed negative effects of salinity on the growth and the
development of the barley in comparison with control treatment. Moreover,
significant effects of the treatments, variety and their interactions were identified in
yield compounds. The twice comparison between the different fertilization
treatments show that Nitrogen (N) affect positively the number of spikes/m2, the
grain number/m2 and the grain yield/ m2. In the same way, Phosphorus (P) increase
the total biomass/m2 and the grain yield /m2. The Potasuim (K) doesn t affect the
different yield parameter. The local barley Ardhaoui response to N fertilization
consisted in a higher number of grains per unit land area and thus in a higher
tillering rate. In addition, grain yield was strongly affected by spikes and grain
number per unit surface, which in turn was related to P and N fertilization.
Moreover, the locale genotype Ardhoui present a high capacity of tolerance to
salinity in comparison with Bakistani and respond positively with the nutritional
elements applied by increasing straw and grain yield;
Introduction
(Jiang et al., 2006). However, salinity
limits barley production and it is one of
the major abiotic stresses, especially in
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the
most salt tolerant crop species and it is the
fourth largest cereal crop in the world
711
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(2): 711-721
arid and semi-arid regions where salt
concentration can be close to that in the
seawater (Shannon, 1998). Several
accessions of barley exist in Tunisia and
the most known are
Souihlis ,
Ardhaoui , Frigui , Beldi , Djebali ,
Sfira and Djerbi (El Faleh and
Mdimagh, 2005). Salinity is one of the
important limiting factor for agriculture
overall in the Mediterranean region. It
affects about 7% of the world s total land
area (Flowers et al., 1997). Approximately
930 million ha of cultivated land affected
are currently threatened by salinity
(Munns, 2002; Kefu et al., 2002). Tunisia
is concerned by the salinity problem.
Based on FAO (2005), about 1.8 million
hectares representing 11.6% of the total
surface of the country, are affected by
salinity.
1998), through a more rapid growth and
improved
transpiration
efficiency.
However, yields and WUE may be
reduced when excessive N fertilizer is
applied (Bladenopoulos and Koutroubas,
2003; Cantero-Mart nez et al., 1995).
Moreover, N fertilization has to be
adjusted because excessive N fertilization
is an economical loss and leads to negative
environmental consequences (Shepherd et
al., 1993). In the Mediterranean basin, N
fertilizer rates for barley production has
been usually applied between 200 and 250
kg of N ha-1 without agronomical control
in many cases (Cantero-Mart nez et al.,
2003). These rates must be reduced to
reach
equilibrium
among
cost,
environment and productivity. The objectif
of this work are (i) to study the effects of
salinity stress and NPK fertilization on the
yield parameters (ii) To compare the
capacity of tolerance to salinity and the
response to NPK fertilization of local
(Ardhaoui) and introduced (Bakistani)
varieties under salt conditions.
Nutrition and fertilization belong among
the most significant intensification and
rationalization
measures
at
barley
growing. Fertilizer management can
strongly affect crop productivity under
conditions of drought or salinity. Thus, the
addition of nutrients can either enhance or
decrease plants resistance to drought or
salinity or have no effect at all, depending
on the level of water availability and salt
stress. Salinity- or drought-to-fertility
relationships have been reviewed during
the last decades (Oertli, 1991; Alam, 1999;
Grattan and Grieve, 1999). However, since
most dry areas also suffer from salinity, a
comparison
of
mineral-nutrient
management for salinity and drought
stresses will help to develop strategies that
improve plant resistance to either and/or
both of these stresses.
Materials and Methods
General conditions
The experiment was carried out during
2010-2011 growing season in the
experimental field of the Institute of dry
lands of Medenine (IRA). The experiment
focused on variability among tow
genotypes of barley under saline water and
different mineral fertilization combination.
The climate is arid of Mediterranean type
with a mild winter, characterized by 20
years average annual of 150 mm mostly
concentrated in autumn and winter
months, with maximum air temperature of
35-42°C in summer. The main weather
parameters, including air temperature,
precipitation, were from a standard agrometrological station located at 100m from
Under semi arid Mediterranean conditions,
nitrogen fertilization (N fertilization) may
also increase WUE by stimulating dry
matter production (Latiri- Souki et al.,
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(2): 711-721
the experimental filed. The soil, 0.7-0.8m
deep, is a sandy soil with the following
texture: clay 5.38%, loam 6.72%, thin
sands 4.15%, very thin sands 6.72% and
coarse
sands
40.88%,C/N
26.8,
Hcc:23.75%, PFP: 14.1%, Da:0.9 g/cm3;
Na+(ppm):9.83,
K+(ppm):57.5
and
electrical conductivity of saturation extract
(ECe) equal to 2.78dS/m before sowing
.the experiment was always hand-sown
carefully in objective to maximize the
uniformity of the plot. In all experiment,
plots were managed to minimize
interferences from biotic stresses. Weeds
were removed by hand, to avoid any
negative effect of hormonal herbicides.
of the total quantity respectively for, P2O5,
K2O and N. While the other quantity of
Nitrogen (75% of the total quantity) was
applied at the beginning of tillering.
Treatments
management
Statistical analysis
and
Yield analysis
Harvest date was determined at grain
moisture of 15%. Yield was determined in
sampling areas of 1 m2 from the central
rows of each sub-plot, where the number
of grains, 1000-grain weight, grain yield
and aboveground biomass were measured.
Mean 1000 grains weight was calculated
from the weight of 1000 grains each from
the sampling area.
agronomic
All data were statistically analyzed by
ANOVA using SPSS software 18.0. Three
factors
(salinity
levels,
Minerals
fertilization treatments and Barely
genotypes) were analyzed together,
according to a spli-strip experimental
design. Mean separation was performed
only when the F-test indicated significant
(P<0.05) differences among the factors.
The different interactions were also
reported and significant differences were
analyzed at P<0.05.
The experimental design was split-splitplot design with four replicate. Salinity
levels were assigned to main plots,
fertilization treatments assigned as sub
plot and barley genotypes as sub-sub-plot.
The salinity of irrigation incorporated tow
levels 2.6 ds/m and 10.5 ds/m. the mineral
fertilization treatments induced by six
combination of NPK as showing in table 1
and finally the barley genotypes induced
tow genotypes: Ardhoui selected from
southern Tunisia as tolerant to drought and
salinity
stresses
and
Bakistani
introduced variety by the ministry of
agriculture as very tolerant variety to
abiotic stress. Water was applied through
the crop cycle by drip irrigation system in
objective to keep the plots close to filed
capacity and to avoid any forms of
drought. The experiment was hand sown at
250 seeds/m2 on 8 December 2010 in subsub-plot of 8 rows, 0.15 m apart (1.2m of
width) and 1.5m long ( with a separation
between sub-plots of 2m). The mineral
fertilization was applied in the beginning
of the experience as 100%, 100% and 25%
Results and Discussion
The weather regime, in terms of maximum
(Tmax) and minimum air temperature
(Tmin)
and
rainfall,
during the
experimental year 2010-11 is shown in
Fig.1. The averages of air temperature
during the season was very similar to the
20-year average values. In the season
2010-2011 and before sowing we recorded
an amount of 35.8 mm (43% of the total
precipitation).In fact during the crop cycle
we recorded 47.3 mm.
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(2): 711-721
Table.1 Agronomic and management practices carried out during the experiment.
Observation
Sowing date
Genotypes
Seeding depth (cm)
Row space (cm)
Seeding rate (plants/m-2)
Cultivated area (m2)
Plot superficie (m2)
Irrigation salinity (dS/m)
Fertilisation treatments
(kg/ha)
Harvest
Growin period (days)
2010-2011
8 December 2010
Ardhaoui and Bakistani
4-5
15
250
120
1.8
2.6 and 10.5
T1: 0 kg/ha N -0 kg/ha P2O5- 0 kg/ha K2O
T2: 200 kg/ha N -0 kg/ha P2O5- 0 kg/ha K2O
T3: 200kg/ha N -250 kg/ha P2O5- 0 kg/ha K2O.
T4: 200 kg/ha N -0 kg/ha P2O5- 150 kg/ha K2O.
T5: 0kg/ha N -250 kg/ha P2O5- 150 kg/ha K2O.
T6: 200kg/ha N -250 kg/ha P2O5- 150 kg/ha K2O.
25 May 2011
167 days
Table.2 Analysis of variance for spike number, grain number/m2, Total Biomass,
straw yield and Grain yield under the effect of the salinity levels, genotypes,
Fertilization treatment and their interaction
Source of
variation
EA
Salinity (S)
EB
Genotypes (G)
S*G
Ec
Fertilization (F)
F*S
G*F
S*G*F
*** significant at 1
d.f
1
Spikes
number
***
Grain/m2
***
Total
Biomass
***
1
1
5
Straw
yield
***
Grain
yield
***
*
***
***
5
***
***
**
**
5
5
** significant at 1%, * significant at 5%.
714
***
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(2): 711-721
The ANOVA results show that the two
factors salinity and fertilization treatments
have significant effects on the variation of
the grains number/m2 but their interaction
is not significant (table 2). The salinity
decreases the grain number/m2. Therefore,
the averages decrease from 3581 grains/m2
to 2558 grains/m2 for Bakistani and from
3364 grains/m2 to 2138 grains/m2 for
Ardhaoui, respectively in 2.6 dS/m and
10.5 dS/m. in the same way, the response
of Bakistani variety to the different
fertilization combination (NPK) are
clearer than Ardhaoui in the tow salinity
levels (2.6 dS/m and 10.5 dS/m). The
highest grains number/m2 were recorded in
the treatment 6 (200kg/ha N -250 kg/ha
P2O5- 150 kg/ha K2O) by 8698 and 6588
grains/m2 in 2.6 dS/m and by 7788 and
6119 spike/m2 in 10.5 dS/m respectively
for Bakistani and Ardhaoui.
Yield and yield components
The analysis of variance presented by
table 2 shows the effect of Salinity,
Genotypes and the fertilization treatments
on the different parameters studied.
Salinity and fertilization treatments
present highly significant effect on the
different parameters (i.e, spikes number
and the yield components). while, the
genotypes show significant effect only for
grain number per spike and the straw
yield, in the same way the different
interactions between the factors show
significant effect in Total dry matter and
straw yield only for the interaction
Fertilization*salinity.
The results show that the salinity affects
negatively the spike number/m2 (figure 2).
Therefore, without fertilization (treatment
1) Bakistani don t show any significant
difference between spike number in the
tow salinity levels. The spike number
decrease from 169 spikes/m2 to 146
spikes/m2 for Ardhaoui.
The statistic results show that the two
factors salinity levels and fertilization
treatments have significant effects on the
variation of the grains yield but their
interaction is not significant (table 2).
The different fertilization treatments show
significant difference in the spike
number/m2 for the tow genotypes. The
Nitrogen increase the spike number /m2
(comparison of the tow treatments 1 and 2)
for the tow genotypes and under the tow
levels of salinity. Therefore, this average
increase by 60%, 20% in 2.6 dS/m and
25%, 28% in 10.5 dS/m respectively for
Bakistani and Ardhaoui. The highest spike
number/m2 for the tow genotypes were
recorded in the treatment 6 (200kg/ha N 250 kg/ha P2O5- 150 kg/ha K2O) by 276
and 235 spike/m2 in 2.6 dS/m and by 223
and 225 spike/m2 in 10.5 dS/m,
respectively for Bakistani and Ardhaoui.
The figure 3 illustrate the variation of the
grain yield for the tow genotypes under
tow salinity levels and six fertilization
treatments. The averages of grain yield
varies between 95g/m2 to 266 g/m2 for
Bakistani, between 89g/m2 to 235 g/m2 for
Ardhaoui in 2.6 dS/m. In the same way
(figure 3) Ardhaoui present significant
decrease of 10% in the treatment 1at 10.5
dS/m in comparison with the same
treatment in 2.6 dS/m. For the higher of
salinity, we observe a significant decrease
in grain yield (figure 3).
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(2): 711-721
Figure.1 Rainfall, air temperature (Tmin and Tmax ) during the tow experimental
years (2010-2011.
40
100
Rainfall
Tmax
Tmin
80
Rainfall (mm)
Temperature (°C)
30
60
20
40
10
20
0
0
Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
Jul
Aug
2010-2011
Figure.2 Variation of the mean spike number/m2 and Grain number/m2 between genotypes
and between fertilization treatments (T1-T6) under two levels of salinity (2.6 dS/m and 10.5
dS/m). Vertical bars indicate standard errors of means.
500
500
salinity 2,6 dS/m
salinity 10,5 dS/m
Bakistani
Ardhaoui
Bakistani
Ardhaoui
400
Spikes number m2
Spikes number m2
400
300
200
100
300
200
100
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
Fertilization traitements (NPK)
14000
salinity 2,6 dS/m
14000
Bakistani
Ardhaoui
4
5
6
salinity 10,5 dS/m
Bakistani
Ardhaoui
12000
Grain number m2
12000
Grain number m2
3
Fertilization traitements (NPK)
10000
8000
6000
10000
8000
6000
4000
4000
2000
2000
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
1
6
2
3
4
5
Fertilization traitements (NPK)
Fertilization traitements (NPK)
716
6
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(2): 711-721
Nitrogen
fertilization
(comparison
between treatment 1 and 2) increase the
grain yield for the tow genotypes in the
tow salinity levels. Therefore, the averages
increase by 60 g/m2 in 2.6 ds/m and by 30
g/m2 in 10.5 dS/m for the tow genotypes.
The salinity 10.5 dS/m affect the grain
yield and the tow genotypes don t show
significant
difference
under
the
fertilization treatment. The highest grain
yield for the tow genotypes were recorded
in the treatment 6 (200kg/ha N -250 kg/ha
P2O5- 150 kg/ha K2O) by 266 and 235
g/m2 in 2.6 dS/m and by 165 and 149 g/m2
in 10.5 dS/m respectively for Bakistani
and Ardhaoui.
and six fertilization treatments. The
averages of the total biomass varies
between 182g/m2 to 448 g/m2 for
Bakistani, between 209g/m2 to 446 g/m2
for Ardhaoui in 2.6 dS/m. At 10.5 dS/m,
we observe a significant decrease in total
biomass for all the fertilization treatment.
Nitrogen
fertilization
(comparison
between treatment 1 and 2) increase the
total biomass for the tow genotypes in the
tow salinity levels. Therefore, the averages
increase by 120g/m2 in 2.6 ds/m and by 50
g/m2 in 10.5 dS/m for the tow genotypes.
Results of this trial shows that the total
biomass and the grain yield are negatively
affected by salinity. Thus, in 2.6 dS/m we
recorded a grain yield varies between
95g/m2 to 266 g/m2 for Bakistani and
between 89g/m2 to 235 g/m2 for Ardhaoui
.whereas in the conditions of moderate
stress (10.5 dS/m) the grain yield
decreases by 10%. Similar results showing
a reduction of the barley yield under salt
stress were founded by Sohrabi (2008),
Taffouo (2009) and Gill (1979). The
depressive effects of the salinity on the
growth and the productivity of the plants
are the results of the difficulties in water
uptake, mineral nutrition and the toxicity
of the ions accumulated within plant tissue
(L.Xiong et al., 2002).
The total biomass can be divided in 2
components: the grain and the straw yield.
Indeed, these two components reflect the
different aspects of plant development.
Thus, the major part of the straw
production takes place during the early
stage of growth cycle and it is essentially
related to the vigor and the vegetative
growth as the tiller number, the leaves
number, the height of the plants and the
accumulation of the reserves during the
vegetative stage. Whereas the grains yield
takes place mainly during the productive
phase and it is essentially influenced by
spike number, spike fertility, grain-filling
period and by the efficiency of the reserve
mobilization.
The twice comparison between the
different fertilization treatments show that
Nitrogen (N) affect positively the number
of spikes/m2, the grain number /m2 and the
grain yield / m2. In the same way, the
Phosphorus (P) increases the total
biomass/m2 and the grain yield /m2. The
Potasuim (K) doesn t affect the different
yield parameter. Grain yield was strongly
affected by the number of grains per unit
surface, which in turn was related to N
fertilization across all the fertilization
treatments. The strict relationship between
Salinity levels, genotypes and fertilization
treatment affect significantly the straw
yield. The total biomass was affected by
the salinity levels and the fertilization
treatment and only the interaction
salinity*fertilization affects both straw
yield and total biomass.
The figure 4 point up the variation of the
total biomass and the straw yield for the
tow genotypes under tow salinity levels
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(2): 711-721
Figure.3 Variation of the mean grain yield /m2 between genotypes and between
fertilization treatments (T1-T6) under two levels of salinity (2.6 dS/m and 10.5 dS/m).
Vertical bars indicate standard errors of means
300
300
250
200
150
100
50
Salinity 10.5 dS/m
Bakistani
Ardhaoui
250
Grain yield g/m2
Grain yield g/m2
Salinity 2.6 dS/m
Bakistani
Ardhaoui
200
150
100
50
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
Fertilization traitements NPK
3
4
5
6
Fertilization traitements NPK
Figure.4 Variation of the mean total biomass/m2 and straw yield/m2 between genotypes and
between fertilization treatments (T1-T6) under two levels of salinity (2.6 dS/m and 10.5
dS/m). Vertical bars indicate standard errors of means
600
600
salinity 2,6 dS/m
400
300
200
400
300
200
100
100
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
1
6
2
3
4
5
6
Fertilization traitements NPK
Fertilization traitements (NPK)
300
300
2.6 dS/m
Bakistani
Ardhaoui
10.5 dS/m
Bakistani
Ardhaoui
250
straw yield g/m2
250
straw yield g/m2
Salinity 10.5 dS/m
Bakistani
Ardhaoui
500
Total Biomass g/m2
Total Biomass g/m2
500
Bakistani
Ardhaoui
200
150
100
50
200
150
100
50
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
Fertilization treatements NPK
2
3
4
5
Fertilization treatements NPK
718
6
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(2): 711-721
Figure.5 Relationship between grain yield/m2 and grain number/m2 for the
tow genotypes Bakistani and Ardhaoui
10000
10000
Ardhaoui
y = 0,030x - 11,38
R² = 0,943
Bakistani
9000
8000
grain number m2
grain number m2
8000
y = 32,48x + 260,8
R² = 0,916
7000
6000
5000
4000
6000
4000
3000
2000
2000
50
100
150
200
250
300
50
100
grain yield g/m2
150
200
250
300
grain yield g/m2
the number of grains and yield has been
observed by several authors in many
species (Fischer, 1985; Demotes-Mainard
et al., 1999; Cossani et al., 2007, 2009)
and it is common in winter cereals
(Jamieson et al., 1995). The effect of N
fertilization mainly on the number of
grains/m2 has been observed also in other
studies (Karam et al., 2009). Because only
mild water stress did occur during the
experimental period, different crop traits
mainly emerged in response to nitrogen
fertilization.
The local barley Ardhaoui response to N
fertilization consisted in a higher number
of grains per unit land area and thus in a
higher tillering rate. In addition, grain
yield was strongly affected by spikes and
grain number per unit surface, which in
turn was related to P and N fertilization.
Moreover,
the
locale
genotype
Ardhaoui present a high capacity of
tolerance to salinity in comparison with
Bakistani and respond positively with the
nutritional elements applied by increasing
straw and grain yield.
Barley response to N fertilization
consisted in a higher number of grains per
unit land area and thus in a higher tillering
rate compared to wheat; hence differences
between the crops occurred mainly during
the early growth stages. This behaviour
can be explained with the greater
availability of N deriving from fertilizer
during the initial growth period, as
demonstrated by Garabet et al. (1998). As
concerns the higher yield potentiality of
wheat at higher N rates, Karam et al.
(2009) observed that the supply of 150 and
200 kg N ha-1, compared to 100 kg ha-1,
increased the number of grains per unit
land area by 11 and 17% and 24 and 39%,
as average of 3 years in two durum wheat
cultivars.
Acknowledgements
We thank Jamel Zaroug and Bachir
Chwikhi (works, Institute of Dry Area
Medenine, Tunisia), Belgacem Lachiheb
and Leila Ben Yahia (lab technicians, Arid
and Oases Cropping Laboratory) for their
collaboration in field and in lab works.
This work was supported by PRF project
amelioration of barley yield in southern
Tunisia from Tunisian ministry of
agriculture.
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