Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. ISSN 1110 – 6131 Vol. 24(7): 441 – 452 (2020) www.ejabf.journals.ekb.eg An evaluation for the exploitation level of Egyptian Marine Fisheries Shimaa I. Maiyza 1*; Sahar F. Mehanna2; Ibrahim A. El-karyoney3 1.National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries (NIOF), Red Sea branch, Egypt. 2. National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries (NIOF), Suez and Aqaba Gulfs branch, Egypt. 3. National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Alexandria branch, Egypt. * Corresponding Author: shemo_iam@yahoo.com __________________________________________________________________________ ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: Received: April 26, 2020 Accepted: Nov. 1, 2020 Online: Nov. 3, 2020 _______________ Egyptian marine fisheries contribute to the economy of the country where it provides an important source for food and employment. There are many challenges that affected the sustainability of marine fish stocks from which overfishing due to the increasing fishing effort. In the present study, annual catch and effort data were analyzed to estimate the maximum Keywords: sustainable yield (MSY) and the corresponding level of fishing effort (fmax) Fish Stock assessment, for both the Mediterranean & Red seas, Egypt. According to the Schaefer Surplus Production model (1954), the value of MSY was estimated at 73.0*103 tons for Models, Mediterranean sea fisheries, and at 63.1*103 tons for Red sea fisheries. These Overfishing, values of MSY were obtained at fishing effort (fmax) of 3.5*103 & Egyptian marine fisheries, 1.6*103 standard boats in Mediterranean & Red seas respectively. The results Maximum Sustainable indicated that the optimum exploitation in Egyptian marine fisheries required Yield. an urgent reduction in fishing effort. These results confirmed the overexploitation situation of the marine fish stocks in Egypt. INTRODUCTION The marine fishery resource provides important source for food and has been traditionally exploited for centuries in Egypt. With the rapid increase in the human population over the years, the demand for fish has increased considerably. During the last years there has been a growing awareness among the users about the need to conserve and manage marine fisheries resources based on data collected in a scientific manner so as to ensure proper utilization and maximum sustainable yield (MSY). Egypt has a long coastline on both Mediterranea (1100 Km) and Red seas (1080 Km). Egyptian marine fisheries (Fig. 1) has a rich and diverse commercial species varied from demersals, semipelagics, benthopelagics and pelagics. Over exploitation on the Egyptian coastal resources has caused decline of many fish, mollusc and crustacean stocks. Stock assessment of fishery is important for its effective management and the effective management strategy which based on a sound scientific basis can help to obtain sustainable yield every year (Mehanna and El-Gammal, 2007; Osman, 2015; El-Mahdy, 2017; Ali, 2017; Hassanein, 2017; Mehanna, 2020; Mohamed et al., 2020). The state of a 442 Shimaa I. Maiyza et al., 2020 fishery can be assessed by many mathematical models. Catch and effort statistics constitute the minimum requirements for the assessment of a fishery. Effort and catch per-unit effort statistics provide indices that are related to important quantities, such as the fishing mortality and the density of the exploited stock (Gulland, 1983). Surplus production models (SPMs) also known as biomass dynamics models (BDMs) are frequently used to evaluate MSY and to study the harvested population. These models need catch and effort data which is valued when age structured data are absent (Haddon, 2011). Surplus production models are used to determine the optimum level of effort which produces the maximum yield that can be sustained without affecting the long-term productivity of the stock, the so-called maximum sustainable yield (MSY). A number of studies were undertaken to estimate MSY of the marine fishery resources in Egypt based on SPMs (Mehanna, 2002, 2005, 2009; Mehanna and El-Gammal, 2007; Mehanna and Haggag, 2010; Mehanna et al., 2020). The present study analysed the catch and effort data of Mediterranean and Red seas fish stocks to estimate the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and the corresponding level of fishing effort (fmax) using Schaefer model (1954). The results of Schaefer (1954) model provide baseline information on maximum sustainable yield for the Egyptian marine waters, which could be useful for any future fishery assessment. MATERIALS AND METHODS A time series of catch and effort data for the period from 1995 to 2016 (22 years) were collected from two sources; the Central Agency of Public Mobilization and Fisheries Statistics (CAPMS) and General Authority for Fish Resources Development (GAFRD). Fishing effort is expressed by the number of operational fishing boats in the Egyptian marine waters of both Mediterranean and Red Sea. As the Egyptian marine fisheries is of multi-fleet nature, the fishing boats of different characteristics were standardized. The surplus production model of Schaefer (1954) was applied in this study to the per annum total catch in tons and standardized number of fishing units. This model considered the stock as one big unit of biomass. Schaefer model (1954) is one of Surplus production models, which can be used to estimate the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and the corresponding level of fishing effort (fmax), expresses the catch per unit effort (CPUE) as a function of effort as follows: Y /f = a + b f Where: Y: yield (catch in weight), f: effort, and Y/f: yield (weighted catch) per unit of effort. By fitting the effort against catch per unit effort via ordinary least square method (OLS), the obtained parameters a and b can used to estimate the MSY and fMSY using the following formulae: MSY = - a2 / 4b fmsy = - a / 2b 443 An evaluation for the exploitation level of Egyptian Marine Fisheries The slope (b) will be negative if the catch per unit effort (Y/f) decrease with the increase of effort (f) and vise versa. Fig.1. Egyptian Marine fisheries (Mediterranean and Red Seas coasts) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1. Egyptian marine fisheries Egypt drives its fish production from two resources; natural resources (marine and inland waters), and artificial resources or aquaculture. Egyptian Marine fisheries include two seas, Mediterranean sea in the north and Red sea in east of Egypt (Figs. 1&2). Egyptian Marine fisheries one of the most important sources for fish production in Egypt, and represented the largest area compared to other fish resources. The actual area of these fisheries are approximately about 11.2*106 acre during the period of study (1995-2016), which represented about 84.8% of natural fisheries area and 80.5% of Egyptian fisheries area. While exploitable area of these fisheries is only about 31.8%, 30.2% from natural fisheries area and Egyptian fisheries area consequently (Table 1). The Mediterranean Sea fisheries area varies between actual and exploitable areas which are about 6.8*106 and 3.3*106 acre, whereas the Red Sea fisheries these areas are 4.4*106 acre and 0.9*106 acre for actual and exploitable areas respectively. As the area of Mediterranean Sea fisheries is greater than that of Red Sea fisheries, its contribution to the Egyptian natural fisheries is higher (Fig. 2). On the other hand, the coast length of Egyptian Marine fisheries is approximately about 2.4*103 Km, divided to about 1.1*103 444 Shimaa I. Maiyza et al., 2020 Km (46%) for Mediterranean Sea fisheries and up to 1.3*103 Km (54%) for Red sea fisheries with its two Gulfs (Table 1). Table 1. Relative actual and exploitable area of Egyptian marine fisheries during 19952016. Items Egyptian Marine fisheries Mediterranean Sea Red Sea The total A E A E A E 6.8 3.3 4.4 0.9 11.2 4.2 Area (acre*106) Egyptian marine 60.7 78.6 39.3 21.4 fisheries area (%) Natural fisheries 51.5 25.0 33.3 6.8 area (%) Egyptian 48.9 23.7 31.6 6.5 fisheries area (%) Coast length 1100 1300 (Km) Egyptian marine fisheries coast 46 54 length (%) A: Actual area for fishing E: Exploitable area for catching. Source: Maiyza, 2015 and Google Earth program. Natural fisheries Egyptian fisheries 13.2 13.9 100.0 100.0 ‫ــــــــــ‬ ‫ــــــــــ‬ 84.8 31.8 100.0 ‫ــــــــــ‬ 80.5 30.2 ‫ــــــــــ‬ 100.0 2400 ‫ــــــــــ‬ ‫ــــــــــ‬ 100.0 ‫ــــــــــ‬ ‫ــــــــــ‬ Fig. 2. Contribution of Egyptian marine fisheries in fish production during 2018 From the above illustrated table and graph, Red Sea fisheries is longer in coast length and smaller in its area than in Mediterranean Sea fisheries because of Red Sea coast has many meanders compared to Mediterranean Sea. Consequently, the contribution of Mediterranean fisheries to the fish production in Egypt is more than the contribution of Red Sea fisheries. 445 An evaluation for the exploitation level of Egyptian Marine Fisheries It is worth mentioning that the marine fisheries in Egypt were contributed by 25% of total fish production in 80’s, severly decreased to only 5% in 2018 (Mehanna, 2020; GAFRD, 2018). 2. Catch and effort statistics The total fish catch in the Egyptian Marine fisheries during the period of the study is about 119.3*103 tons, which represents about 31.37%, 13.3%, from Natural fisheries production, and total Egyptian fish production consequently, (Table 2). The relative importance of the Mediterranean Sea fisheries is higher than The Red Sea fisheries in its contribution to the Egyptian Marine fisheries, natural fisheries and Egyptian fisheries in its fish production and area. Table 2. Catch in Egyptian marine fisheries during 1995-2016. Marine fisheries (seas) Mediterranean Sea Red Sea Egyptian marine fisheries Natural fisheries Total Egyptian fish production (tons*103) 64.4 54.9 119.3 380.2 % from Egyptian Marine fisheries 54.0 46.0 100.0 ‫ـــــــ‬ 897.1 ‫ـــــــ‬ Average Production (tons*103) % from Natural fisheries production % from total Egyptian fish production 16.9 14.4 31.3 100.0 7.2 6.1 13.3 42.4 ‫ـــــــ‬ 100.0 Source: CAPMAS, 2016 and GAFRD, 2016. There are 10 governorates shared the Egyptian marine fisheries, 7 governorates are lie on Mediterranean Sea and shared its fisheries; arranged according to its productivity as Damietta, Beheira, Port Said, Alexandria, Kafr El-shiekh, North Sinai and Matrouh. Whereas three governorates are shared the Red Sea fisheries, which are Suez, Red Sea and South Sinai (Table 3). Table 3. Catch and effort of different governorates shared the Egyptian marine fisheries during 1995 – 2016. Red Sea Mediterranean Sea Egyptian Marine fisheries Damietta Beheira Port Said Alexandria Kafr El-shiekh North Sinai Matrouh Total % of Totals Suez Red Sea South Sinai total % of Totals Totals Production (tons*103) 19.5 13.0 12.2 11.6 5.8 2.9 0.4 65.4 53.8% 29.1 26.1 1.0 56.2 46.2% 121.6 Source: CAPMAS, 2016 and GAFRD, 2016. % 30.0 19.8 18.6 17.7 8.9 4.4 0.6 100.0 51.8 46.4 1.8 100.0 Motor boat 830 617 408 702 199 175 10 2941 70.5% 550 602 79 1231 29.5% 4172 Effort Total Sailing boat (boat) % 242 1072 22.9 293 910 19.5 494 902 19.3 395 1097 23.4 216 415 8.9 54 229 4.9 41 51 1.1 1735 4676 100.0 66.7% 69.0% 341 891 42.5 456 1058 50.5 68 147 7.0 865 2096 100.0 33.3% 31.0% 2600 6772 446 Shimaa I. Maiyza et al., 2020 Fish catch of Egyptian marine fisheries during 1995-2016 is about 119.3*103 tons with percentage contribution of 54% for Mediterranean fisheries and 46% from Egyptian marine fisheries. Generally there is a decreasing trend in the catch of marine fisheries during the period of study reflecting the decreasing of productivity and relative abundance of these fisheries (Fig. 3). Fig. 3. Trend of fish production from Egyptian marine fisheries during 1995–2016 The fishing effort in Mediterranean and Red Sea fisheries represented by fishing boats are contributed about 69% and 31% of fishing effort in Egyptian marine fisheries respectively, which is estimated at about 6.8*103 boats during the period of the study. It is noted that the fishing effort represented by the number of fishing vessels in Mediterranean Sea fisheries is higher than Red Sea fisheries; also motor boats are bigger than sailing boats in Egyptian marine fisheries in general (Table 3). 3. Egyptian marine fisheries management Fish stock assessment is very important process because it determines: (1) fisheries productivity, (2) the impact of fishing process on fisheries, (3) the effect of changing fishing rates. So it is essential to ensure the fisheries management and optimum exploitation (Musick & Bonfil, 2005) by: - Identify the level of exploitation that gives maximum weighted production in the long term from under study fisheries. - Fish stocks assessment studies must be direct to fishermen and decision-makers in fisheries management, because these studies answer to number of questions: when and where? What catch? , as well as what is size supposed to catch? and how to fish (fishing methods and tools). To manage Egyptian marine fisheries and to evaluate its current exploitation situation, the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and the corresponding level of fishing effort (fmax) for catch are estimated using the surplus production models. These models deal with the entire stock, the entire fishing effort and the total yield obtained from the 447 An evaluation for the exploitation level of Egyptian Marine Fisheries stock, without details about growth and mortality parameters or the effect of mesh size on the age of fish capture . To apply Schaefer model on Egyptian marine fisheries, the catch and catch per unit fishing effort expressed as ton/standard fishing unit during 22 years (1995-2016) are used. 3.1. MSY and fmax for Mediterranean Sea fisheries Schaefer model has been applied on Mediterranean sea fisheries during the period from 1995 to 2016 to estimate the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and the corresponding level of fishing effort (fmax) for fish catch (Figs.4 & 5). The estimated MSY was 73.0*103 ton at fishing effort of 3.5*103 standard boats. These results confirmed the over exploitation situation in the Egyptian Mediterranean fisheries (Table 4) and coincide with the previous studies dealing with the assessing the fish stocks in Mediterranean (eg. Mehanna, 2009, 2014, 2019a&b; Mehanna and Haggag, 2010&2011; Mehanna et al., 2011; El-Serafy et al., 2015; Hassanein, 2017). tons 25.0 Y/F = 41.536 - 0.0059 f R² = 0.6456 CPUE 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 4000 4500 5000 Effort f 5500 6000 boa Fig. 4. Relationship between CPUE and effort in Mediterranean Sea fisheries during 1995-2016 Fig. 5. Yield Curve of Mediterranean Sea fisheries according to Schaefer Model 448 Shimaa I. Maiyza et al., 2020 Table 4. MSY and fmax estimated via Schaefer model of Egyptian Marine fisheries during 1995-2016. Mediterranean Sea Egyptian marine fisheries Items Results Schaefer Model MSY  (tons*103) fmax  (boats) Overproduction %increasing Y = 41.536 f ± 0.0059 f2 73.0 3500 Effort %drcreasing 25.1 Red Sea Schaefer Model MSY (tons*103) Fmax  (boats) Overproduction %increasing Effort 13.6 Y = 76.21 ± 0.0234 f2 63.1 1628 14.9 %drcreasing 22.3 3.2. MSY and fmax for Red Sea fisheries Schaefer model has been applied on Red Sea fisheries also to estimate the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and the corresponding level of fishing effort (fmax) (Figs. 6 & 7). It is obvious that the value of MSY is 63.1*103 ton, whereas the value of fmax is 1.6*103 boats. The overfishing situation was observed (Table 4) and agreed with all previous studies dealing with tstock assessment of Red Sea fisheries (eg. Mehanna and El-Gammal, 2007; Mehanna, 2005 to 2020; Tesfamichael and Mehanna, 2012; Osman, 2015; Mohamed, 2016; El-Mahdy, 2017; Mehanna et al., 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019; Mohamed et al., 2020). CPUE ton/boat 50.0 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 1500 Y/f = 76.21-0.0234 f R² = 0.6697 boat 1700 1900 2100 Effort f 2300 2500 Fig. 6. Relationship between CPUE and effort in Red sea fisheries during 1995-2016. 449 An evaluation for the exploitation level of Egyptian Marine Fisheries Fig. 7. Yield Curve of Red sea fisheries according to Schaefer Model In spite of the large area of marine fisheries in Egypt, these fisheries are not exploited rationally due to the decrease of relative abundance of its fish stocks as a result of different reasons such as pollution (domestic and industrial sewages), over fishing and illegal fishing, habitat degradation, human activities on coastal areas, in addition to climate changes. These challenges especially the increasing of fishing effort had affected the sustainability of fish production from Egyptian marine fisheries (Mediterranean Sea & Red Sea fisheries). This situation was proved by applying Schaefer model (1954) where the estimated optimum effort was less than the actual one in both seas. The results (Figs. 5 & 7; Table 4) showed that a maximum sustainable yield of about 73.0 and 63.1 thousand ton could be obtained from Mediterranean and Red seas fisheries, respectively. The estimated optimum fishing effort was 3500 and 1656 standard fishing unit for Mediterranean and Red seas fisheries, respectively. This means that, the present level of fishing effort of the two seas fisheries should be decreased to obtain MSY, while for the catch it will be increased by about 13.6% and 14.9% of its current value by applying the optimum number of vessels. CONCLUSION In conclusion, based on the obtained results, the Egyptian marine fisheries are in situation of over fishing. 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