(PDF) D. Huletski, S. Liszewski - Lithuanian Counterstamps (1421-1481) on the Golden Horde's silvers / Full book

The practice of counterstamping one side of a coin with a small die was used infrequently in the West but was quite widespread in the East. This fact is often explained by more oppressive traditions of power, since counterstamped currency is usually associated with increased seigniorage, or issuing ruler profit. Indeed, the cost of counterstamping an old, void-of-guarantee coinage is significantly below the cost of producing a new currency. However, the countermarks do not contribute to the political prestige of the issuer, as their owned issued money would have done, and, perhaps more importantly, such money cannot be used in international trade, since their exchange rate is guaranteed only within the state issuing them. Lithuanian countermarks circulated exclusively in areas of the Lithuanian-Horde frontier, almost without any penetration into the interior of the state.

to Ancestors Продкам Protėviams ISBN 978-9955-466-56-7 The bibliographic information about the publication is available in the National Bibliographic Data Bank (NBDB) of the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania. LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS 1421-1481 on the Golden Horde‘s silvers Authors: © Dzmitry Huletski, 2019 © Sławomir Liszewski, 2019 Stort tack till Sven Svensson Stiftelse för Numismatik och dess styrelsemedlemmar för erhållet bidrag till framställandet av denna bok. Consultants Yuri Zayonchkovsky Giedrius Bagdonas Gerard Anaszewicz All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the authors. In Memoriam of Alexander Krivoruchko, Belarusian numismatist Guys that contributed to the research of the Lithuanian counterstamps a lot, but passed away too early to see the results of their effort James Farr, American numismatist Catalogue of the small groats Contents counterstamped in Grand Duchy of Lithuania 8 Lithuanian counterstamps 9 Between East and West 10 How to use the book 12 Acknowledgements 13 plates of die drawings 22 References 38 45 Kievia 71 Podolia 81 Mstislavl 14 Hosts Severia 101 Grand Duchy of Lithuania The word Lithuania was mentioned for the first time in the annals of Quedlinburg (year 1009) that the story of Saint Bruno of Querfurt who was beheaded by the pagans “on the border of Lithuania and Rus’”. Mindowe (about 1200 – 1263) was the first well known Grand Duke of Lithuania and the only Christian King of Lithuania. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the last pagan state in Europe. In 1385 only the monarch Jagiełło (Grand Duke of Lithuania (1377–1386), later Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland (1386–1434)) converted his country to Catholicism. The Grand Duke Vitovt (1392–1430) significantly strengthened the independence of the GDL. He also pursued an active expansion policy in the East. During Vitovt’s reign, Lithuania was not only the largest state in Europe, but it also gained prominence in European politics. However, Vitovt failed to create a succession plan. Svidrigailo (1430–1432), who took the reign in the capital city of Vilna after Vitovt’s death, could not hold onto it, instead he was overthrown by Vitovt’s brother, Sigismund (1432–1440). Svidrigailo, however, retained possessions in the southern part of the state, on the border with Poland and the Jochid hordes. In turn, the unpopular Sigismund soon became the victim of a conspiracy. Finally, in 1440, the Grand Ducal throne was occupied by Casimir (1440–1492), the son of Jagiello. His reign marked the end of the civil war, but also weakened the independence of Lithuania in favor of Poland. Since that time, the Grand Dukes of Lithuania consistently received the title of King of Poland, which had more weight in international politics. However, even during the long rule of Casimir, ideas of a more independent way of the state were still alive in minds of a part of nobility. The last attempt to radically change the course of history dates back to 1481, when another contender for the Vilna throne, Prince Mikhailo Olelkovich of Gedemin’s clan, plotted to overthrow Casimir. The death of Casimir in the summer of 1492 in Grodno marked the end of the medieval period in Lithuanian history. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, incorporating Lithuania proper, Belarus, western Ukraine, parts of today’s Russia and Poland, became one of the most influential powers in Eastern Europe (14th–16th century). In a way, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a precursor of the European Union with the latter’s adherence to the unity in diversity concept. 8 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) Lithuanian counterstamps The practice of counterstamping one side of a coin with a small die was used infrequently in the West but was quite widespread in the East. This fact is often explained by more oppressive traditions of power, since counterstamped currency is usually associated with increased seigniorage, or issuing ruler profit. Indeed, the cost of counterstamping an old, void-of-guarantee coinage is significantly below the cost of producing a new currency. However, the countermarks do not contribute to the political prestige of the issuer, as their owned issued money would have done, and, perhaps more importantly, such money cannot become be used in international trade, since their exchange rate is guaranteed only within the state issuing them. Lithuanian countermarks circulated exclusively in areas of the Lithuanian-Horde frontier, almost without any penetration into the interior of the state. According to A.L. Ponomarev’s classification [Ponomarev 2011. P. 48-51] counterstamped coinages are divided according to their purpose into three groups: 1. Returning an old, depreciated coin to circulation. Such a need could arise, for example, upon the death of an old coin issuer – former guarantor of the monetary stability – either in absence of his clear successor and/or while gaining foreign influence on the market; 2. Designating an official exchange rate to an imported coin for circulation in the markets of the state; 3. Issuing Credit, or “war” money. The state puts counterstamped currency into circulation for a short time, pledging to buy them back in quiet times at an established rate. Counterstamping of Ulus of Jochi* dangs with a stamp of Columns, initially a personal sign of the Grand Duke Vitovt the Great, began in the early 1420s and continued intermittently for a little less than half a century. These coins then echoed even later in the East border town of Mstislavl. The first “reference timepoint”, for the beginning of Lithuanian counterstamped coinage is September 1421, when Beg Sufi Khan died. He was the “Emperor of Solkhat”, and Vitovt’s protege on the “Small sultanate”’s throne of Qrim (Crimea). * The country is often referred to in literature as the Golden Horde. Jochi was the eldest son of the well-known Genghis Khan, creator of one of the greatest medieval empires. The possessions of Jochi’s descendants spread thousands of kilometers to the west of the ancestral Mongol homeland and were later given the appellation Golden Horde. It is this name that is most familiar to the modern reader. Jochi’s Khanate endured for more than two centuries. Main currency of this state was called dang. INTRO 9 At the current level of our knowledge, it cannot be completely excluded that the counterstamping could have begun a little earlier. However, there are no compelling reasons to insist on this possibility at the moment. Thus, the first of the options described above (returning an old, depreciated coin to circulation) was the likely cause of action by Vitovt’s financiers. It was a need to maintain the currency of the state partially dependent from Lithuania during the civil war begun immediately after the death of Vitovt’s protege. It is important to note, that this currency – the Jochid dang – was also the main means of monetary circulation in the border areas of the Grand Duchy itself. Later, the second cause of counterstamping (delivering an official exchange rate to an imported coin) also contributed to the longevity of the undertaking. An approximate equality of silver content of a Prague groat minted by the Czech king Vaclav IV, the main currency in contemporary Lithuania, and two Western-Jochid dangs of the 1420s provided extra convenience for trade. Still, even this convenience didn’t enable the small groats – Lithuanian counterstamps – to penetrate much inside the interior lands of the Grand Duchy. In Rus’, called грошики or полугрошки, this name of counterstamped dangs appears in various written sources originating from the Podolia region. They didn’t spread throughout Lithuania, like Prague groats, remaining artifacts of local, Lithuanian-Jochid borderland monetary circulation. The counterstamping was held perhaps in four regions of the Lithuanian-Horde frontier. During the first stage, dangs were counterstamped predominantly in Severia (somewhere close to Kursk, Trubchevsk, Novgorod-Severski), starting in the early 1420s for almost a decade. Possibly, these overstrikes were imposed in significantly reduced quantities, even into the 1430s. The second stage of counterstamping took place at mints that were situated further in the west, perhaps as far as the city of Kiev. Their production also dried up by 1430 or soon afterwards. The third stage of counterstamping started in Podolia (close to Braclav and maybe Kamenec-Podolski) probably in the late 1420s, and lasted for the longest period of time, until about 1460. The latest known counterstamping of Jochid silvers was held in Mstislavl far in the northeast. Between East and West The study, as well as the collecting of Lithuanian counterstamps of Vitovt and his successors, is greatly complicated by the fact that this phenomenon of medieval monetary circulation resides on the very boundary of Western and Oriental numismatics. The initiative, being itself of Western, Christian, Lithuanian-Russian origin, affected primarily Eastern coinage – devoid of images, with inscriptions in Arabic, and, very often – poorly struck. 10 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) Numismatists who are equally well-versed in both these fields virtually do not exist. All the more, ordinary collectors never possess such competencies. The majority of specimens require long and thoughtful reconciliation with all existing literature even from the best experts. This makes it laborious to find information, especially with brand new data pieces and combinations. In this edition we are trying to offer the following solution to this problem. The western component of the small groats is represented by the counterstamp itself. The eastern one, by the host on which it is applied. Both of these components form the basis for the classification in our catalogue. The counterstamp die is indicated by a number, the host group by a letter. The multitude of the counterstamp die drawings presented in this edition should, in most cases, be sufficient to identify coins from the point of view of the Lithuanian counterstamp. The case of the Oriental host coin attribution is somewhat more complicated. Despite the fact that Jochid dangs of the 15th century largely made possible the attribution and dating of Lithuanian counterstamps, they themselves generally remain poorly studied and poorly dated. With the development of Jochid numismatics, we have excellent chances to make the attribution of Lithuanian small groats even more accurate. In addition, coinage of the Late Jochids (including Crimean Khans) may be of interest to the researchers and collectors of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, since many of these Khans were in conformity to the Lithuanian Dukes. Some of them were even born on the territory of the Grand Duchy. It is enough to mention the names of Jalal al-Din and Beg Sufi Khans, whom Vitovt stood behind, while Sayyid Ahmad was supported by Svidrigailo, and Hajji Giray, was a protege of Casimir. The term “z Polską związana” (associated with Poland) is widely known in Polish numismatics, and this is probably the case when numismatists of one country feel confident enough to study the coinage of countries that were once dependent or otherwise connected to their native state. A corresponding epithet, “z Litwą związana” (associated with Lithuania), would have been well suited to the 15th century Western Jochid numismatics. We ought to train You, dear reader of this book, to at least superficially navigate through the theory of host coins and the context of their occurrence. In some cases, an upload of a Lithuanian counterstamped small groat to the Oriental numismatic database website, ZENO.ru, can help to attribute the coin accurately. It was created by competent specialists, but usually it is not enough. INTRO 11 For this sake, we are publishing here an extensive block on Jochid coinage history, Khans that minted pieces (which later became the hosts for Lithuanian small groats) and finally, groups of host coins (which formed the basis of secondary classification). If the material presented is still too difficult to understand, or the reader does not have enough time to study it thoughtfully, we leave collectors and researchers the last opportunity – to order comprehensive attribution of their specimens at: wirecoins.de@gmail.com at 10 US dollars per successful attribution Even though we expect to receive no such orders, we feel obliged to offer this solution. Acknowledgements Wе would like to express our greatest appreciation to: Sven Svenssons Foundation for numismatics for the support of this publication Zeno.ru Alexander Krivoruchko Alexander Petrov Yuri Zayonchkovsky Saulius Martinkus Nerijus Klimas Gerard Anaszewicz James Farr Svajūnas Simaitis Ramunas Sajetauskas for the pictures of coins How to use the book The catalogue describes the small groats – counterstamps of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania imposed in the years 1421–1481. Fourty five types and several subtypes of counterstamp punches have been presented. All punch types are assigned a degree of rarity expressed in Roman numerals from I to X, while I being a unique specimen and X – the most frequently encountered, currently known in the amount of no less than 100 pieces. Grades from II to IX roughly tell us about relative rarity of these variants in the named ranges. The smaller the degree of rarity, the rarer the punch type. Images of the coins are displayed in scale 1.5:1. Finally our thanks are dedicated to all collectors of coins of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, whose help made this catalogue possible. We would be grateful for your comments, additions and proposals. Please, feel free to contact us by using the emails below. June 2019 Dzmitry Huletski (d.hulecki@yahoo.com) Sławomir Liszewski (sawomirl@op.pl) Secondary classification is based on a host coin type that lies below a counterstamp punch. Host types are combined into groups that are precisely described in the Hosts section. 12 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 13 Lithuanian counterstamps ~1421–1424 AD 1 4.1 1424+ AD 14 1424 AD 2 3 1424 AD 1424 AD 4.2 1424+ AD 6 7 1424+ AD 1424+ AD 8.2 9 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) imposed in Severia 1420s AD (?) 11 12 13 5 14 15 16 8.1 17 18.1 18.2 1424+ AD 10 1428+ AD (?) 1435+ AD (?) 19 20 Drawings magnified 3x IMPOSED IN SEVERIA 15 Lithuanian counterstamps 1424+ AD 21.1 21.2 imposed in Kievia Late 1420s AD 25 26 Mid-1420s AD 22 23 24 Drawings magnified 3x 16 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) IMPOSED IN KIEVIA 17 Lithuanian counterstamps Late 1420s AD 27 28 29 imposed in Podolia 1433~1445 AD 38.1 38.2 40 1440s AD 30 31 33 34 32 39.1 35 41.1 1428~1433 AD 1440s AD 39.2 39.3 41.2 42 Early 1460s AD 36 18 37 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) Drawings magnified 3x 43.1 43.2 44 IMPOSED IN PODOLIA 19 Lithuanian counterstamps Die analysis was not carried out due to small quantity and poor quality of known specimens imposed in Mstislavl 45 Drawings magnified 3x 20 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) IMPOSED IN MSTISLAVL 21 Hosts Host coins for Lithuanian counterstamps are represented overwhelmingly by silver coins of the Jochid states. These were usually minted in the western part of the formerly expansive Mongol empire, mainly on the Crimean Peninsula, as well as at mobile mints in the Steppes. General knowledge of this coinage helps to determine the historical context of Lithuanian counterstamping, and their absolute and relative dating. In this section, coinage of the 15th century Jochid rulers is considered in sufficient detail. All known kinds of hosts are united in groups. Rare cases of hosting on coins other than late Jochid were not ignored as well. We would like to thank a proficient orientalist Yuri Zayonchkovsky for using his extensive expertise while preparing this section. H istory of the Golden Horde in the 15th century can’t be represented as one-dimensional list of reigns of successive Khans. During the period, Ulus of Jochi was not an integral or even centralized state – on the contrary, in different territories the power was exercised by various opposing groups. Message of Toqtamish Khan (fragment) In the early decades of the century, political warfare mainly took place between the sons of Toqtamish Khan, often supported by Vitovt of Lithuania, and the party of Idigu, a mighty Beg (we would say prime minister, in modern terms). Both camps proclaimed their own Khan. But even inside these large camps there was a constant struggle between various pretenders for the possession of the highest title and the redistribution of spheres of influence over the nomadic population. This process reached its apogee by the mid-twenties of the 15th century, when the number of simultaneously ruling Khans reached six in quantity. Possession of the territory was secondary in relation to possession of the human mass. Opposing hordes were constantly crossing the territory of the formerly united Ulus of Jochi, seizing each other’s sites and movable property (bazaars), and immediately 22 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) minting silvers with the name of “their” Khan. Thus, we shouldn’t be surprised by the discrepancies between various written sources, which, apart from mistakes and poor awareness of their compilers, can also be explained by the differences between images of the Horde’s boundaries seen from different neighboring states, as well as those described by participants of the events belonging to just one of the opposing camps. Actually, the Golden Horde’s chronicles have not survived, so we can only lean on the information from foreign sources, and, especially numismatic data, which, in such situations, becomes the main source of information. The coins allow us to gradually, step by step, restore the dramatic sight of the events that took place in Ulus of Jochi. A Heavy dangs of Jani Beg through Toqtamish Khan reigns (743-794 AH) The new standard coin weight (ca 1.56 g) for central mints of Ulus of Jochi was established under the reign of Toqta Khan in 1310. It was consistent for dangs of the central Volga region until the monetary reform of Toqtamish in 1390s. Many dangs of that period were being clipped in different parts of Rus’, especially during The Great Zamyatnia (great unrest) times (1357-1380). These coins had been almost absent in monetary circulation of the Horde-Lithuanian borderland by the time Lithuanian counterstamps appeared. Still, a few of them appear as host coins. B Dangs of late Toqtamish through Pulad Khan reigns (794-812 AH) The failures of Toqtamish in warfare with Tamerlane and the ultimate defeat of the Golden Horde by Tamerlane led to the weight reduction of the Jochid dang. In 1399, Vitovt and Toqtamish made an ambitious attempt to conquer the heritage and territories of the Ulus lying in ruins, but it ended in failure. The allies were defeated by the Beg Idigu. The next decade, the state throne was occupied by the Beg’s appointees – Timur Qutlugh, Shadi Beg and Pulad. They provided rather extensive coinage, which subsequently fell under early Columns counterstamps as hosts. HOSTS 23 Dates in power Shadi Beg Khan* 1400–1408 AD 802–810 AH Mints Azaq al-Jadidah** of Horde beled shehr Bulghar Cafa Jadidah Qrim beled al-Jadidah Horde al-Jadidah al-Muazzam Saray al-Jadidah Hajji-Tarkhan al-Jadidah Khwarizm No mint specified Weight, g 1.169 [1] Publications Dangs of the Saray Khans (812-822 AH) C The period is characterized by the struggle for the heritage of the Golden Horde between representatives of two general camps – of the powerful Beg Idigu on one hand and of Toqtamish’s sons, often supported by Vitovt, on the other. The integrity of the Jochid state at this time is not questioned; the main struggle unfolding is for the central throne of Saray. Most likely the Lithuanian counterstamping had not yet begun in this period. But many later counterstamps were put on these coins. [Lebedev 1994] [Lebedev 2000] [Ponomarev 2011][1] [Khromov 2014] [Savosta, Zayonchkovsky 2015–1] [Zayonchkovsky 2016–1] Dates in power 1408–1410 AD 810–812 AH Mints Azaq beled beled al-Jadidah shehr Bulghar al-Jadidah Cafa Jadidah Qrim Horde al-Jadidah Saray beled al-Jadidah Hajji-Tarkhan Khwarizm No mint specified Timur Khan Weight, g 1.169 [1] [Lebedev 1994] [Ponomarev 2011][1] [Burkovski 2013] [Zayonchkovsky 2016–2] * Hereinafter, generalizing reports of Jochid Khans coinages of the 15th century are presented (even though some of them never appear under Lithuanian counterstamps, since they were minted on an inappropriate weight standard far on the East, e.g. in Bulghar). For the Reader’s convenience, dates of their reigns are stated in two chronological styles, AD and AH. Mints of each ruler are presented in the form of a tag cloud, where geographical names are placed on a black background, and the accompanying epithet, on a gray background. If the coinage epithet is omitted, nothing follows the black tag (if there are no other coinages with epithets known for this location) Khwarizm, or there comes an empty gray tag (if those are known) Horde . The last column contains the estimated statutory weight of the coinage, if relevant research is published. The list of publications on the Khan’s coinage is located under the table. Some data in the table may refer to these publications. Full titles of publications are presented in the list of references (see p. 38). The names of Khans are spelled as in [Album 2011]. ** Location names on Jochid coins are often accompanied by an epithet Cafa Jadidah. Meaning of some are clear, some other are more obscure. E.g. al-Jadidah means “a new one”, beled stands for an area, shehr – for a fortress etc. In this publication, we will not dive deep into orientalist discussion about the meaning of these designations, but only note for ourselves that several coinages are possible for one location. LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) Mints 1410–1411 AD 812–814 AH Azaq Bulghar Qrim Horde al-Muazzam Saray Hajji-Tarkhan Khwarizm No mint specified Pulad Khan Publications 24 Dates in power Weight, g Bulghar: 0.78; Khwarizm: 1.17 [1]; Azaq: 0.94 – 1.11 [2] Publications [1] [Album 2011] [Savosta, Zayonchkovsky 2015–2][2] [Leonov, Zayonchkovsky 2016] [Zayonchkovsky 2017–1] Dates in power Mints Weight, g 1411–1412 AD 814–815 AH [1] Azaq Bulghar Saray Hajji-Tarkhan Khwarizm No mint specified Bulghar: 0.78; No mint specified: 1.07 [2] Jalal al-Din Khan Publications [Gaev 2002] [Album 2011] [Savosta, Zayonchkovsky 2015–2] [1] Karim Birdi Khan [2] Dates in power 1412–1413 AD 815 AH Mints Azaq Saray Hajji-Tarkhan No mint specified Weight, g Hajji-Tarkhan: 0.96 – 1.07 [1]; No mint specified: 1.07 [2] Publications [Reva, Sharafeev 2004] [Album 2011][2] [Savosta 2016] [1] HOSTS 25 Dates in power Mints 1413 AD 816 AH [1] Azaq Bulghar Saray Hajji-Tarkhan No mint specified Weight, g Bulghar: 0.69 [2]; Hajji-Tarkhan: 0.98; No mint specified: 1.07 [3] Kebek Khan Dates in power Mints Weight, g 1416 AD 819 AH Horde Muazzam ca 0.97 [1] Publications Publications [Gaev 2002][1] [Reva 2008][2] [Album 2011][3] [Savosta, Zayonchkovsky 2015–2] [Savosta 2016] Chakra Khan Ghiyath al-Din Khan (I) Dates in power Mints Weight, g 1413–1415 AD 816–818 AH [1] Azaq Beg bazaar Bulghar Horde Muazzam Saray Hajji-Tarkhan 0.98 [1]; Bulghar: 0.69 [2] [Reva, Kazarov 2013–1] [Reva 2014][1] Sayyid Ahmad Khan (I) Dates in power Mints Weight, g 1416 – early 1417 AD [1] 819 AH Azaq Beg bazaar Horde Muazzam Saray Hajji-Tarkhan 0.97 [1] Publications Publications [1] [2] [Album 2011] [Ponomarev 2011] [Savosta, Zayonchkovsky 2015–2] [Savosta 2016] [Zayonchkovsky, Sheptuha 2016] Dates in power 812–813 AH (Bulghar); early 830’s AH (Horde); killed in 834 AH [2] Mints Bulghar Weight, g Horde Horde: 0.68 – 0.80 [1] Mahmud Hodja Khan 1414–1416 AD [1] 817–819 AH Mints Saray Hajji-Tarkhan Publications [Reva, Kazarov, Klokov 2009] [Reva, Kazarov 2013–1][1] 26 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) Mints Weight, g 1416–1419 AD 819-822 AH Azaq Beg bazaar Bulghar Qrim Horde Muazzam Saray Sarayjuk Hajji-Tarkhan Saray: 0.97 [1]; Bulghar: 0.62 [Muhamadiev 1966] [Reva 2005] [Ponomarev 2011][1] [Zayonchkovsky 2013–1] [Zayonchkovsky 2016–3] [Gaev 1999][1] [Reva 2017][2] Dates in power Darwish Khan Dates in power Publications Publications Jabbar Birdi Khan [Reva, Kazarov 2013–1] [Reva, Kazarov 2013–2] [Reva 2014][1] [Savosta, Zayonchkovsky 2015–2] Weight, g Saray: 0.77 – 1.04; Hajji-Tarkhan: 1.00 – 1.04 [1] Dates in power 1419–1420 AD 822-823 AH [1] Mints Weight, g Bulghar 0.78 [1] Qadir Birdi Khan Publications [Muhamadiev 1966] [Album 2011][1] HOSTS 27 Dangs of the Qrim Khans (822-825 AH) and contemporary coinage of Ulugh Muhammad D E The life of Beg Sufi Khan was closely linked with Vitovt. At the very beginning of 1411, the first successful protege of the Grand Duke Vitovt, Jalal al-Din, assumed power in Crimea. Young Beg Sufi was one of Jalal al-Din’s closest comrades. Approximately six months before, Beg Sufi had probably accompanied the regiment of this elder son of Toqtamish in the Grunwald battle on the side of Lithuania. In the early 1420s, the separation of the “Small sultanate” of Crimea arose out of the collapse of the Golden Horde. The appointment of the Lithuanian protege Beg Sufi to its throne was a bold geopolitical project of Vitovt. At this timeframe, resistance to foreign initiatives of Vitovt in the East had significantly weakened due to the death of his main opponent Idigu. Ulugh Muhammad became the main competitor of Beg Sufi and his brother Dawlat Birdi in the western arm of the Horde. Taraq-tamgha counterstamps It appears counterstamping became quite a popular type of minting in the early 1420s. Apart from Lithuanian counterstamps (of Vitovt) we know two other ones – taraq-tamgha (probably belonging to Ulugh Muhammad) and the Latin letter “g” (belonging to the Genoese Cafa). Different authorities tried to return old, depreciated coins into circulation this way. The circumstances of taraq-tamgha counterstamping are poorly studied so far. Foreign coins, imitations F Dates in power Beg Sufi Khan Mints 1419–1421 AD 822–824 AH Qrim Weight, g Qrim: 0.98; Cafa: 0.84 – 0.90 [1] Cafa Foreign silvers and imitative coinage belong to a very rare, atypical group of hosts for Lithuanian counterstamps. Therefore, such pieces are of considerable interest to collectors. Sometimes they can also carry important information for the attribution of both counterstamps and their hosts. Publications [Retovski 1906] [Severova 1994] [Album 2011][1] [Ponomarev 2013] Dates in power Mints Weight, g 1418–1447 AD [1] 821–850 AH Azaq Bulghar Cafa Qrim Horde bazaar Muazzam* Saray al-Jadidah al-Mahrusa Hajji-Tarkhan Haydar Beg bazaar Saray, HajjiTarkhan: 0.98; Cafa: 0.84 – 0.90 [1]; Bulghar: 0.58 Ulugh Muhammad Khan Taraq-tamgha counterstamp of Ulugh Muhammad Khan (?). Early 1420s Dawlat Birdi Khan Dates in power Mints Weight, g 1421–1428 AD 824–831 AH Cafa Qrim Horde bazaar Muazzam* Saray Hajji-Tarkhan Hel-Birdi bazaar (?) Haydar Beg bazaar Hajji-Tarkhan: 0.98; Cafa: 0.84 – 0.90 [1] Publications [Retovski 1906] [Album 2011][1] [Khromov 2013] [Savosta 2016] Publications [Retovski 1906] [Muhamadiev 1966] [Album 2011][1] [Savosta, Zayonchkovsky 2015–2] [Savosta 2016] [Zayonchkovsky 2017–2] Genoese counterstamp of the small Latin letter g. I-III.1424 * Sometimes referenced in literature as Il-Uy Muazzam. 28 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) HOSTS 29 Genoese g-counterstamps G H The Genoese countermark of the small Latin letter “g” (It. giusto – legitimate), which was being minted by the authorities of the Genoese Cafa between January 2 and March 18, 1424 [Zayonchkovsky, Ponomarev 2013], is very important for dating early Lithuanian counterstamps. It allows us to separate the earliest dies of the Columns, overlapped by the letter “g”, from the later ones, which themselves are put on top of the “g”. Observations on dual counterstrikes allow us in some cases to determine so-called terminus post quem (the earliest possible dating) and terminus ante quem (the latest possible dating) of Lithuanian counterstamps. Thus, the dating of some early stamps can be cleared to just one year. When the “g” counterstamp appears above the Columns, the variety is marked as GA. When it appears below the Lithuanian counterstamp, it is marked as GB. It is easy to read and remember as “g above” and “g below”. Principle of mutual dating of counterstamp punches and their hosts F A B D C G E TPQ = I.1424 1392 1410 1419 1422 I-III.1424 1427 1430 AD 794 812 822 825 827 830 833 AH K TAQ = 1424 A TERMINUS POST QUEM IS THE EARLIEST TIME THE EVENT MAY HAVE HAPPENED, A TERMINUS ANTE QUEM IS THE LATEST HOST GROUPS FOUND ABOVE THE LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMP 30 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) Genoese merchant communities in Cafa castle began to strike unusual bilingual coins during the reign of Beg Sufi Khan. One side had Latin inscription with the place of issue, and the other side had the Arabic titulature of the ruling Khan. First issues bear the Cafa asper of Dawlat Birdi Khan names of Beg Sufi, Dawlat Birdi and Ulugh Muhammad, although on many series of coins the name is poorly readable, which apparently reflected the uncertainty of the future Khan’s power at some points in time after Beg Sufi’s death. As a result, the minting chronology of these interesting pieces has been studied quite poorly so far. With the accumulation of material and the emergence of new works, we should expect new refinements in the dating of Lithuanian counterstamps. I HOST GROUPS FOUND BELOW THE LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMP Tatar-Genoese aspers Uzbek outdated dirhams (yarmaqs) Crimean dirhams of Uzbek Khan (1313-1341) struck a century before (!) began to appear under Lithuanian counterstamps around the same year of 1424. Their use as a host for both the earlier Vitovt’s Columns type and the Genoese “g” counterstamp type has not yet been discovered. It seems that Uzbek’s dirhams, taken out of circulation under Toqtamish and kept somewhere for several decades, were sent to circulation again. They might had been used to pay a certain large tribute, which was meant just for countermarking. K Columns over Columns counterstrikes Starting from approximately the same time, still within Vitovt’s life, double counterstrikes from one Columns stamp to another are also beginning to occur. Each such counterstrike with both stamps clearly visible can provide new and important information for the study of Lithuanian counterstamps. HOSTS 31 HajjiMuhammad Khan Dates in power Mints Weight, g 1419–1423 AD 822–826 AH [1] Bulghar 0.40 – 0.53 Publications [1] [Reva 2017] Dates in power Mints Weight, g 1419–1428 AD 822–831 AH Bulghar Allah-Horde bazaar Hel-Birdi bazaar Hajji-Tarkhan Bulghar: 0.52; Hel-Birdi bazaar: 0.85; AllahHorde bazaar: 0.68; HajjiTarkhan: 0.76 [1] Muhammad Barack Khan Publications [Muhamadiev 1966] [Reva 2015][1] Four pretenders fighting for the Khan’s power over the Golden Horde’s territories in 1420s bore the same Muslim name – Muhammad: Shibanid Hajji-Muhammad; Tukatimurid Muhammad-Baraсk, Ulugh Muhammad and Küçük Muhammad, son of Timur. As a result, only the name Muhammad is often placed on coins of all of them. It causes additional difficulties in attribution to a specific historical personality. This historical puzzle is far from being totally cleared yet. Ghiyath al-Din Khan (II) Dates in power Mints Weight, g 1423–1425 AD [2] 826–828 AH Bulghar Saray Horde bazaar Hajji-Tarkhan Saray: 0.51 – 0.96 [1] M Dangs of the “Great” Horde’s style In the late 1420s, Jochid dangs acquired a new, rather neat appearance, where the central part of the legend of one side was framed into a circle (with a circular inscription outside). Two main kinds of tamgha were often located on the other side, thus declaring the issuer’s claims to one or even two “sultanates” – the “Great” one and another one of Crimea. Dates on these coins almost never appear. Earlier pieces of this group contain the coinages on behalf of two Muhammads – those without an explanatory epithet (perhaps, Ulugh Muhammad) and the “Son of Timur” (Küçük Muhammad). Dangs of Sayyid Ahmad N Somewhat later, Sayyid Ahmad, son of the deceased Beg Sufi, entered the political arena with the help of Swidrigailo. His reign took place in the Black Sea steppes, nearby the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, so this Khan is very important for our study. Some clarDang of Sayyid Ahmad Khan ity in the sequence of his issues is provided by the name of Haydar Beg present on some coins. This significant military leader, owner of a minting bazaar, first served Dawlat Birdi Khan (mid-1420s to 1428), then Ulugh Muhammad (until 1433), and finally Sayyid Ahmad (until his death in 1441). Küçük Muhammad Khan Dates in power 1428 – ca 1445 AD [2] Publications [Muhamadiev 1983] [Evstratov 2003][1] [Sabitov 2013][2] [Savosta 2016] 32 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) Mints Horde bazaar bazaar Muazzam Hajji-Tarkhan Mahmud bazaar (?) Weight, g 0.60 – 0.65 [1] Publications [Lebedev, Klokov 2004] [Khromov 2004] [Zayonchkovsky 2013–2] [Zayonchkovsky, Romanova 2018][2] [1] HOSTS 33 Dates in power Mints Weight, g 1433–1452 AD Horde bazaar Beg bazaar Haydar Beg bazaar No mint specified Haydar Beg bazaar: 0.67 [1] Sayyid Ahmad Khan (II) Publications [Lebedev, Klokov 2004] [Zayonchkovsky 2013–3] [Zayonchkovsky, Tishkin 2019][1] Mustafa Khan Dates in power Mints Weight, g 1440’s AD [2] Hajji-Tarkhan 0.55 – 0.65 [1] Publications [Lebedev, Klokov 2004][1] [Album 2011][2] Dates in power 1430–1469 AD O Weight, g Sayyid Vakkas Beg bazaar (?) Abu-l Khayr Khan 0.66 – 0.73 [1] Asprocastron counterstamps Another political force existed in the region – the Moldavian Duchy, that captured an ancient Black Sea settlement in the 15th century, which had previously belonged to the Genoese colonists. At the end of the 1430s, they began to build the Asprocastron (White Fortress) here, and in the mid-1440s, following Lithuania, they started to counterstamp Jochid dangs with their stamp – a cross with dots in quadrants. The importance of the Moldavian counterstamp in dating the later Lithuanian counterstamps is as great as the value of the Genoese “g” counterstamp for dating the earliest. However, the matter is complicated by the fact that the dating of Asprokastron’s own counterstamps has not been reliably established. When a cross counterstamp appears above the Columns, this variety is marked as OA. When it appears below the Lithuanian counterstamp, it is marked as OB. It is easy to read and remember as “Asprocastron above” and “Asprocastron below”. Asprocastron counterstamp hosted on Hajji Giray Khan’s akçe coined in 845 AH (1442 AD) 34 Mints LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) Asprocastron counterstamp hosted on Mahmud Khan’s dang. Mid-1440s AD Publications [Reva, Nedayvoda 2017][1] [Zayonchkovsky 2017–3] Dates in power Mints Weight, g Ca 1445 [2] – 1476 AD Horde bazaar Hajji-Tarkhan Vakkas Beg bazaar Tin Sufi bazaar (?) 0.60 – 0.65 [1] Mahmud Khan Publications [Lebedev, Klokov 2004] [Zayonchkovsky 2012–1] [Zayonchkovsky 2012–2] [Reva, Nedayvoda 2017] [Zayonchkovsky, Romanova 2018][2] [1] Dates in power Mints Ca 1445 [2] – 1481 AD Horde bazaar Timur Beg bazaar Hajji-Tarkhan Weight, g 0.60 – 0.65 [1] Ahmad Khan Publications [Lebedev, Klokov 2004] [Pachkalov 2007] [Zayonchkovsky 2016–4] [Zayonchkovsky, Romanova 2018][2] [1] HOSTS 35 Hajji Giray’s silvers P In the early 1440s, Hajji Giray Khan was established on the Crimean throne, again with the effective support of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, this time Casimir. Hajji Giray was the last Lithuanian protege on the throne of the “Small sultanate” but he also became the founder of a long dynasty. His first dated coins were minted in 1442 AD. Many of the following emissions do not carry information about the date, but we can roughly evaluate their sequence. The most common coinage of Hajji Giray dates back to the mid 1450s and later years. Lithuanian countermarks with at least partially legible Columns were minted before these mass issues. But Lithuanian countermarks consisting of only four dots often appear on Hajji Giray’s silvers of 1453-1466 AD. Hajji Giray Khan Dates in power Mints 1442–1466 AD probably with interruptions Qrim Qirq-Yer Cafa Horde bazaar Silvers of the late Khans Q Weight, g ca 0.75 Only one type of Lithuanian counterstamp is found hosted on dangs issued after the death of Hajji Giray. This is an anchor-like countermark of Mikhailo Olelkovich who was a contender for the Grand Ducal throne in 1481. He was counterstriking his sign on eastern silvers in the town of Mstislavl. Dates in power Several short reigns between 1466 and 1478 AD Mengli Giray Khan ca 0.75 Cafa Nur Dawlat Giray Khan Mints Weight, g From 1466 AD with interruptions Qrim Qirq-Yer Cafa Hajike Beg bazaar ca 0.65 Dates in power Mints Weight, g Ca 1484–1491 , 1493–1494 AD Horde bazaar Qirq-Yer Hajike Beg bazaar 0.65 [2] Murtaza Khan (b) Dangs (akçes) of Hajji Giray Khan: (a) dated 845 AH, (b) dated 68 (?), (c) dated 858 AH, (d) with a corrupted date Publications [Sabitov 2010] [Kazarov, Studitski, Reva 2013–1] [Kazarov, Studitski, Reva 2013–2][2] [Zayonchkovsky, Tishkin 2018] [1] Ibrahim Khan (c) Qrim Weight, g Dates in power [1] (a) Mints Dates in power Mints Horde 1465–1495 AD [1] (d) bazaar Weight, g 0.48 [2] Publications [1] [Nesterov 2001] [Sabitov 2008] [Ponomarev 2014–1] [Ponomarev 2014–2] [Reva, Kazarov, Zayonchkovsky 2017][2] 36 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) HOSTS 37 The list of references [Album 2011] Album Stephen Checklist of Islamic Coins. – 3rd Edition, 2011. – 324 р. 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Мангытский юрт: от Мансура до Ваккаса // Научный Татарстан. – 2013. – № 2. – С. 59. [Savosta 2016] Монеты Хаджи–Тархана 813 – 831 гг.х. Серебряные и медные монеты Золотой Орды. Каталог. – Николаев: Шамрай П.М., 2016 – 112 с. [Savosta, Zayonchkovsky 2015–1] Савоста Р.Ю., Зайончковский Ю.В. Азакские данги начала XV века // Русь, Литва, Орда в памятниках нумизматики и сфрагистики. – Минск: ООО РИФТУР ПРИНТ, 2015. – С. 54 – 65. [Savosta, Zayonchkovsky 2015–2] Савоста Р.Ю., Зайончковский Ю.В. Неизвестные страницы нумизматики Золотой Орды: азакские данги 814 – 820–х годов хиджры. – Харьков: Коллегиум, 2015. – 55 с. [Severova 1994] Северова М.Б. Об имени золотоордынского хана на монетах Крыма 822 и 823 гг. хиджры (1419, 1420 гг. н.э.) // 2–я Всероссийская нумизматическая конференция. Тезисы докладов. – СПб, 1994 – С. 98 – 100. [Zayonchkovsky 2012–1] Зайончковский Ю.В. Позднеджучидские монеты с именем эмира Дин–Суфи бен Мансура // Гілея. Науковий вісник. Збірник наукових праць. – Випуск 66 (№11). – Київ, 2012. – С. 300 – 304. [Zayonchkovsky 2012–2] Зайончковський Ю.В. Спільне правління джучидських ханів Махмуда бен Мухаммеда і Ахмада бен Мухаммеда (1459 – 1476 рр.) за даними нумізматики // Наукові записки Тернопільського національного педагогічного університету імені Володимира Гнатюка. Серія: Історія. – Вип. 2. – Тернопіль: Вид–во ТНПУ ім. В. Гнатюка, 2012. – С. 216 – 221. [Zayonchkovsky 2013–1] Зайончковський Ю.В. Правління джучидського хана Дервіша (1416 – 1419 рр.) за даними письмових джерел та нумізматики // Збірник наукових праць. Серія «Історія та географія» / Харк. нац. пед. ун–т ім. Г.С. Сковороди. – Харків: Колегіум, 2013. – Вип. 49. – С. 193 – 196. [Zayonchkovsky 2013–2] Зайончковский Ю.В. Серебряные монеты джучидского хана Мухаммада б. Тимура с именем Махмуд на реверсе // Stratum plus. Археология и культурная антропология. – 2013 – № 6. – С. 159 – 164. 42 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) [Zayonchkovsky 2013–3] Зайончковский Ю.В. Джучидские серебряные монеты, отчеканенные от имени хана Саид Ахмада // Наукові записки з української історії: Збірник наукових статей. – Вип. 33. – Переяслав–Хмельницький, 2013. – С. 81 – 87. [Zayonchkovsky 2016–1] Зайончковский Юрий. Данги джучидского хана Шадибека чекана «Орды Высочайшей» // Al XVI–lea simpozion de numismaticǎ. Programul şi rezumatele comunicǎrilor. Chişinǎu, 22 – 23 septembrie 2016. – S. 35 – 38. [Zayonchkovsky 2016–2] Зайончковский Ю.В. Азакские данги хана Пулада // Расмір: Східна нумізматика. ІІІ Міжнародна наукова конференція: Збірник наукових праць конференції. Київ: Альфа реклама, 2016. – С. 64 – 71. [Zayonchkovsky 2016–3] Зайончковский Ю.В. Данги джучидского хана Дервиша чекана Орду // Русь, Литва, Орда в памятниках нумизматики и сфрагистики. – Вып. 2 – М.: Патриот, 2016. – С. 135 – 141. 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Regarding the Issue of Personified Names of Mints on the Late Jochi Silver Coins // Актуальні проблеми нумізматики у системі спеціальних галузей історичної науки: тези доповідей V міжнародної науково–практичної конференції, 21 – 22 червня 2018 р. – Меджибіж – Переяслав–Хмельницький – Кропивницький – Київ, 2018 – С. 72 – 75. [Zayonchkovsky, Tishkin 2019] Zayonchkovskiy Yu.V., Tishkin V.E. New Non–Jochi Name on Late Jochi Coins: Dangs of Khan Said–Ahmad II with the Designation of Haydar– Bazari as the Place of Coinage // Український нумізматичний щорічник. – 2019. – Вип. 2. – С. 70 – 80. 44 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN SEVERIA 1 Rarity VIII E Taraq-tamgha counterstamp 1 F: Weight 0.59+ g (chipped). Hosted on a dang (?) of the Duke Ivan Fedorovich of Ryazan Central tower is slightly extended beyond the base at right Terminus post quem: 1422 Terminus ante quem: III.1424 Hosted on a dang dated 825 AH Overlapped by Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp A TERMINUS POST QUEM IS THE EARLIEST TIME THE EVENT MAY HAVE HAPPENED, A TERMINUS ANTE QUEM IS THE LATEST GB g-counterstamp below 1 GA: Weight 0.88 g. Hosted on a dang of Darwish Khan coined in Qrim. Overlapped by Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp Additional specimens 1 A: Weight 1.40 g. Hosted on a dang of Jani Beg Khan coined in Saray (753 AH) 1 B: Weight 1.08 g. Hosted on a dang of Shadi Beg Khan coined in Azaq (808 AH) 1 C: Weight 0.96 g. Hosted on a dang of Chakra Khan coined in Azaq (816 AH) 1 D: Weight 0.82 g. Hosted on a dang of Dawlat Birdi Khan coined in Qrim (825 AH). Zeno #74752 46 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) 1 B: Weight 1.09 g. Hosted on a dang of Shadi Beg Khan (?) coined in Qrim 1 D: Weight 0.82 g. Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim (823 AH) SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN SEVERIA 47 2 F Rarity IX 2.2 E: Weight 1.11 g. Hosted on an unattributed dang with a preceeding taraqtamgha counterstamp. Zeno #159462. Collection of Sławomir Liszewski Foreign, unusual or imitative host A crack between the central and right towers Terminus post quem: 1423 Terminus ante quem: III.1424 Hosted on an asper of Dawlat Birdi Khan Overlapped by Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp A TERMINUS POST QUEM IS THE EARLIEST TIME THE EVENT MAY HAVE HAPPENED, A TERMINUS ANTE QUEM IS THE LATEST GB g-counterstamp below 2.2 GA: Weight 0.92 g. Hosted on a dang of Darwish Khan coined in Qrim. Overlapped by Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp I 2.2 A: Weight 1.33 g. Hosted on a dang of Toqtamish Khan coined in Azaq (787 AH). Zeno #167836. Collection of Sławomir Liszewski Uzbek Khan yarmaqs of 720’s AH 2.2 B: Weight 1.05 g. Hosted on a dang of Shadi Beg Khan coined in HajjiTarkhan 2.2 H: Hosted on a asper of Dawlat Birdi Khan coined in Cafa. Ref. Ivanauskas 2013, №17V7-4 Early strike of the punch (?) 2.2 C: Weight 0.86 g. Hosted on a dang of Darwish Khan coined in Hajji-Tarkhan 48 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) 2.2 D: Weight 0.62 g. Hosted on a dang of Ulugh Muhammad Khan coined in Hajji-Tarkhan 2.1 D: Weight 0.86 g. Hosted on a dang of Chakra Khan coined in Hajji-Tarkhan The coin aside probably belongs to an early stage of use of this die, since no characteristic crack mentioned above encountered SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN SEVERIA 49 Left line of the central tower is slightly extended Rarity 3 VI Terminus post quem: I.1424 Terminus ante quem: 1424 Overlaps Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp Overlapped by Columns #4 E Taraq-tamgha counterstamp 3 F: Weight 0.91 g. Hosted on an imitation (?). Collection of Sławomir Liszewski GA g-counterstamp above 3 GB: Weight 0.86 g. Overlaps Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp A TERMINUS POST QUEM IS THE EARLIEST TIME THE EVENT MAY HAVE HAPPENED, A TERMINUS ANTE QUEM IS THE LATEST Later overlaps A Early heavy dangs 3 B: Weight 1.06 g. Hosted on a dang of Pulad Khan coined in HajjiTarkhan 5 K3: Weight 0.89 g. Hosted on a dang of Darwish Khan coined in Beg bazaar. Overlapped by Columns #5 25 K3: Weight 0.99 g. Hosted on a dang of Pulad Khan coined in Horde. Overlapped by Columns #25 Additional specimens 3 C: Weight 0.79 g. Hosted on a dang of Darwish Khan coined in HajjiTarkhan (822 AH) 50 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) 3 D: Weight 0.84 g. Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim (823 AH) 3 C: Weight 0.79 g. Hosted on a dang of Darwish Khan coined in Horde 3 D: Weight 0.75 g. Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN SEVERIA 51 Nebulous elevations on both sides of the central tower Rarity 4.1 III The first stage of the punch life 4.1 B: Hosted on a dang of Toqtamish Khan coined in Qrim (796 AH) 4.2 B: Hosted on a dang of Pulad Khan coined in Hajji-Tarkhan. Collection of Saulius Martinkus 4.2 B: Weight 0.92 g. Hosted on a dang of Shadi Beg Khan coined in Horde. Zeno #168356 4.2 D: Weight 0.62 g. Hosted on a dang of Ulugh Muhammad Khan coined in HajjiTarkhan (822 AH) 4.2 D: Weight 0.59 g. Hosted on a dang of Ulugh Muhammad Khan coined in Horde Muazzam 4.1 B: Weight 1.02 g. Hosted on a dang of Pulad Khan coined in Cafa As above (?), but slightly deformed, right side of the central tower thickened 4.2 Rarity VI The second stage of the punch life Terminus post quem: 1424 Terminus ante quem: 1424 Hosted on a dang dated 827 AH Overlapped by Columns ##5&6 4.2 GA: Weight 0.78 g. Hosted on a dang of Ulugh Muhammad Khan coined 4.2 D: Weight 0.88 g. Hosted on a dang of in Horde Muazzam. Overlapped by Dawlat Birdi Khan coined in Qrim (827 AH) Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp. Collection of Nerijus Klimas Later overlaps 5 K4.2: Overlapped by Columns #5 A TERMINUS POST QUEM IS THE EARLIEST TIME THE EVENT MAY HAVE HAPPENED, A TERMINUS ANTE QUEM IS THE LATEST 52 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) 6 K4.2: Weight 1.00 g. Overlapped by Columns #6 SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN SEVERIA 53 High central tower Rarity 5 VII Terminus post quem: I.1424 Terminus ante quem: 1424 Overlaps Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp Overlapped by Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp A TERMINUS POST QUEM IS THE EARLIEST TIME THE EVENT MAY HAVE HAPPENED, A TERMINUS ANTE QUEM IS THE LATEST 5 E/F: Weight 0.94 g. Hosted on an imitation. Overlaps (?) Taraq-tamgha. Zeno #74908 5 GA: Weight 0.78 g. Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim (824 AH). Overlapped by Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp I A Early heavy dangs Uzbek Khan yarmaqs of 720’s AH 5 B: Weight 1.00 g. Hosted on a dang of Pulad Khan coined in Horde 5 C: Weight 0.89 g. Hosted on a dang of Chakra Khan coined in Hajji-Tarkhan 54 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) 5 GB: Weight 0.89 g. Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim. Overlaps Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp 5 D: Hosted on a dang of Dawlat Birdi Khan (Yarkhas?) coined in Cafa Jadidah. Possibly, the dang overstrikes Column counterstamp (?) 5 H: Weight 0.52+ g (chipped). Hosted on an unattributed asper with a letter T. Collection of Sławomir Liszewski 5 K4.2: Overlaps Columns #4.2 5 K3: Weight 0.89 g. Hosted on a dang of Darwish Khan coined in Beg bazaar. Overlaps Columns #3 SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN SEVERIA 55 Multiple fissures E Rarity 6 F Foreign, unusual or imitative host Taraq-tamgha counterstamp VI GA g-counterstamp above Terminus post quem: I.1424 6 GB: Weight 0.79+ g (chipped). Hosted on a dang of Darwish Khan coined in Qrim (?). Overlaps Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp. Zeno #167768. Collection of Sławomir Liszewski Overlaps Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp A TERMINUS POST QUEM IS THE EARLIEST TIME THE EVENT MAY HAVE HAPPENED, A TERMINUS ANTE QUEM IS THE LATEST A Early heavy dangs 6 C: Weight 0.80 g. Hosted on a dang of Kibaq Khan coined in Hajji-Tarkhan 56 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) H 6 B/GB: Weight 0.87 g. Hosted on a dang of Shadi Beg Khan coined in Horde. Overlaps (?) Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp. Zeno #167768. Collection of Sławomir Liszewski 6 D: Weight 0.84 g. Hosted on a dang of Ulugh Muhammad Khan coined in Horde Muazzam. Collection of Gerard Anaszewicz Cafa aspers 6 K4.2: Weight 1.00 g. Overlaps Columns #4.2 Additional specimens 6 D: Hosted on a dang of Dawlat Birdi Khan coined in Cafa 6 D: Weight 0.41+ g (chipped, corroded). Hosted on a dang of Ulugh Muhammad Khan coined in Horde Muazzam SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN SEVERIA 57 Straits in the upper part Rarity 7 VII E Taraq-tamgha counterstamp 7 F: Weight 0.52 g. Hosted on an imitation (?). Zeno #146215. Collection of Sławomir Liszewski GA Terminus post quem: I.1424 g-counterstamp above Overlaps Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp 7 GB: Weight 0.72 g. Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim. Overlaps Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp A TERMINUS POST QUEM IS THE EARLIEST TIME THE EVENT MAY HAVE HAPPENED, A TERMINUS ANTE QUEM IS THE LATEST Later overlaps A Early heavy dangs 7 B: Weight 0.91 g. Hosted on a dang of Toqtamish Khan coined in Qrim (796 AH) 25 K7: Weight 0.80 g. Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim (822 AH). Overlapped by Columns #25 Additional specimens 7 C: Weight 1.05 g. Hosted on a dang of Kibaq Khan coined in Saray 58 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) 7 D: Weight 0.81 g. Hosted on a dang of Dawlat Birdi Khan coined in Qrim (825 AH) 7 D: Weight 0.83 g. Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim (823 AH) 7 D: Weight 0.81 g. Hosted on a dang of Dawlat Birdi Khan coined in Cafa SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN SEVERIA 59 Narrow central tower, with edges bent up As 8.1, but small fissures appeared Rarity 8.1 V The first stage of the punch life Rarity 8.2 V The second stage of the punch life Terminus post quem: I.1424 Overlaps Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp A TERMINUS POST QUEM IS THE EARLIEST TIME THE EVENT MAY HAVE HAPPENED, A TERMINUS ANTE QUEM IS THE LATEST A C Times of unrest 8.1 GB: Hosted on a dang of Darwish Khan (?) coined in Qrim. Overlaps Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp 60 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) 8.1 D: Weight 0.82 g. Hosted on a dang of Dawlat Birdi Khan coined in Qrim (825 AH). Zeno #167806. Collection of Sławomir Liszewski Early heavy dangs 8.1 H: Weight 0.72 g. Hosted on an asper of Dawlat Birdi Khan coined in Cafa 8.2 D: Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim 8.2 B: Weight 0.91 g. Hosted on a dang of Shadi Beg Khan coined in Horde 8.2 F: Weight 0.77 g. Hosted on an imitation (?) of Shadi Beg Khan dang SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN SEVERIA 61 Uneven pattern, the entire central tower is slightly tilted to the left 9 Straits in the upper and middle parts of the punch Rarity III Rarity 10 IV Terminus post quem: I.1424 Overlaps Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp A TERMINUS POST QUEM IS THE EARLIEST TIME THE EVENT MAY HAVE HAPPENED, A TERMINUS ANTE QUEM IS THE LATEST 62 9 B: Weight 1.00 g. Hosted on a dang of Shadi Beg Khan coined in Cafa (809 AH) 9 D: Weight 0.73 g. Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim (822 AH) 9 D: Weight 0.67 g. Hosted on a dang of Dawlat Birdi Khan coined in Cafa 9 GB: Weight 0.76 g. Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim. Overlaps Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp. Zeno #169166. Collection of Sławomir Liszewski LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) 10 B: Weight 1.08 g. Hosted on a dang of Shadi Beg or Pulad Khan (?) coined in Horde 10 D: Weight 0.75 g. Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim (824 AH) 10 С: Weight 0.76 g. Hosted on a dang of Darwish Khan coined in Sarayjuk 10: Weight 0.87 g. SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN SEVERIA 63 Sloping lines at the top, empty stamp field over colums Sloping line at the top Rarity 11 III 11 A: Weight 1.28 g. Hosted on a dang of Toqtamish Khan coined in Majar (?, two obverse type). Collection of Nerijus Klimas 11: Weight 0.93+ g (chipped). Hosted on an unattributed dang. Zeno #170432. Collection of Sławomir Liszewski 13 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) 13 K: Weight 0.93 g. Hosted on an unattributed dang with a preceeding Columns counterstamp. Zeno #174442. Collection of Sławomir Liszewski Uneven pattern, small fissures Rarity II 12 D: Weight 0.85 g. Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim (823 AH) 64 II 13 C: Weight 0.74 g. Hosted on a dang of Darwish Khan coined in Horde. Zeno #170371. Collection of Sławomir Liszewski Base of the central tower is slightly extended to the left 12 Rarity 14 Rarity I 14: Weight 0.83 g. Hosted on an unattributed dang. Zeno #169295. Collection of Sławomir Liszewski SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN SEVERIA 65 Large negligent punch with many defects Rarity 15 15 B: Weight 1.04 g. Hosted on a dang of Toqtamish Khan coined in Qrim (796 AH) A large spot inside the central tower II 15: Weight 0.59 g. Rarity 17 II 17 B: Weight 1.06 g. Hosted on a dang of Shadi Beg Khan 17 F: Hosted on a denga of the Duke Vasily Dmitrievich of Moscow Large punch, a crack between the central and right towers 16 Rarity II 17 GB: Weight 0.85 g. Overlaps Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp. Zeno #168352 16: Weight 1.03 g. 66 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) 16: Weight 1.08 g. Collection of Nerijus Klimas SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN SEVERIA 67 Vertical line of the central tower protrudes beside the horizontal line. Both lateral vertical lines of it slightly protrude upwards, too Right-beveled punch, thick central tower Rarity 18.1 II Rarity 19 III The first stage of the punch life 18.1 B: Weight 1.04 g. Hosted on a dang of Shadi Beg Khan coined in Azaq 18.1 D: Weight 0.92 g. Hosted on a dang of Ulugh Muhammad Khan coined in Hordebazaar. Zeno #167801. Collection of Sławomir Liszewski 19 B: Weight 0.92 g. Hosted on a dang of Shadi Beg Khan coined in Saray (?). Zeno #167135. Collection of Sławomir Liszewski 19 C: Weight 0.92 g. Hosted on a dang of Darwish Khan coined in Qrim. Overlapped by “Adil“ (?) counterstamp 19 C: Weight 0.82 g. Hosted on a dang of Chakra Khan coined in Horde Muazzam 19 F: Hosted on a denga of the Duke Vasily Dmitrievich Kirdiapa coined in Nizhni Novgorod Horizontal crack inside the central tower. Perhaps the second stage of the previous punch 18.2 Rarity II The second stage of the punch life 18.2 E: Weight 0.53 g. Hosted on a dang of Ulugh Muhammad Khan coined in HajjiTarkhan (825 AH). Overlaps (?) a taraqtamgha counterstamp 68 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) 18.2 H: Ref. Ivanauskas 2013, №17V8-4. Weight 0.87 g. Hosted on an asper of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Cafa 19 H: Weight 0.97 g. Hosted on a dang of Ulugh Muhammad Khan coined in Haydar Beg bazaar (1428-1433). Zeno #170429. Collection of Sławomir Liszewski SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN SEVERIA 69 Relatively small punch 20 Rarity III Terminus post quem: ca 1435 Overlaps Columns stamp #35 A TERMINUS POST QUEM IS THE EARLIEST TIME THE EVENT MAY HAVE HAPPENED, A TERMINUS ANTE QUEM IS THE LATEST 70 20 C: Weight 0.91 g. Hosted on a dang of Chakra Khan coined in Saray 20 D: Weight 0.86 g. Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim (822 AH) 20 K35: Weight 0.57 g. Overlaps K#35 20: Weight 0.82 g. LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN KIEVIA Base of the central tower is slightly extended at both sides 21.1 Rarity VI E F Taraq-tamgha counterstamp Foreign, unusual or imitative host 21.1 GA: Weight 0.84 g. Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim (824 AH). Overlapped by Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp 21.1 GB: Weight 0.67+ g (cracked). Overlaps Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp. Zeno #145792. Collection of Sławomir Liszewski 21.1 H: Weight 0.59 g. Hosted on an asper of Dawlat Birdi Khan coined in Cafa (host Ref. Retovski 1906, №132) 21.1 H: Weight 0.71 g. Hosted on an asper of Dawlat Birdi Khan coined in Cafa (host Ref. Retovski 1906, №112-122) The first stage of the punch life Terminus post quem: I.1424 Terminus ante quem: 1424 Overlaps Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp Overlapped by Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp A TERMINUS POST QUEM IS THE EARLIEST TIME THE EVENT MAY HAVE HAPPENED, A TERMINUS ANTE QUEM IS THE LATEST A Early heavy dangs 21.1 B: Weight 1.06 g. Hosted on a dang of Pulad Khan coined in Horde 21.1 C: Weight 0.87 g. Hosted on a dang of Kebek Khan coined in Saray 72 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) 21.1 D: Weight 0.78 g. Hosted on an undated dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim Additional specimens 21.1 B: Weight 0.98 g. Hosted on a dang of Toqtamish Khan coined in Qrim (794 AH) 21.1 H: Hosted on an asper of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Cafa SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN KIEVIA 73 As 21.1, but worn out: microcracks appear, edges of the central tower become “fluffy” 21.2 Rarity VII E Taraq-tamgha counterstamp 21.2 F: Weight 1.02 g. Hosted on an Ottoman akçe of Mehmed Çelebi (805-816 AH) The second stage of the punch life GA Terminus post quem: I.1424 g-counterstamp above Overlaps Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp 21.2 GB: Weight 0.85 g. Overlaps Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp A TERMINUS POST QUEM IS THE EARLIEST TIME THE EVENT MAY HAVE HAPPENED, A TERMINUS ANTE QUEM IS THE LATEST A Early heavy dangs 21.2 B: Weight 0.83 g. Hosted on a dang of Shadi Beg Khan coined in Cafa 21.2 C: Weight 1.02 g. Hosted on a dang of Timur Khan coined in Azaq (814 AH) 74 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) 21.2 D: Weight 0.83 g. Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim 21.2 H: Weight 0.73 g. Hosted on an asper of Dawlat Birdi Khan coined in Cafa (host Ref. Retovski 1906, №135) 21.2 I: Weight 0.78 g. Hosted on an yarmaq of Uzbek coined in Qrim (720 AH) previously counterstamped with a “Khan“ punch Additional specimens 21.2 H: Weight 0.68 g. Hosted on an asper of Dawlat Birdi Khan (?) coined in Cafa (host Ref. Retovski 1906, №104-107) 21.2 GB: Overlaps Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN KIEVIA 75 Numerous cracks Horizontal line connecting the pellet with Columns, numerous cracks Rarity 22 II 22: Weight 0.78 g. 22 D: Weight 0.66 g. Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim (822 AH) Vertical line connecting the pellet with Columns 23 23 D: Weight 0.93 g. Hosted on a dang of Ulugh Muhammad Khan coined in Hordebazaar 76 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) Rarity II 24 24 D: Weight 0.76 g. Hosted on a dang of Darwish Khan coined in Qrim (822 AH) Rarity II 24 GB: Overlaps Genoese Cafa g-counterstamp Vitovt of Lithuania takes the Black sea under his control Painting of Jonas Mackevičius 23: Weight 0.57 g. Hosted on an unattributed dang coined in HajjiTarkhan SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN KIEVIA 77 A small scratch at the bottom right of the central tower 25 Rarity VI 25 K4.2: Weight 0.94 g. Hosted on a dang coined in Hajji-Tarkhan. Overlaps Columns #4.2 25 K5: Weight 0.89 g. Hosted on a dang of Ulugh Muhammad Khan coined in Hordebazaar. Overlaps Columns #5 25 B: Weight 1.08 g. Hosted on a dang of Toqtamish Khan coined in Qrim (796 AH) 25 C: Weight 0.80 g. Hosted on a dang of Chakra Khan coined in Horde Muazzam 25 K7: Weight 0.80 g. Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim (822 AH). Overlaps Columns #7 25 K12: Weight 0.75 g. Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim. Overlaps Columns #12 25 D: Weight 0.76 g. Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim (822 AH) 25 F: Weight 0.65+ g (chipped). Hosted on an asper of Dawlat Birdi Khan coined in Cafa 25 K18.1: Hosted on a dang of Pulad Khan coined in Horde. Overlaps Columns #18.1. Collection of Saulius Martinkus 25 K21.2: Weight 0.73 g. Hosted on a dang of Dawlat Birdi Khan coined in Cafa. Overlaps Columns #21.2 25 K2: Weight 0.85 g. Hosted on an asper of Beg Sufi Khan (?) coined in Cafa. Overlaps Columns #2 25 K3: Weight 1.10 g. Hosted on a dang of Toqtamish Khan coined in Qrim (796 AH). Overlaps Columns #3 25 K21.2: Weight 0.83 g. Overlaps Columns #21.2 25 K25: Weight 1.05 g. Hosted on a dang of Shadi Beg Khan coined in Cafa (807 AH). Overlaps the same Columns #25 78 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN KIEVIA 79 Comparatively high central tower Rarity 26 IV 26 B: Weight 1.01 g. Hosted on a dang of Pulad Khan coined in Saray 26 D: Weight 0.69 g. Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim (823 AH) 26 H: Weight 0.67 g. Hosted on an asper of Dawlat Birdi Khan coined in Cafa 26 I: Hosted on an yarmaq of Uzbek Khan coined in Qrim (720 AH) previously counterstamped with a “Khan“ punch Restrikes 26 K4.2: Weight 1.00 g. Hosted on a dang of Karim Birdi Khan coined in Saray. Overlaps Columns #4.2 (?) 80 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) 26 K: Weight 0.67 g. Overlaps Columns SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN PODOLIA Four pellets forming a diamond shape, a defect on the right tower Three distinct pellets Rarity 27 II 29 Four pellets forming a diamond shape Uneven pattern, three distinct pellets and a dim one 28 28 B: Hosted on a dang of Toqtamish Khan coined in Qrim 82 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) II 29: Weight 0.79 g. 27 K11: Weight 0.79 g. Overlaps Columns #11 27 K25: Weight 0.98 g. Overlaps Columns #25 Rarity Rarity II 28 D: Weight 0.71+ g (slightly chipped). Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim 30 Rarity I 30 D: Weight 0.83 g. Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN PODOLIA 83 Lines of the central tower are slightly extended upwards Three pellets at left Rarity 31 II 31 C: Weight 0.83 g. Hosted on a dang of Darwish Khan coined in Hajji-Tarkhan (?) 31 D: Weight 0.82 g. Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim 33 32 D: Weight 0.82 g. Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim (823 AH). Collection of Nerijus Klimas 84 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) I 33 M: Weight 0.63 g. Hosted on a dang of Ulugh (?) Muhammad Khan coined in Hordebazaar Straits in the upper part of the punch 32 Rarity Four pellets at left, the central tower is shifted strongly to the right Rarity II 32 K21.2: Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim. Overlaps Columns #21.2 34 Rarity I 34 B: Weight 1.05 g. Hosted on a dang of Timur Qutlugh Khan coined in Qrim SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN PODOLIA 85 Large diagonal scratches Rarity 35 V Terminus post quem: 1428 Terminus ante quem: 1433+ (?) Hosted on Küçük Muhammad Khan dangs Never seen hosted on Sayyid Ahmad dangs A TERMINUS POST QUEM IS THE EARLIEST TIME THE EVENT MAY HAVE HAPPENED, A TERMINUS ANTE QUEM IS THE LATEST 35 F: Hosted on a small groat of Vladimir Olgierdovich coined in Kiev 35 H: Weight 0.74 g. Hosted on an asper of Dawlat Birdi Khan coined in Cafa 35 M: Weight 0.61+ g. Hosted on a dang of Küçük Muhammad Khan coined in Hordebazaar 35 M: Weight 0.56 g. Hosted on a dang of Küçük Muhammad Khan (with a name of Mahmud) coined in Hordebazaar Restrikes and Additional specimens A Early heavy dangs 35 C: Weight 0.78 g. Hosted on a dang of Chakra Khan coined in Horde Muazzam (816 AH) 86 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) 35 B: Hosted on a dang of Shadi Beg Khan coined in Horde 35 K4.2: Weight 0.62 g. Overlaps Columns #4.2 35 K21.2: Weight 0.64 g. Overlaps Columns #21.2 35 D: Weight 0.86 g. Hosted on a dang of Beg Sufi Khan coined in Qrim 35 K25: Weight 0.75 g. Overlaps Columns #25 35: Weight 0.92 g. SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN PODOLIA 87 Four pellets at the left side from the central tower Scratch at left. Lines of the central tower slightly overlap at right 36 Rarity IV Terminus post quem: 1433 Terminus post quem: 1433 Hosted on Sayyid Ahmad Khan dangs Hosted on Sayyid Ahmad Khan dangs A TERMINUS POST QUEM IS THE EARLIEST TIME THE EVENT MAY HAVE HAPPENED, A TERMINUS ANTE QUEM IS THE LATEST 36 H: Weight 0.86 g. Hosted on an asper of Dawlat Birdi Khan (?) coined in Cafa 36 N: Weight 0.70 g. Hosted on a dang of Sayyid Ahmad Khan coined in Haydar Beg bazaar 88 37 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) 36 M: Weight 0.70 g. Hosted on a dang of Küçük Muhammad Khan coined in Hordebazaar 36 OA: Weight 0.50+ g. Hosted on a dang of Ulugh (?) Muhammad Khan coined in Hordebazaar. Overlapped (?) by Asprocastron counterstamp Rarity II A TERMINUS POST QUEM IS THE EARLIEST TIME THE EVENT MAY HAVE HAPPENED, A TERMINUS ANTE QUEM IS THE LATEST 36 M: Hosted on a dang of Ulugh (?) Muhammad Khan with two tamghas 37 H: Weight 0.88 g. Hosted on an asper coined in Cafa. Zeno #102086. Collection of Alexander Petrov 37 M: Hosted on a dang of Küçük Muhammad Khan (with a name of Mahmud) coined in Hordebazaar 37 N: Weight 0.58 g. Hosted on a dang of Sayyid Ahmad Khan coined in Beg bazaar SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN PODOLIA 89 The central tower is shifted to the left, making room for four pellets 38.1 Rarity VII The first stage of the punch life Terminus post quem: 1433 Terminus ante quem: ca 1445 (?) Hosted on Sayyid Ahmad Khan dangs Overlapped by Asprocastron counterstamp A TERMINUS POST QUEM IS THE EARLIEST TIME THE EVENT MAY HAVE HAPPENED, A TERMINUS ANTE QUEM IS THE LATEST 38.1 I: Hosted on an yarmaq of Uzbek Khan coined in Qrim (720 AH), previously counterstamped with a “Khan“ punch. Collection of Alexander Petrov 38.1 K2: Weight 0.50 g. Overlaps Columns #2 38.1 M: Hosted on a dang of Ulugh (?) Muhammad Khan coined in Hordebazaar 38.1 N: Weight 0.67 g. Hosted on a dang of Sayyid Ahmad Khan coined in Hordebazaar 38.1 N: Weight 0.69 g. Hosted on a dang of Sayyid Ahmad Khan with Kalima 38.1 N: Weight 0.67 g. Hosted on a dang of Sayyid Ahmad Khan coined in Haydar Beg bazaar 38.1 OA: Overlapped (?) by Asprocastron counterstamp 38.1 OA: Overlapped by Asprocastron counterstamp Later overlaps 38.1 M: Weight 0.69 g. Hosted on a dang of Küçük Muhammad Khan (with a name of Mahmud) coined in Hordebazaar 90 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) 38.1 M: Weight 0.68 g. Hosted on a dang of Küçük Muhammad Khan (with a name of Mahmud) coined in Hordebazaar 45 K38.1: Weight 0.70+ g. Hosted on an yarmaq of Uzbek Khan coined in Qrim (720 AH). Overlapped by Mstislavl counterstamp #45 SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN PODOLIA 91 As 38.1, but heavily damaged, only central part remained 38.2 Rarity VII The second stage of the punch life Rarity 39.1 V The first stage of the punch life Terminus post quem: 1433 Terminus ante quem: ca 1445 Hosted on Sayyid Ahmad Khan dangs Overlapped by Asprocastron counterstamp A TERMINUS POST QUEM IS THE EARLIEST TIME THE EVENT MAY HAVE HAPPENED, A TERMINUS ANTE QUEM IS THE LATEST 92 Pellets are connected by thin channels. Multiple fissures 39.1 I: Hosted on an yarmaq of Uzbek Khan coined in Qrim (720 AH), previously counterstamped with a “Khan“ punch 38.2 H: Weight 0.84 g. Hosted on an asper of Ulugh Muhammad (?) Khan coined in Cafa 38.2 H: Weight 0.77 g. Hosted on an asper of Ulugh Muhammad (?) Khan coined in Cafa 39.1 M: Weight 0.67 g. Hosted on a dang of Küçük Muhammad Khan coined in Hordebazaar 39.1 N: Weight 0.63 g. Hosted on a dang of Sayyid Ahmad Khan coined in Haydar Beg bazaar 38.2 M: Weight 0.58 g. Hosted on a dang of Küçük Muhammad Khan coined in Hordebazaar 38.2 N: Weight 0.52 g. Hosted on a dang of Sayyid Ahmad Khan coined in Haydar Beg bazaar 39.1 OA: Weight 0.55 g. Hosted on a dang of Sayyid Ahmad Khan coined in Beg bazaar. Overlapped by Asprocastron counterstamp 39.1 OB: Hosted on a dang of Sayyid Ahmad Khan (?). Overlaps (?) Asprocastron counterstamp. Collection of Alexander Petrov LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN PODOLIA 93 As 39.1, but heavily damaged, only central part remained 39.2 As 39.2, but Columns lines are virtually absent, only pellets remained Rarity IV The second stage of the punch life 39.3 Terminus post quem: ca 1445 Terminus ante quem: ca 1452 (?) Overlaps Asprocastron counterstamp Never seen hosted on Hajji Giray akçes A TERMINUS POST QUEM IS THE EARLIEST TIME THE EVENT MAY HAVE HAPPENED, A TERMINUS ANTE QUEM IS THE LATEST 39.2 M: Weight 0.47 g. Hosted on a dang of Küçük Muhammad Khan coined in Hordebazaar. Double strike. Collection of Gerard Anaszewicz 39.2 N: Hosted on a dang of Sayyid Ahmad Khan with Kalima. Collection of Svajūnas Simaitis 39.3 H: Weight 0.81 g. Hosted on an asper coined in Cafa 39.2 N: Weight 0.48 g. Hosted on a dang of Sayyid Ahmad Khan 39.2 OB: Hosted on an unattributed dang. Overlaps Asprocastron counterstamp. Collection of Alexander Petrov 39.3 OB: Weight 0.50 g. Overlaps Asprocastron counterstamp LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) II The third stage of the punch life 39.2 I: Weight 0.80 g. Hosted on an yarmaq of Uzbek Khan coined in Qrim (720 AH), previously counterstamped with a “Khan“ punch 94 Rarity 39.3 M: Hosted on a dang of Küçük Muhammad Khan coined in Hordebazaar. Collection of Alexander Petrov 39.3 OB: Hosted on a dang of Sayyid Ahmad Khan with Kalima. Overlaps Asprocastron counterstamp. Collection of Alexander Petrov SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN PODOLIA 95 Comparatively small punch, pellets are connected to towers As 41.1, but heavily damaged, only central part remained Rarity 40 II Rarity 41.2 IV The second stage of the punch life Terminus post quem: 1442 Hosted on an early akçe of Hajji Giray 40 N: Hosted on a dang of Sayyid Ahmad Khan with Kalima 40 N: Weight 0.68 g. Hosted on a dang of Sayyid Ahmad Khan with Kalima coined in Horde A TERMINUS POST QUEM IS THE EARLIEST TIME THE EVENT MAY HAVE HAPPENED, A TERMINUS ANTE QUEM IS THE LATEST Top two pellets stuck together 41.1 Rarity II The first stage of the punch life 41.1 D: Weight 0.87 g. Hosted on a dang of Ulugh Muhammad Khan coined in Azaq 96 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) 41.1 N: Hosted on a dang of Sayyid Ahmad Khan coined in Haydar Beg bazaar 41.2: Weight 0.65 g. Hosted on an unattributed dang. Collection of Alexander Petrov 41.2 M: Hosted on a dang of Küçük Muhammad Khan coined in Hajji-Tarkhan 41.2 N: Weight 0.58 g. Hosted on a dang of Sayyid Ahmad Khan coined in Haydar Beg bazaar 41.2 P: Hosted on an akçe of Hajji Giray Khan dated 845 AH (1442 AD). Collection of Alexander Petrov SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN PODOLIA 97 Central tower is missing its right column Rarity 42 I 43.1 N: Weight 0.64 g. Hosted on a dang of Sayyid Ahmad Khan coined in Hordebazaar. Collection of Alexander Petrov 42 M: Hosted on a dang of Küçük Muhammad Khan coined in Hordebazaar. Collection of Alexander Petrov Four pellets enclosed in a square 43.1 V Rarity 43.2 II The second stage of the punch life 43.1 H: Hosted on an asper coined in Cafa 98 43.1 P: Weight 0.75 g. Hosted on an akçe of Hajji Giray Khan with a corrupted date As 43.1, but heavily damaged, only bottom part remained Rarity The first stage of the punch life 43.1 P: Weight 0.64 g. Hosted on an akçe of Hajji Giray Khan with a corrupted date 43.1 N: Weight 0.56 g. Hosted on a dang of Sayyid Ahmad Khan coined in Beg bazaar. Collection of Gerard Anaszewicz LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) 43.2 M: Weight 0.42 g. Hosted on a clipped (?) dang of Küçük Muhammad Khan coined in Hordebazaar 43.2 P: Hosted on an akçe of Hajji Giray Khan dated 858 AH (1454 AD) SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN PODOLIA 99 Only pellets, no lines initially projected 44 Rarity IV 44 H: Hosted on an asper coined in Cafa 44 P: Weight 0.74 g. Hosted on an akçe of Hajji Giray Khan dated 858 AH (1454 AD) 44 P: Weight 0.69 g. Hosted on an akçe of Hajji Giray Khan with a corrupted date 44 P: Weight 0.65 g. Hosted on an akçe of Hajji Giray Khan with a corrupted date 100 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN MSTISLAVL Rarity 45 III 45 M: Weight 0.50 g. Hosted on a dang of Küçük Muhammad Khan (?) coined in Hordebazaar 45 P: Hosted on an akçe of Hajji Giray Khan with a corrupted date 45 Q: Hosted on a dang of Mahmud Khan with a name of Mansur 45 Q: Hosted on an akçe of Mengli Giray Khan dated 885 AH (1480/81 AD) Date established: 1481 Overlaps Mengli Giray’s akçe dated 885 AH 45 H: Hosted on an asper of Ulugh Muhammad Khan (?) with a letter T coined in North Caucasus (?) 45 H: Hosted on an asper coined in Cafa 45 I: Hosted on an yarmaq of Uzbek Khan coined in Qrim (720 AH), previously counterstamped with a “Khan“ punch 45 K38.1: Weight 0.70+ g. Hosted on an yarmaq of Uzbek Khan coined in Qrim (720 AH). Overlaps Columns #38.1 102 LITHUANIAN COUNTERSTAMPS (1421-1481) Monetary reform of Alexander Casimir died in 1492. Soon afterwards, his son and successor Alexander instituted monetary reform and a new Lithuanian mint was established. The new half-groats were intended for the whole country – both North and South, both West and East. Even though they maintained virtually the same value as the Lithuanian counterstamps, the new half-groats were much more uniform in quality. Thus, the counterstamps were pressed out of circulation very soon, even in Podolia. The very last ones of them originate from a hoard buried in 1510. This first nationwide Lithuanian currency is precisely described in our other book: Early Lithuanian half-groats 1495-1529 SMALL GROATS COUNTERSTAMPED IN MSTISLAVL 103

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