NON-DESTRUCTIVE APPROACHES TO COMPLEX ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN EUROPE: A ROUND-UP, Apr 15, 2013
"USING PREDICTIVE MODELLING METHODS AS A WAY OF EXAMINING PAST SETTLEMENT PATTERNS:AN EXAMPLE FRO... more "USING PREDICTIVE MODELLING METHODS AS A WAY OF EXAMINING PAST SETTLEMENT PATTERNS:AN EXAMPLE FROM SOUTHERN POLAND, Anna Łuczak
Undoubtedly, spatial analysis using GIS applications has become increasingly important in archaeological research. Archaeological Predictive Modelling (APM) plays a crucial role among those GIS techniques. The main goal of APM is to create predictive distribution maps of occurrence of archaeological sites on the basis of known archaeological records and their link to environmental or cultural predictors used in modelling. This gives to CRM (Cultural Resource Management) a real opportunity to protect archaeological remains and to prevent them from damage. That is the main concept of North American predictive modelling approaches. On the other hand, developing Archaeological Sensitivity Maps also helps scientists to plan for field surveys. The use of predictive modelling has a different methodological approach in Europe, where it is an attempt to understand settlement patterns and factors that may have influenced site location in the past. The aim of this presentation is to show how valuable a combination of the two mentioned concepts of predictive modelling (North Americans and European) can be to simulate and visualize prediction maps. This is why I chose for this project an area in southern Poland that lies between two river basins: the ones of the Oława and the Ślęza. The examined area is morphometrically quite diversified – from the flat area in the North and close to river valleys, to the hilly area in the central and eastern part. These features of the selected territory suit the predictive modelling method well and give an opportunity to study complex environmental factors that may have influenced past settlement. The archaeological dataset used in modelling comes from the field survey record stored in the database of the Polish Archaeological Record (PAR /Polish name: Archeologiczne Zdjęcie Polski, AZP). For modelling purposes I selected two datasets representing sites from different periods: Neolithic and Medieval (Early and Late). This approach allows to minimize the modelling and analysing effort and also to examine the differences between settlement patterns in these periods. In the preliminary process a variety of environmental and cultural factors obtained using typical GIS procedures were used to determine past settlement preferences. Variables were examined to identify their potential influence on site location. Statistical analysis (e.g. density plots, correlation coefficients, etc.) was used for this purpose. The best subset of factors was selected and included in different types of statistical modelling procedures. After comparing the accuracy of the models, the best modelling method (with stronger predictive power) was chosen. As a result of the analysis the predictive distribution maps of archaeological sites were obtained."
The purpose of the study focusing on the village of Kopaniec in southwestern Poland (Izera Mounta... more The purpose of the study focusing on the village of Kopaniec in southwestern Poland (Izera Mountains) was to record features of the historical culture landscape formed in a specific mountain setting. The findings from LIDAR, GIS studies and the traditional excavation method were used in developing a description of the village within its natural environment, its internal structure and evolution, started during the late medieval period and continuing until 1945. A special focus of the study was the deserted domestic enclosure no. 143.
NIALL BRADY & CLAUDIA THEUNE (ed), SETTLEMENT CHANGE ACROSS MEDIEVAL EUROPE OLD PARADIGMS AND NEW VISTAS, 2019
Located far away from the main communication roads, the mountain village named Kopaniec (German S... more Located far away from the main communication roads, the mountain village named Kopaniec (German Seifershau, south-western Poland, Izera Mountains) avoided destruction and depopulation during the Thirty Year’s War (1618‑1648), unlike all other Silesian villages. After this period the village developed intensively. New buildings and residential plots were founded on previously unused forest areas, at a height of 700 m a.s.l. Settlement pattern changes within fields and plots with residential buildings are visible today. The boundaries of former fields can be recognized by the remains of stone walls, which in Poland is a relatively rare occurrence. Findings from LIDAR, GIS studies, and the traditional excavation method were used in developing a description of the village in terms of its natural environment and its internal structure and evolution, starting in the late medieval period and continuing until modern times. The purpose of the study was to record features of the historical cultural landscape created in a specific mountain setting. The deserted domestic enclosure no. 143 in Kopaniec is highlighted as an example that clearly shows the distinctions between late medieval and modern husbandry systems.
International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 2016
The aim of the study is to reconstruct the evolution of the cultural landscape of a settlement mi... more The aim of the study is to reconstruct the evolution of the cultural landscape of a settlement microregion located in Central-Eastern Europe, in the Sudetes Foothills. The microregion selected for the research, Wleń, is a good example to study and describe phenomena that are also typical of other similar administrative and economic territories in this cultural zone during the medieval period and the modern era. Archaeological evidence, written and cartographic sources, Airborne Laser Scanning, Geographical Information System and geomagnetic research were used to reconstruct the development and forms of particular elements of the settlement and the economic structure.
International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 2019
This paper is the first comprehensive and interdisciplinary presentation of stone walls in the Ce... more This paper is the first comprehensive and interdisciplinary presentation of stone walls in the Central European mountains from the perspective of landscape archaeology based on field surveys and analysis of cartographic and LiDAR data. The stone walls in the Izera Mountains of southwestern Poland are the largest ones in the region, as they represent a rare case of fully enclosed fields in the Sudetes. The niches constructed within the walls are not found anywhere else. The paper discusses the origins, functions, chronology, construction techniques, spatial distribution, and diversity of stone walls and also their significance for the cultural landscape, which was subject to substantial land abandonment after World War 2. Stone walls marked field boundaries, protected arable lands from erosion and their niches provided storage places, and provisional dwellings. Nowadays they are spectacular remnants of past land-use and unique features of the regional cultural landscape.
The article concerns research carried out since two seasons ago in the region of Kopaniec village... more The article concerns research carried out since two seasons ago in the region of Kopaniec village situated in the Jizera Mountains. For the research, scholars selected a household which was abandoned after 1945, where relics in the form of walls and extremities of the enclosure in the form of a wide stone wall have been preserved. The building was most likely constructed in the 18th century and combined residential and agricultural functions. On the basis of the conducted research, it can be concluded that the building was not inhabited after 1945 and was destroyed.
Zusammenfassung. Die Entstehung der privaten Schlösser trat in Schlesien erst im 14. Jahrhundert ... more Zusammenfassung. Die Entstehung der privaten Schlösser trat in Schlesien erst im 14. Jahrhundert ein, nach der Einverleibung des Landes in das Königreich Böhmen und nach der Liquidierung der herzoglichen Regalien. Schloss Kynast/Chojnik in den Sudeten ist ein Beispiel für dieses Phänomen. Es wurde in der zweiten Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts erbaut, und sein Besitzer war ein Ritter Gotsche Schoff, der Vorläufer einer adeligen Familie Schaffgotsch. Es ist eine typische Höhenburg, die die natürlichen Verteidigungsmerkmale der Region ausnutzt. Der Wohnkomfort war jedoch gering. Dennoch wurde die Burg im späten Mittelalter und in der nachmittelalterlichen Zeit als die Wiege der Familie gehegt. Die Funktion als Schaffgotscher Wohnsitz hatten damals jedoch andere Burgen und Schlösser.
The aim of the study is to reconstruct the evolution of the cultural landscape of a settlement mi... more The aim of the study is to reconstruct the evolution of the cultural landscape of a settlement microregion located in Central-Eastern Europe, in the Sudetes Foothills. The microregion selected for the research, Wleń, is a good example to study and describe phenomena that are also typical of other similar administrative and economic territories in this cultural zone during the medieval period and the modern era. Archaeological evidence, written and cartographic sources, Airborne Laser Scanning, Geographical Information System and geomagnetic research were used to reconstruct the development and forms of particular elements of the settlement and the economic structure.
The purpose of the study focusing on the village of Kopaniec in south-western Poland (Izera Mount... more The purpose of the study focusing on the village of Kopaniec in south-western Poland (Izera Mountains) was to record features of the historical culture landscape formed in a specific mountain setting. The findings from LIDAR, GIS studies and the traditional excavation method were used in developing a description of the village within its natural environment, its internal structure and evolution, started during the late medieval period and continuing until 1945. A special focus of the study was the deserted domestic enclosure no. 143.
The research of past cultural landscapes is becoming increasingly popular among archaeologists. T... more The research of past cultural landscapes is becoming increasingly popular among archaeologists. The aim of this paper is to present some examples of the possible use of archival maps of Silesia that were issued from the 18th to the first half of the 20th century in the study on the reconstruction of cultural landscape. The other goal is to discuss problems that are connected with working on such sources using GIS-based methods and techniques. The study concentrated on the issue of evaluating the accuracy of the presented cartographic sources. This stage of research is crucial for further analysis of historical maps and the information they contain.
Wczesnośredniowieczna osada w Zwadzie, stan. 1, gm. Zielona Góra. Studia interdyscyplinarne, red. B. Gruszka / Early medieval settlement at Zawada, Site 1, Zielona Góra Commune, Poland. Interdisciplinary studies, ed. B. Gruszka, 2014
Wczesnośredniowieczna osada w Zwadzie, stan. 1, gm. Zielona Góra. Studia interdyscyplinarne / Early medieval settlement at Zawada, Site 1, Zielona Góra Commune, Poland. Interdisciplinary studies , 2014
NON-DESTRUCTIVE APPROACHES TO COMPLEX ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN EUROPE: A ROUND-UP, Apr 15, 2013
"USING PREDICTIVE MODELLING METHODS AS A WAY OF EXAMINING PAST SETTLEMENT PATTERNS:AN EXAMPLE FRO... more "USING PREDICTIVE MODELLING METHODS AS A WAY OF EXAMINING PAST SETTLEMENT PATTERNS:AN EXAMPLE FROM SOUTHERN POLAND, Anna Łuczak
Undoubtedly, spatial analysis using GIS applications has become increasingly important in archaeological research. Archaeological Predictive Modelling (APM) plays a crucial role among those GIS techniques. The main goal of APM is to create predictive distribution maps of occurrence of archaeological sites on the basis of known archaeological records and their link to environmental or cultural predictors used in modelling. This gives to CRM (Cultural Resource Management) a real opportunity to protect archaeological remains and to prevent them from damage. That is the main concept of North American predictive modelling approaches. On the other hand, developing Archaeological Sensitivity Maps also helps scientists to plan for field surveys. The use of predictive modelling has a different methodological approach in Europe, where it is an attempt to understand settlement patterns and factors that may have influenced site location in the past. The aim of this presentation is to show how valuable a combination of the two mentioned concepts of predictive modelling (North Americans and European) can be to simulate and visualize prediction maps. This is why I chose for this project an area in southern Poland that lies between two river basins: the ones of the Oława and the Ślęza. The examined area is morphometrically quite diversified – from the flat area in the North and close to river valleys, to the hilly area in the central and eastern part. These features of the selected territory suit the predictive modelling method well and give an opportunity to study complex environmental factors that may have influenced past settlement. The archaeological dataset used in modelling comes from the field survey record stored in the database of the Polish Archaeological Record (PAR /Polish name: Archeologiczne Zdjęcie Polski, AZP). For modelling purposes I selected two datasets representing sites from different periods: Neolithic and Medieval (Early and Late). This approach allows to minimize the modelling and analysing effort and also to examine the differences between settlement patterns in these periods. In the preliminary process a variety of environmental and cultural factors obtained using typical GIS procedures were used to determine past settlement preferences. Variables were examined to identify their potential influence on site location. Statistical analysis (e.g. density plots, correlation coefficients, etc.) was used for this purpose. The best subset of factors was selected and included in different types of statistical modelling procedures. After comparing the accuracy of the models, the best modelling method (with stronger predictive power) was chosen. As a result of the analysis the predictive distribution maps of archaeological sites were obtained."
The purpose of the study focusing on the village of Kopaniec in southwestern Poland (Izera Mounta... more The purpose of the study focusing on the village of Kopaniec in southwestern Poland (Izera Mountains) was to record features of the historical culture landscape formed in a specific mountain setting. The findings from LIDAR, GIS studies and the traditional excavation method were used in developing a description of the village within its natural environment, its internal structure and evolution, started during the late medieval period and continuing until 1945. A special focus of the study was the deserted domestic enclosure no. 143.
NIALL BRADY & CLAUDIA THEUNE (ed), SETTLEMENT CHANGE ACROSS MEDIEVAL EUROPE OLD PARADIGMS AND NEW VISTAS, 2019
Located far away from the main communication roads, the mountain village named Kopaniec (German S... more Located far away from the main communication roads, the mountain village named Kopaniec (German Seifershau, south-western Poland, Izera Mountains) avoided destruction and depopulation during the Thirty Year’s War (1618‑1648), unlike all other Silesian villages. After this period the village developed intensively. New buildings and residential plots were founded on previously unused forest areas, at a height of 700 m a.s.l. Settlement pattern changes within fields and plots with residential buildings are visible today. The boundaries of former fields can be recognized by the remains of stone walls, which in Poland is a relatively rare occurrence. Findings from LIDAR, GIS studies, and the traditional excavation method were used in developing a description of the village in terms of its natural environment and its internal structure and evolution, starting in the late medieval period and continuing until modern times. The purpose of the study was to record features of the historical cultural landscape created in a specific mountain setting. The deserted domestic enclosure no. 143 in Kopaniec is highlighted as an example that clearly shows the distinctions between late medieval and modern husbandry systems.
International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 2016
The aim of the study is to reconstruct the evolution of the cultural landscape of a settlement mi... more The aim of the study is to reconstruct the evolution of the cultural landscape of a settlement microregion located in Central-Eastern Europe, in the Sudetes Foothills. The microregion selected for the research, Wleń, is a good example to study and describe phenomena that are also typical of other similar administrative and economic territories in this cultural zone during the medieval period and the modern era. Archaeological evidence, written and cartographic sources, Airborne Laser Scanning, Geographical Information System and geomagnetic research were used to reconstruct the development and forms of particular elements of the settlement and the economic structure.
International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 2019
This paper is the first comprehensive and interdisciplinary presentation of stone walls in the Ce... more This paper is the first comprehensive and interdisciplinary presentation of stone walls in the Central European mountains from the perspective of landscape archaeology based on field surveys and analysis of cartographic and LiDAR data. The stone walls in the Izera Mountains of southwestern Poland are the largest ones in the region, as they represent a rare case of fully enclosed fields in the Sudetes. The niches constructed within the walls are not found anywhere else. The paper discusses the origins, functions, chronology, construction techniques, spatial distribution, and diversity of stone walls and also their significance for the cultural landscape, which was subject to substantial land abandonment after World War 2. Stone walls marked field boundaries, protected arable lands from erosion and their niches provided storage places, and provisional dwellings. Nowadays they are spectacular remnants of past land-use and unique features of the regional cultural landscape.
The article concerns research carried out since two seasons ago in the region of Kopaniec village... more The article concerns research carried out since two seasons ago in the region of Kopaniec village situated in the Jizera Mountains. For the research, scholars selected a household which was abandoned after 1945, where relics in the form of walls and extremities of the enclosure in the form of a wide stone wall have been preserved. The building was most likely constructed in the 18th century and combined residential and agricultural functions. On the basis of the conducted research, it can be concluded that the building was not inhabited after 1945 and was destroyed.
Zusammenfassung. Die Entstehung der privaten Schlösser trat in Schlesien erst im 14. Jahrhundert ... more Zusammenfassung. Die Entstehung der privaten Schlösser trat in Schlesien erst im 14. Jahrhundert ein, nach der Einverleibung des Landes in das Königreich Böhmen und nach der Liquidierung der herzoglichen Regalien. Schloss Kynast/Chojnik in den Sudeten ist ein Beispiel für dieses Phänomen. Es wurde in der zweiten Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts erbaut, und sein Besitzer war ein Ritter Gotsche Schoff, der Vorläufer einer adeligen Familie Schaffgotsch. Es ist eine typische Höhenburg, die die natürlichen Verteidigungsmerkmale der Region ausnutzt. Der Wohnkomfort war jedoch gering. Dennoch wurde die Burg im späten Mittelalter und in der nachmittelalterlichen Zeit als die Wiege der Familie gehegt. Die Funktion als Schaffgotscher Wohnsitz hatten damals jedoch andere Burgen und Schlösser.
The aim of the study is to reconstruct the evolution of the cultural landscape of a settlement mi... more The aim of the study is to reconstruct the evolution of the cultural landscape of a settlement microregion located in Central-Eastern Europe, in the Sudetes Foothills. The microregion selected for the research, Wleń, is a good example to study and describe phenomena that are also typical of other similar administrative and economic territories in this cultural zone during the medieval period and the modern era. Archaeological evidence, written and cartographic sources, Airborne Laser Scanning, Geographical Information System and geomagnetic research were used to reconstruct the development and forms of particular elements of the settlement and the economic structure.
The purpose of the study focusing on the village of Kopaniec in south-western Poland (Izera Mount... more The purpose of the study focusing on the village of Kopaniec in south-western Poland (Izera Mountains) was to record features of the historical culture landscape formed in a specific mountain setting. The findings from LIDAR, GIS studies and the traditional excavation method were used in developing a description of the village within its natural environment, its internal structure and evolution, started during the late medieval period and continuing until 1945. A special focus of the study was the deserted domestic enclosure no. 143.
The research of past cultural landscapes is becoming increasingly popular among archaeologists. T... more The research of past cultural landscapes is becoming increasingly popular among archaeologists. The aim of this paper is to present some examples of the possible use of archival maps of Silesia that were issued from the 18th to the first half of the 20th century in the study on the reconstruction of cultural landscape. The other goal is to discuss problems that are connected with working on such sources using GIS-based methods and techniques. The study concentrated on the issue of evaluating the accuracy of the presented cartographic sources. This stage of research is crucial for further analysis of historical maps and the information they contain.
Wczesnośredniowieczna osada w Zwadzie, stan. 1, gm. Zielona Góra. Studia interdyscyplinarne, red. B. Gruszka / Early medieval settlement at Zawada, Site 1, Zielona Góra Commune, Poland. Interdisciplinary studies, ed. B. Gruszka, 2014
Wczesnośredniowieczna osada w Zwadzie, stan. 1, gm. Zielona Góra. Studia interdyscyplinarne / Early medieval settlement at Zawada, Site 1, Zielona Góra Commune, Poland. Interdisciplinary studies , 2014
The aim of the study was reconstructing the evolution of the cultural landscape of a settlement m... more The aim of the study was reconstructing the evolution of the cultural landscape of a settlement microregion in Sudetes Foothills settlement of East Central Europe. The microregion of Wleń selected for the research is well suited for making a description of phenomena that are typical also of other, similar administrative and economic territories in this cultural zone during the medieval period and the modern age. Evidence from archaeological excavation, written and the cartographic sources, Airborne Laser Scanning, Geographical Information System and geomagnetic research was used to reconstruct the development and forms of particular elements of the settlement and the economic structure. The elements of this structure are the following: early medieval stronghold, ducal castle of the High and the Late Middle Ages, town, its agrarian catchment, relics of non-ferrous metal and building stone mining activity, property boundaries, the road network and the material relics of law enforcement. The microregion has been since the 10th century a compact administrative unit: stronghold precinct, district, weichbild, kreis, powiat (county). The contemporary structure of the county is a reflection of its development over the centuries, independent of the changing political affiliation and state borders: Poland, Bohemia and Germany.
We are pleased to present the first volume of a new book series entitled Monographs in Early Medi... more We are pleased to present the first volume of a new book series entitled Monographs in Early Medieval Studies. Our intention is that this and subsequent publications, which are aimed to examine a broad range of topics related to the Early Middle Ages, will be made available under Creative Commons licence to enable easier access to the presented issues and facilitate the exchange of knowledge. We invite you to read the book and to download it in PDF format at www.projektyarcheologiczne.pl or www.fundacjalunula.pl.
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Mozów, site 23 is located in the Lubuskie Province, about 3 km west of Sulechów. It is situated on the slope of a small hill, between a railway line (Sulechów-Czerwieńsk) and county road 278.
Archaeological excavations were carried out at this site in 2009 in connection with the planned construction of expressway S3. The research was conducted by the Foundation of the University of Łódź under the direction of dr Seweryn Rzepecki.
The excavations covered a total area of 186.35 ares divided into five major sectors (hectares) within which 233 features were registered. Cultural attribution was determined for 109 features containing mostly potsherds. Archaeological sources recorded during the research included the material dating to the Stone Age (unspecified chronology), the Neolithic (including the Linear Pottery and the Funnel Beaker cultures), the Jastorf culture and the Roman Influence period (mixed elements of the Wielbark and Pomeranian cultures), as well as the older phases of the Early Middle Ages and the Post Medieval period.
The publication presents the results of research on the archaeological material dating to the Early Medieval period. They are discussed against a wider background of Mozów-Sulechów microregion including several large settlements and less recognised settlement points. Apart from description and analysis of archaeological sources (mainly pottery and remains of building structures at Mozów, site 23), the monograph focuses on issues related to the reconstruction of the natural environment.
The studies on the most abundant archaeological material – pottery, as well as thermoluminescence and radiocarbon dating analyses were carried out within the framework of the project Interdisciplinary research on the early medieval pottery workshop (7-10 c.) in the borderland of Lower Silesia - Great Poland - Lusatia financed by the National Science Centre (agreement no. UMO-2012/05/N/HS3/01425).
Osada jest położona około 3 km na północ od wsi Zawada, po prawej stronie starej szosy prowadzące... more Osada jest położona około 3 km na północ od wsi Zawada, po prawej stronie starej szosy prowadzącej z Zielonej Góry do Sulechowa. Stanowisko jest ulokowana na terasie zalewowej Odry, na niewielkim wyniesieniu, na prawym brzegu Zimnego Potoku, który na tym odcinku Pradoliny Warszawsko-Berlińskiej (Doliny Środkowej Odry) jest jej głównym lewobrzeżnym dopływem, płynąc do niej równolegle w odległości 3-6 km (ryc. 1).
Stanowisko odkrył w 1960 roku Edward Dąbrowski (1969, s. 292; 1975, s. 75, przyp. 12). W 1963 roku odkrywca obiektu przeprowadził wstępne badania archeologiczne
(Kołodziejski 1966, s. 42), a dwa lata później, przy udziale Mieczysława Kaczkowskiego, kolejne sondażowe wykopaliska (Kaczkowski 1975, s. 61, przyp. 34). W 1966 roku obiekt został wpisany do Rejestru Zabytków Województwa Zielonogórskiego jako wczesnośredniowieczne grodzisko, z chronologią określoną ramowo na VIII-XII wiek (Kałagate, Magda 1994, s. 329). Wiadomo także, że prace wykopaliskowe były prowadzone w 1968 roku, ponieważ w archiwum MAŚN znajdują się fragmenty naczyń z numerami inwentarzowymi pochodzącymi z tego okresu. Kolejne prace przeprowadzono w ramach akcji AZP w 1984 roku. W tym samym roku wykonano plan warstwicowy stanowiska. W 1998 roku, pod kierownictwem Jarosława Lewczuka, zrealizowano kolejne badania powierzchniowe, podczas których znaleziono 20 fragmentów ceramiki. W okresie od 6 lipca 1992 roku do 7 sierpnia 1992 roku przeprowadzono stacjonarne badania archeologiczne, które poprzedzone były jednodniowym wstępnym rekonesansem stanowiska (27 marca 1992 roku). Badaniami kierowali mgr Marlena Magda i mgr Sławomir Kałagate, finansowano je z funduszu Wojewódzkiego Konserwatora Zabytków Archeologicznych. Głównym celem przeprowadzonych wówczas badań była próba uściślenia chronologii, a także weryfikacja wcześniejszych przypuszczeń, że odkryte stanowisko może być grodziskiem. Podjęcie wykopalisk było uzasadnione także stałym i postępującym niszczeniem stanowiska na skutek prac rolnych.
W trakcie przeprowadzonych badań założono dwa wykopy i jeden rów sondażowy o łącznej powierzchni około 3,5 ara. Odkryto piętnaście obiektów wczesnośredniowiecznych i trzy skupiska ceramiki pradziejowej (Gruszka 2002).
Badania w 1992 roku nie potwierdziły przypuszczeń Edwarda Dąbrowskiego, który sądził, że w 1960 odkrył relikty grodu (Kałagate, Magda 1994, s. 337-338).
W publikacji zostały uwzględnione głównie materiały pozyskane w trakcie wykopalisk z 1992 roku, ponieważ dokumentacja badań prowadzonych w latach 60. XX wieku uległa rozproszeniu (w archiwum MAŚN w Świdnicy zachował się jedynie rysunek jednego z profilów). Ponadto dysponujemy mało wartościową, ze względów poznawczych, kolekcją ceramiki, pochodzącą głównie z badań powierzchniowych. Opublikowano także wybrane znaleziska (Dąbrowski 1999, s. 51, tabl. I: 1, II: 12-17).
Z materiałów pochodzących z badań wcześniejszych w opracowaniu uwzględniono wszystkie dostępne zabytki wydzielone, głównie przedmioty kamienne i metalowe oraz fragmenty glinianych talerzy.
Publikacja jest efektem współpracy zespołu kilkunastu specjalistów z różnych dziedzin. Monografia składa się z trzynastu głównych rozdziałów. Pierwsze trzy omawiają zagadnienia związane z rekonstrukcją pierwotnego środowiska oraz opisują na szerszym tle uwarunkowania środowiskowe lokalizacji osadnictwa. W kolejnych rozdziałach zaprezentowano analizy znalezisk odkrytych podczas wykopalisk. Następnie przedstawiono zagadnienia związane z datowaniem osady. Publikację kończą rozdziały przedstawiające wyniki badań specjalistycznych dotyczące wczesnośredniowiecznej ceramiki. Wyniki przedstawionych powyżej analiz posłużyły do sformułowania wniosków dotyczących rekonstrukcji podstawowych zajęć gospodarczych mieszkańców tej wczesnośredniowiecznej osady oraz jej znaczenia i miejsca w systemie osadniczym na szerszym tle porównawczym.
Publikacja ukazała się dzięki finansowemu wsparciu Ministerstwa Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego, w ramach programu Ochrona Dziedzictwa Archeologicznego, Priorytet 5.
Over 50 years ago Edward Dąbrowski ended few seasons excavations of the stronghold in Połupin. Fr... more Over 50 years ago Edward Dąbrowski ended few seasons excavations of the stronghold in Połupin. From that time it is one of these early medieval sites located in nowadays Lubuskie voivodship, around which quite large literature has grown (see below), and at the same time much controversy connected especially with stronghold chronology and origin of the famous, bronze, small plate. Verification of Edward Dąbrowski’s conclusions was seriously impeded by the lack of full study and publishing of the sources discovered there. The filling of this gap was therefore the main aim of of this publication. Besides of the old findings analysis, enriched with specialized studies results, in the book we present also the results of studies of the reconstruction of original natural environment of the closest surroundings of the stronghold, as well as the site in Połupin against the broader settlement context. The essential part of this publication were also devoted to the issues connected with the chronology, based on the comparative analysis of the sherds and other artefacts (spurs and beam), and verified by the 14C dating. The site 2 was discovered in the summer of 1961, during the detailed surface survey conducted by the expedition members, who were excavated the nearby stronghold in Krosno Odrzańskie. This summer from the half of July till the mid of September, Edward Dąbrowski conducted the excavations on the newly discovered site. The research was aimed to answer few questions about function of this feature, its size and chronology. Due to the complete lowering of the rampart constructions, basically it was not assumed that the studied feature might have been the relics of the stronghold. In total, during three seasons, the area of 2,5 ares in 7 trenches was excavated, recognizing the stratigraphy of cultural layers, mainly in the north-south axis (with circa 10° to the east), what was documented on numerous colour outlines. Available documentation from the excavation is complemented by monochrome photographs, especially of the feature outlines. Publishing of this book was possible thanks to the financial support provided by the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage, within the program of the archaeological artefacts protection, priority 5. Part of presented here results, primarily those concerning 14C dating, was financed within the grant of the National Center of Science.
The article presents an analysis of conditions and course of historical development of the micror... more The article presents an analysis of conditions and course of historical development of the microregion around the castle and the town Wleń in pre-industrial times. The previous knowledge about the structure of the settlement unit and its changes based on the results of historical and archaeological research conducted by traditional methods. They were focused on the medieval castle, while other elements of the unit remained outside the scope of research. Currently available non-invasive research techniques, as well as interdisciplinary collaboration, created new analyses capabilities. They allowed to break the impasse and to look at the Wleń district from a different perspective. There were not challenged the existing research achievements, the aim is rather to enrich them. The development of settlements in the Wleń microregion was initiated by creation of stronghold and adjacent settlement on Góra Zamkowa (Castle Hill) in the second half of the 10th or the early 11th century. Their remains are poorly preserved, making it difficult to determine the original range and transformations. The presence of the stronghold and the settlement was confirmed by excavations in some points. The attempts to clarify their range were carried out by non-invasive techniques – geomagnetic prospection and analysis of digital terrain model. The results lead to general conclusions requiring further research. This applies particularly to the northern range of the early medieval settlement, as well as the transformations of structure of a village functioning in the late Middle Ages and in Post-medieval period. We know that its boundaries were not stable, they underwent changes associated with organization of castle’s foregrounds and construction of Postmedieval fortifications. The structure of the village was repeatedly destroyed during sieges of the fortresses, especially in the 15th century, during the Hussite wars. The stabilization of the village structure occurred as late as after abandonment of the castle in 1646 and construction of a new, Baroque mansion. Written sources concerning transformations of ownership, tax system and ranges of parishes allow to conclude that at least in the early 13th century around the castle a settlement background formed. Hence, there are mentioned in 1217 villages Bystrzyca, Nielestno, Strzyżowiec and Pilchowice, a few kilometers away from the castle and still subordinate to it. Early dating of the villages and source suggestions about the traditional feudal duties allow to cautiously conclude that they belonged to a local, pre-colonization settlement. At the same time there is information about progressive legal and economic transformations, specific for the so-called eastern colonization. It concerns the replacement of the traditional tax in squirrel furs by new tax paid in grain. It is hard to be certain which villages of the Wleń district formed in the early stages of colonization. However, we know that by the end of the 13th century rural settlement background was already quite rich. It consisted of the following villages: Bełczyna, Dębowy Gaj, Dłużec, Golejów, Mojesz, Pławna, Płóczki Górne, Rząśnik and Sobota; another formed in the 14th century, stabilizing the network of rural settlements. Few were founded in the early Post-medieval period, covering zones with lower agricultural suitability. The town of Wleń was founded below the castle, on the left bank terrace of the Bóbr River, largely exposed to floods. The first certain information about the town comes from 1261, when Marcin mayor of Wleń was mentioned. However, there is local tradition, based on direct assumptions, according to which the town was founded as early as in 1214. Metrological analysis of cartographic sources, cadastral plans and current layout of buildings leads to conclusion that it had a band plan, closed at its main part in a rectangle with dimensions of 375–376 × 280 m. Rectangular market square, with dimensions of 102 × 77 m, was located in the centre of this system. The parish church was built on a slight elevation, at the western border of the built-up zone. Its position was marked by axis running through the centre of the market square and whole regular system. The analysis of the digital terrain model shows that the town had no fortifications – no remains of moats or ramparts were found. The only guard to the north and east remained the Bóbr River, bending there. Western edge of the town coincided with the foothills of Góra Zamkowa From the surface prospection conducted in 1986, is known a compex of medieval and post-medieval border stones and mounds. In a paper describing them was presented an attempt to interpret them and their chronological division into several series. Next surface research in 2013–2014 greatly enriched source basis for research on boundaries of the territory of the town and the castle Wleń. Newly discovered border stones and mounds are arranged in previously unknown two bands of boundary lines. The range of marks engraved on stones increased, thus requiring a new typological and chronological division. Guided by the location of marks and mounds and the form of marks a new interpretation within seven series was proposed. An attempt to reconstruct the course of boundaries was undertaken and an analysis of their visibility was carried out. The road network within the Weichbild was reconstructed using several methods. Essential was Distance Cost Analysis associated with the GIS instruments. The foundation of calculations was the digital terrain model. The results were correlated with cartographic sources, the oldest of which dates back to the 18th century. The reconstruction concerns the connections between the centre of the microregion – i.e. the castle and the town Wleń – and neighbouring central places: Jelenia Góra, Lwówek, Świerzawa, Lubomierz and Złotoryja, as well as local roads. At least some of the roads reconstructed for the Middle Ages had a substantial durability, confirmed by the presence on the 18th–20th-century maps. An important element of the cultural landscape were also remains of the law execution. In the study area the execution places had the form of gallows situated outside the built-up areas. Cartographic sources allow to locate some of these structures – one of them was excavated. An analysis of the visibility of gallows from the castle, town and villages and major roads was carried out. The GIS instruments were used, realizing the transformation of forests and land development, changing in a way, the resulting image. The results present symbolic and deterrent function of gallows, enriching the knowledge about the organization of the cultural landscape. The materials obtained in the course of the research on elements of the cultural landscape of Wleń microregion created the first in the region, interdisciplinary source base for the study on transformations of the settlement network and its background to the pre-industrial times. This paper is a summary of their analysis.
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Undoubtedly, spatial analysis using GIS applications has become increasingly important in archaeological research. Archaeological Predictive Modelling (APM) plays a crucial role among those GIS techniques. The main goal of APM is to create predictive distribution maps of occurrence of archaeological sites on the basis of known archaeological records and their link to environmental or cultural predictors used in modelling. This gives to CRM (Cultural Resource Management) a real opportunity to protect archaeological remains and to prevent them from damage. That is the main concept of North American predictive modelling approaches. On the other hand, developing Archaeological Sensitivity Maps also helps scientists to plan for field surveys. The use of predictive modelling has a different methodological approach in Europe, where it is an attempt to understand settlement patterns and factors that may have influenced site location in the past. The aim of this presentation is to show how valuable a combination of the two mentioned concepts of predictive modelling (North Americans and European) can be to simulate and visualize prediction maps. This is why I chose for this project an area in southern Poland that lies between two river basins: the ones of the Oława and the Ślęza. The examined area is morphometrically quite diversified – from the flat area in the North and close to river valleys, to the hilly area in the central and eastern part. These features of the selected territory suit the predictive modelling method well and give an opportunity to study complex environmental factors that may have influenced past settlement. The archaeological dataset used in modelling comes from the field survey record stored in the database of the Polish Archaeological Record (PAR /Polish name: Archeologiczne Zdjęcie Polski, AZP). For modelling purposes I selected two datasets representing sites from different periods: Neolithic and Medieval (Early and Late). This approach allows to minimize the modelling and analysing effort and also to examine the differences between settlement patterns in these periods. In the preliminary process a variety of environmental and cultural factors obtained using typical GIS procedures were used to determine past settlement preferences. Variables were examined to identify their potential influence on site location. Statistical analysis (e.g. density plots, correlation coefficients, etc.) was used for this purpose. The best subset of factors was selected and included in different types of statistical modelling procedures. After comparing the accuracy of the models, the best modelling method (with stronger predictive power) was chosen. As a result of the analysis the predictive distribution maps of archaeological sites were obtained."
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Undoubtedly, spatial analysis using GIS applications has become increasingly important in archaeological research. Archaeological Predictive Modelling (APM) plays a crucial role among those GIS techniques. The main goal of APM is to create predictive distribution maps of occurrence of archaeological sites on the basis of known archaeological records and their link to environmental or cultural predictors used in modelling. This gives to CRM (Cultural Resource Management) a real opportunity to protect archaeological remains and to prevent them from damage. That is the main concept of North American predictive modelling approaches. On the other hand, developing Archaeological Sensitivity Maps also helps scientists to plan for field surveys. The use of predictive modelling has a different methodological approach in Europe, where it is an attempt to understand settlement patterns and factors that may have influenced site location in the past. The aim of this presentation is to show how valuable a combination of the two mentioned concepts of predictive modelling (North Americans and European) can be to simulate and visualize prediction maps. This is why I chose for this project an area in southern Poland that lies between two river basins: the ones of the Oława and the Ślęza. The examined area is morphometrically quite diversified – from the flat area in the North and close to river valleys, to the hilly area in the central and eastern part. These features of the selected territory suit the predictive modelling method well and give an opportunity to study complex environmental factors that may have influenced past settlement. The archaeological dataset used in modelling comes from the field survey record stored in the database of the Polish Archaeological Record (PAR /Polish name: Archeologiczne Zdjęcie Polski, AZP). For modelling purposes I selected two datasets representing sites from different periods: Neolithic and Medieval (Early and Late). This approach allows to minimize the modelling and analysing effort and also to examine the differences between settlement patterns in these periods. In the preliminary process a variety of environmental and cultural factors obtained using typical GIS procedures were used to determine past settlement preferences. Variables were examined to identify their potential influence on site location. Statistical analysis (e.g. density plots, correlation coefficients, etc.) was used for this purpose. The best subset of factors was selected and included in different types of statistical modelling procedures. After comparing the accuracy of the models, the best modelling method (with stronger predictive power) was chosen. As a result of the analysis the predictive distribution maps of archaeological sites were obtained."
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Mozów, site 23 is located in the Lubuskie Province, about 3 km west of Sulechów. It is situated on the slope of a small hill, between a railway line (Sulechów-Czerwieńsk) and county road 278.
Archaeological excavations were carried out at this site in 2009 in connection with the planned construction of expressway S3. The research was conducted by the Foundation of the University of Łódź under the direction of dr Seweryn Rzepecki.
The excavations covered a total area of 186.35 ares divided into five major sectors (hectares) within which 233 features were registered. Cultural attribution was determined for 109 features containing mostly potsherds. Archaeological sources recorded during the research included the material dating to the Stone Age (unspecified chronology), the Neolithic (including the Linear Pottery and the Funnel Beaker cultures), the Jastorf culture and the Roman Influence period (mixed elements of the Wielbark and Pomeranian cultures), as well as the older phases of the Early Middle Ages and the Post Medieval period.
The publication presents the results of research on the archaeological material dating to the Early Medieval period. They are discussed against a wider background of Mozów-Sulechów microregion including several large settlements and less recognised settlement points. Apart from description and analysis of archaeological sources (mainly pottery and remains of building structures at Mozów, site 23), the monograph focuses on issues related to the reconstruction of the natural environment.
The studies on the most abundant archaeological material – pottery, as well as thermoluminescence and radiocarbon dating analyses were carried out within the framework of the project Interdisciplinary research on the early medieval pottery workshop (7-10 c.) in the borderland of Lower Silesia - Great Poland - Lusatia financed by the National Science Centre (agreement no. UMO-2012/05/N/HS3/01425).
Stanowisko odkrył w 1960 roku Edward Dąbrowski (1969, s. 292; 1975, s. 75, przyp. 12). W 1963 roku odkrywca obiektu przeprowadził wstępne badania archeologiczne
(Kołodziejski 1966, s. 42), a dwa lata później, przy udziale Mieczysława Kaczkowskiego, kolejne sondażowe wykopaliska (Kaczkowski 1975, s. 61, przyp. 34). W 1966 roku obiekt został wpisany do Rejestru Zabytków Województwa Zielonogórskiego jako wczesnośredniowieczne grodzisko, z chronologią określoną ramowo na VIII-XII wiek (Kałagate, Magda 1994, s. 329). Wiadomo także, że prace wykopaliskowe były prowadzone w 1968 roku, ponieważ w archiwum MAŚN znajdują się fragmenty naczyń z numerami inwentarzowymi pochodzącymi z tego okresu. Kolejne prace przeprowadzono w ramach akcji AZP w 1984 roku. W tym samym roku wykonano plan warstwicowy stanowiska. W 1998 roku, pod kierownictwem Jarosława Lewczuka, zrealizowano kolejne badania powierzchniowe, podczas których znaleziono 20 fragmentów ceramiki. W okresie od 6 lipca 1992 roku do 7 sierpnia 1992 roku przeprowadzono stacjonarne badania archeologiczne, które poprzedzone były jednodniowym wstępnym rekonesansem stanowiska (27 marca 1992 roku). Badaniami kierowali mgr Marlena Magda i mgr Sławomir Kałagate, finansowano je z funduszu Wojewódzkiego Konserwatora Zabytków Archeologicznych. Głównym celem przeprowadzonych wówczas badań była próba uściślenia chronologii, a także weryfikacja wcześniejszych przypuszczeń, że odkryte stanowisko może być grodziskiem. Podjęcie wykopalisk było uzasadnione także stałym i postępującym niszczeniem stanowiska na skutek prac rolnych.
W trakcie przeprowadzonych badań założono dwa wykopy i jeden rów sondażowy o łącznej powierzchni około 3,5 ara. Odkryto piętnaście obiektów wczesnośredniowiecznych i trzy skupiska ceramiki pradziejowej (Gruszka 2002).
Badania w 1992 roku nie potwierdziły przypuszczeń Edwarda Dąbrowskiego, który sądził, że w 1960 odkrył relikty grodu (Kałagate, Magda 1994, s. 337-338).
W publikacji zostały uwzględnione głównie materiały pozyskane w trakcie wykopalisk z 1992 roku, ponieważ dokumentacja badań prowadzonych w latach 60. XX wieku uległa rozproszeniu (w archiwum MAŚN w Świdnicy zachował się jedynie rysunek jednego z profilów). Ponadto dysponujemy mało wartościową, ze względów poznawczych, kolekcją ceramiki, pochodzącą głównie z badań powierzchniowych. Opublikowano także wybrane znaleziska (Dąbrowski 1999, s. 51, tabl. I: 1, II: 12-17).
Z materiałów pochodzących z badań wcześniejszych w opracowaniu uwzględniono wszystkie dostępne zabytki wydzielone, głównie przedmioty kamienne i metalowe oraz fragmenty glinianych talerzy.
Publikacja jest efektem współpracy zespołu kilkunastu specjalistów z różnych dziedzin. Monografia składa się z trzynastu głównych rozdziałów. Pierwsze trzy omawiają zagadnienia związane z rekonstrukcją pierwotnego środowiska oraz opisują na szerszym tle uwarunkowania środowiskowe lokalizacji osadnictwa. W kolejnych rozdziałach zaprezentowano analizy znalezisk odkrytych podczas wykopalisk. Następnie przedstawiono zagadnienia związane z datowaniem osady. Publikację kończą rozdziały przedstawiające wyniki badań specjalistycznych dotyczące wczesnośredniowiecznej ceramiki. Wyniki przedstawionych powyżej analiz posłużyły do sformułowania wniosków dotyczących rekonstrukcji podstawowych zajęć gospodarczych mieszkańców tej wczesnośredniowiecznej osady oraz jej znaczenia i miejsca w systemie osadniczym na szerszym tle porównawczym.
Publikacja ukazała się dzięki finansowemu wsparciu Ministerstwa Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego, w ramach programu Ochrona Dziedzictwa Archeologicznego, Priorytet 5.
The site 2 was discovered in the summer of 1961, during the detailed surface survey conducted by the expedition members, who were excavated the nearby stronghold in Krosno Odrzańskie. This summer from the half of July till the mid of September, Edward Dąbrowski conducted the excavations on the newly discovered site. The research was aimed to answer few questions about function of this feature, its size and chronology. Due to the complete lowering of the rampart constructions, basically it was not assumed that the studied feature might have been the relics of the stronghold.
In total, during three seasons, the area of 2,5 ares in 7 trenches was excavated, recognizing the stratigraphy of cultural layers, mainly in the north-south axis (with circa 10° to the east), what was documented on numerous colour outlines. Available documentation from the excavation is complemented by monochrome photographs, especially of the feature outlines.
Publishing of this book was possible thanks to the financial support provided by the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage, within the program of the archaeological artefacts protection, priority 5. Part of presented here results, primarily those concerning 14C dating, was financed within the grant of the National Center of Science.
The development of settlements in the Wleń microregion was initiated by creation of stronghold and adjacent settlement on Góra Zamkowa (Castle Hill) in the second half of the 10th or the early 11th century. Their remains are poorly preserved, making it difficult to determine the original range and transformations. The presence of the stronghold and the settlement was confirmed by excavations in some points. The attempts to clarify their range were carried out by non-invasive techniques – geomagnetic prospection and analysis of digital terrain model. The results lead to general conclusions requiring further research. This applies particularly to the northern range of the early medieval settlement, as well as the transformations of structure of a village functioning in the late Middle Ages and in Post-medieval period. We know that its boundaries were not stable, they underwent changes associated with organization of castle’s foregrounds and construction of Postmedieval fortifications. The structure of the village was repeatedly destroyed during sieges of the fortresses, especially in the 15th century, during the Hussite wars. The stabilization of the village structure occurred as late as after abandonment of the castle in 1646 and construction of a new, Baroque mansion.
Written sources concerning transformations of ownership, tax system and ranges of parishes allow to conclude that at least in the early 13th century around the castle a settlement background formed. Hence, there are mentioned in 1217 villages Bystrzyca, Nielestno, Strzyżowiec and Pilchowice, a few kilometers away from the castle and still subordinate to it. Early dating of the villages and source suggestions about the traditional feudal duties allow to cautiously conclude that they belonged to a local, pre-colonization settlement. At the same time there is information about progressive legal and economic transformations, specific for the so-called eastern colonization. It concerns the replacement of the traditional tax in squirrel furs by new tax paid in grain. It is hard to be certain which villages of the Wleń district formed in the early stages of colonization. However, we know that by the end of the 13th century rural settlement background was already quite rich. It consisted of the following villages: Bełczyna, Dębowy Gaj, Dłużec, Golejów, Mojesz, Pławna, Płóczki Górne, Rząśnik and Sobota; another formed in the 14th century, stabilizing the network of rural settlements. Few were founded in the early Post-medieval period, covering zones with lower agricultural suitability.
The town of Wleń was founded below the castle, on the left bank terrace of the Bóbr River, largely exposed to floods. The first certain information about the town comes from 1261, when Marcin mayor of Wleń was mentioned. However, there is local tradition, based on direct assumptions, according to which the town was founded as early as in 1214. Metrological analysis of cartographic sources, cadastral plans and current layout of buildings leads to conclusion that it had a band plan, closed at its main part in a rectangle with dimensions of 375–376 × 280 m. Rectangular market square, with dimensions of 102 × 77 m, was located in the centre of this system. The parish church was built on a slight elevation, at the western border of the built-up zone. Its position was marked by axis running through the centre of the market square and whole regular system. The analysis of the digital terrain model shows that the town had no fortifications – no remains of moats or ramparts were found. The only guard to the north and east remained the Bóbr River, bending there. Western edge of the town coincided with the foothills of Góra Zamkowa
From the surface prospection conducted in 1986, is known a compex of medieval and post-medieval border stones and mounds. In a paper describing them was presented an attempt to interpret them and their chronological division into several series. Next surface research in 2013–2014 greatly enriched source basis for research on boundaries of the territory of the town and the castle Wleń. Newly discovered border stones and mounds are arranged in previously unknown two bands of boundary lines. The range of marks engraved on stones increased, thus requiring a new typological and chronological division. Guided by the location of marks and mounds and the form of marks a new interpretation within seven series was proposed. An attempt to reconstruct the course of boundaries was undertaken and an analysis of their visibility was carried out.
The road network within the Weichbild was reconstructed using several methods. Essential was Distance Cost Analysis associated with the GIS instruments. The foundation of calculations was the digital terrain model. The results were correlated with cartographic sources, the oldest of which dates back to the 18th century. The reconstruction concerns the connections between the centre of the microregion – i.e. the castle and the town Wleń – and neighbouring central places: Jelenia Góra, Lwówek, Świerzawa, Lubomierz and Złotoryja, as well as local roads. At least some of the roads reconstructed for the Middle Ages had a substantial durability, confirmed by the presence on the 18th–20th-century maps.
An important element of the cultural landscape were also remains of the law execution. In the study area the execution places had the form of gallows situated outside the built-up areas. Cartographic sources allow to locate some of these structures – one of them was excavated. An analysis of the visibility of gallows from the castle, town and villages and major roads was carried out. The GIS instruments were used, realizing the transformation of forests and land development, changing in a way, the resulting image. The results present symbolic and deterrent function of gallows, enriching the knowledge about the organization of the cultural landscape.
The materials obtained in the course of the research on elements of the cultural landscape of Wleń microregion created the first in the region, interdisciplinary source base for the study on transformations of the settlement network and its background to the pre-industrial times. This paper is a summary of their analysis.