Papers by Daisuke IGARASHI
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 66 Issue 5-6, 2023
This paper focuses on the category of Egyptian provincial officials called mutadarrik who emerged... more This paper focuses on the category of Egyptian provincial officials called mutadarrik who emerged in the late 14th century, to understand the relationship between the government and rural areas, and the state of rural society in late medieval Egypt. After the mid-14th century, the iqṭāʿ land system underwent a major transformation. Amidst repeated plagues, declining agricultural production, rampant political instability, and the rise of Arab tribes in the provinces, the financial and local administrations of the Mamluk Sultanate underwent a substantial process of restructuring. This paper shows that the emergence of the mutadarrik was closely related to these changes in the administration as well as in rural society.
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Anna Kollatz (ed.), Mamluk Descendants: In Search for the awlād al-nās (Mamluk Studies vol. 29), Göttingen: Bonn University Press, 2022
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Amalia Levanoni (ed.), Egypt and Syria under Mamluk Rule: Political, Social and Cultural Aspects (Islamic History and Civilization vol. 181)、Leiden: Brill, 2022
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Stephan Conermann and Toru Miura (eds.), Studies on the History and Culture of the Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517), Göttingen: Bonn University Press, 2021
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The Encyclopaedia of Islam Three, 2020
Khāzindār, meaning ‘keeper of the treasury’, was a military office of the Mamluk sultanate of Egy... more Khāzindār, meaning ‘keeper of the treasury’, was a military office of the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt and Syria. Military men who held the title served in that capacity for the sultan, amīrs, or other notables. The office of the khāzindār al-kabīr of the sultan in Egypt was normally occupied by an amīr of the second rank, except during the reign of Sultan al-Nāṣir Muḥammad b. Qalāwūn. Under the Circassian Mamluks, aside from the original military khāzindār, powerful eunuch khāzindārs appeared on the political stage.
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Orient, Vol. 54, 2019
This paper examines the waqf (religious endowment) deed of Tatarkhān (Cairo, Wizārat al-Awqāf, no... more This paper examines the waqf (religious endowment) deed of Tatarkhān (Cairo, Wizārat al-Awqāf, no. q913), the daughter of the Mamluk amir Ṭashtamur and explains the process by which the testamentary waqf, which was a waqf established based on a waṣiyya (will and testament) was established and enlarged during a forty-eight-year period. It describes the situation of a female founder/administrator of a waqf in late fourteenth-century Egypt. In his last will and testament, made on his deathbed, Amir Ṭashtamur directed his will's executors to buy assets with one-third of his legacy to create an endowed waqf for his tomb and descendants. The executors bought assets, and then one of the executors, al-Sayfī Urūj, endowed some of them as a waqf according to the will. After all of the executors had died, Tatarkhān, the testator's daughter, became the administrator of the waqf and succeeded to the large number of waqf properties and milk properties to be dedicated to the waqf. She managed the assets as the administrator and she received great financial benefits from the waqf as its (probably sole) beneficiary. Finally, she founded a new tomb for herself and enlarged the waqf for it to respect her father's will and simultaneously consider her personal benefit after death.
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Orient, 2019
Introduction to the special Issue of the Journal ORIENT on Women and Family in Mamluk and Early-O... more Introduction to the special Issue of the Journal ORIENT on Women and Family in Mamluk and Early-Ottoman Egypt, Syria, and Hijaz
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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 2019
This study analyses the original waqf documents belonging to Qijmās al-Isḥāqī, an amir who lived ... more This study analyses the original waqf documents belonging to Qijmās al-Isḥāqī, an amir who lived in late Mamluk Egypt and Syria, from three perspectives: first, the types of assets possessed or endowed by Qijmās and the creation of these assets; second, the contexts and purposes of establishing waqfs by comparing the data obtained from the documents and the life history of Qijmās, which was reconstructed from literary sources; and third, how his personal relationships reflected the character of his waqfs. Further, this study reveals how he selectively and strategically used the waqf system for personal and/or public benefit at different stages of his life and according to the prevalent social circumstances. This case study proves that the waqf system had multi-dimensional and complex functions: in addition to realizing its universal purpose of enabling the performance of charitable deeds, the waqf system fulfilled the founder’s particularistic secular intentions and expectations.
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U. Vermeulen, K. D’hulster, and J. Van Steenbergen (eds.), Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid, and Mamluk Eras VIII: Proceedings of the 19th, 20th, 21st and 22nd International Colloquium Organized at Ghent University in May 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 , Leuven: Peeters., 2016
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Mamluk Studies Review, 2010
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Mamluk Studies Review, 2006
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Mamluk Studies Review, 2009
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Yuval Ben-Bassat (ed.), Developing Perspectives in Mamluk History: Essays in Honor of Amalia Levanoni (Islamic History and Civilization 143), Leiden: Brill, 2017
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Orient, 2008
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Orient vol.48, 2013
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Books by Daisuke IGARASHI
Berlin: EB-Verlag, 2014
The most important change in the land tenure system that occurred in Mamluk Egypt and Syria after... more The most important change in the land tenure system that occurred in Mamluk Egypt and Syria after the mid-fourteenth century was the expansion of the amount of agricultural land designated as waqf (Islamic religious endowment). This book shows how the expansion of waqf lands and the growing socio-economic influence of waqfs changed the mechanisms of Mamluk rule based on the iqṭāʻ system, a military-land system in which the rights of tax collection from arable land were allotted to the Mamluks in exchange for their military service. Through the discussion, it will become clear that, under the decline of the iqṭāʻ system, the Mamluks employed the waqf system as a vehicle for sustaining their power and rule, through which they acquired financial and social influence.
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Middle East Documentation Center, University of Chicago, 2015
The iqta' system was a military land-tenure arrangement by which military men were granted the ri... more The iqta' system was a military land-tenure arrangement by which military men were granted the rights to tax collection from plots of arable land in exchange for their military service. After its establishment in 10th-century Iraq, the iqta' system became the foundation of the military, financial, and administrative structures of the Seljuk and succeeding military dynasties. So influential was iqta' that it became the basic form of land holding in the Medieval Islamic Middle East. The system was inherited by the Mamluk Sultanate, which dominated Egypt, Syria, and the Hijaz from 1250 to 1517, and became highly centralized and institutionalized under the dynasty.
However, political disorder after the death of the Mamluk Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun in 1341, a reduction in population caused by the great plague that afflicted Egypt and Syria after 1347, and the resulting decrease in agricultural production led to the gradual decline of the iqta' system. The most important change occurred after the middle of the 14th century: an expansion of the amount of agricultural land designated as waqf (Islamic religious endowment). The transformation of land tenure arrangements led to dysfunction in the traditional governmental machinery of the Mamluk Sultanate by rendering it dependent on the iqta' system. Based on archival and literary sources, Land Tenure, Fiscal Policy, and Imperial Power in Medieval Syro-Egypt explores the wide-ranging reforms and financial and administrative reorganization that the Mamluk state underwent during the 14th–16th centuries, and how the expansion of waqf land and the growing socio-economic influence of waqf changed the mechanisms of Mamluk rule based on the iqta' system. Analysis of primary sources re-frames the current understanding of Mamluk history, and by tracing the historical development of the iqta' system, a new framework in which to understand state and society in the “post-iqta' era” is developed.
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Book Reviews by Daisuke IGARASHI
Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā: The Journal of Middle East Medievalists, Vol. 31, 2023
From ancient to modern times, Egyptian society has been supported by irrigated agriculture that t... more From ancient to modern times, Egyptian society has been supported by irrigated agriculture that took advantage of the Nile's regular flood. In recent years, Egypt has been attracting more attention as research into environmental history, focusing on the relationship between the environment and human society, gains prominence. 1 The author of this book, Wakako Kumakura, is a historian in this field who has published numerous studies in both Japanese and English on the land and irrigation systems and agricultural practices of Islamic Egypt. This book is based on her doctoral dissertation, submitted to Ochanomizu University in Tokyo, Japan, in 2011, with significant editorial revisions and updated with her subsequent publications. This book has been highly acclaimed in Japanese academic circles and received the Collegium Mediterranistarum Herend Prize 2020 and the Japan Consortium for Area Studies Award 2020. The book covers the period of institutional transformation from the fifteenth to the sixteenth century, during which the iqṭāʿ system, the basic military and land system of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt (1250-1517) declined and collapsed due to demographic changes following the Black Death epidemic of the mid-fourteenth century. During the upheaval of the iqṭāʿ system, the Circassian Mamluk regime (1382-1517), established by Sultan al-Ẓāhir Barqūq was forced to remodel the military, financial, and administrative systems of the sultanate. 2 In 1517, upon their conquest of Egypt, the Ottomans initially maintained the Mamluk system of governance but gradually consolidated it into their own system. The regime change from the Mamluks to the Ottomans has attracted much academic interest in recent years. Accordingly, this book examines, through a detailed review of historical
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Papers by Daisuke IGARASHI
Books by Daisuke IGARASHI
However, political disorder after the death of the Mamluk Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun in 1341, a reduction in population caused by the great plague that afflicted Egypt and Syria after 1347, and the resulting decrease in agricultural production led to the gradual decline of the iqta' system. The most important change occurred after the middle of the 14th century: an expansion of the amount of agricultural land designated as waqf (Islamic religious endowment). The transformation of land tenure arrangements led to dysfunction in the traditional governmental machinery of the Mamluk Sultanate by rendering it dependent on the iqta' system. Based on archival and literary sources, Land Tenure, Fiscal Policy, and Imperial Power in Medieval Syro-Egypt explores the wide-ranging reforms and financial and administrative reorganization that the Mamluk state underwent during the 14th–16th centuries, and how the expansion of waqf land and the growing socio-economic influence of waqf changed the mechanisms of Mamluk rule based on the iqta' system. Analysis of primary sources re-frames the current understanding of Mamluk history, and by tracing the historical development of the iqta' system, a new framework in which to understand state and society in the “post-iqta' era” is developed.
Book Reviews by Daisuke IGARASHI
However, political disorder after the death of the Mamluk Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun in 1341, a reduction in population caused by the great plague that afflicted Egypt and Syria after 1347, and the resulting decrease in agricultural production led to the gradual decline of the iqta' system. The most important change occurred after the middle of the 14th century: an expansion of the amount of agricultural land designated as waqf (Islamic religious endowment). The transformation of land tenure arrangements led to dysfunction in the traditional governmental machinery of the Mamluk Sultanate by rendering it dependent on the iqta' system. Based on archival and literary sources, Land Tenure, Fiscal Policy, and Imperial Power in Medieval Syro-Egypt explores the wide-ranging reforms and financial and administrative reorganization that the Mamluk state underwent during the 14th–16th centuries, and how the expansion of waqf land and the growing socio-economic influence of waqf changed the mechanisms of Mamluk rule based on the iqta' system. Analysis of primary sources re-frames the current understanding of Mamluk history, and by tracing the historical development of the iqta' system, a new framework in which to understand state and society in the “post-iqta' era” is developed.