O. Kuik

ABSTRACT A group of industrialized countries and countries with economies in transition have agreed to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases under the Kyoto Protocol. Energy- en carbon-intensive industries in these countries fear that policies to implements these reduction targets will harm their competitiveness, endanger employment and will not improve the global environment, because of carbon leakage. Various studies have analyzed competitiveness and carbon leakage. Of the many factors that potentially affect competitiveness and carbon leakage, changes in import tariffs have received little attention in the literature. Yet we know that, at least until 2005, tariffs and other trade barriers will be subject to the gradual implementation of the Uruguay Round agreements on trade liberalization. This paper presents quantitative estimates of the impacts of the implementation of the Kyoto agreements on carbon leakage with and without the full implementation of the Uruguay Round import tariff reductions. We find that the implementation of the Uruguay Round increases the rate of carbon leakage. This is caused by impacts on the world energy markets, reducing the price of energy commodities for developing countries. There is no evidence, however, that the tariff reductions increase industrial relocation. To the contrary, the Uruguay Round tariff reductions strengthen the competitive advantage of Northern CO2-intensive industries in comparison to a CO2 reduction scenario without trade liberalization.

... Figure 5-1 sketches an extremely simplified Lia van Wesenbeeck, Claudia Herok & Onno Kuik Joop de Boer, Marike Vijver, Page 2. ... 3 Lia van Wesenbeeck & Claudia Herok 3 138 PROTEIN SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION: PIGS OR PEAS? Page 11. ...

ABSTRACT This paper studies the effect of endogenous technical change and international technology spillovers on carbon leakage. It is well known that a unilateral CO2 abatement policy in one region may cause CO2 emissions to increase in non-abating regions because of the relocation of CO2-intensive firms and because of energy market effects. If, however, the CO2 mitigation policy induces energy-saving technological innovation in the home region and this innovation can freely spill-over to energy users abroad, carbon leakage may be offset by induced efficiency gains in foreign firms. In this paper we develop a simple mathematical model of carbon leakage and technological spillovers and perform numerical simulations with an adjusted CGE model to illustrate the potential importance of international technology spillovers. We show that carbon leakage can become negative at moderate levels of technology spillover.

This chapter introduces the most relevant renewable technologies from the European perspective, and provides an analysis of their risk profiles and their advantages and disadvantages in the energy mix. The regulatory frameworks for stimulating investments in renewable energy at both the EU level and in the different member states provide a heterogeneous set of incentives and add an additional source

In this paper we carry out a meta-analysis of recent studies into the costs of greenhouse gas mitigation policies that aim at the long-term stabilization of these gases in the atmosphere. We find the cost estimates of the studies to be sensitive to the level of the stabilization target, the assumed emissions baseline, intertemporal optimisation, the choice of control variable

The European 20–20–20 goals, as well as national targets for the next decade, require a substantial increase in installed renewable capacity in Germany. While public support for such measures is high on an abstract level, the situation in the local context is often very different. Here, the impact of renewable energy might cause resistance. Empirical research shows that a community ownership model can have a positive effect on local acceptance. Our study explores whether such an effect can also be demonstrated in a community co-ownership model. The question is relevant since larger projects exceed the financial possibilities of most communities, leaving them with only co-ownership as an option. The research design is based on a comparative case study, utilizing a questionnaire-based survey. The results of the survey clearly show that a significant difference in local acceptance exists between the two cases. The residents of Zschadraß, where a community co-ownership model exists, are consistently more positive towards local renewable energy and also towards renewable energy in general. The results provide evidence that the co-ownership model is a means to reconcile local acceptance with an increased use of renewable energy in Germany.

This study has been performed within the framework of the Netherlands Research Programme on Scientific Assessment and Policy Analysis for Climate Change (WAB), project 'Compatibility of technology-oriented and cap-and-trade approaches for international post-2012 climate ...

... Luke Brander1,Ingo Bräuer7,Holger Gerdes8,Andrea Ghermandi2, Onno Kuik1, Anil Markandya3, Stale ... 2 Rosenberger and Stanley (2006) provide a description of the three general sources ... differences in site and context variables to be controlled for (Rosen-berger and Phipps ...

ABSTRACT A consistent mapping of all complex ramifications (including direct and indirect effects) of various greenhouse policies in an open institutional economy requires the use of a general equilibrium framework. From the existing set of available equilibrium models we have selected the so-called GTAP-model. This paper presents the results of experiments with the extended GTAP-model, coined the GTAP-CDM. This experiment emphasises the costs of various Kyoto policy regimes, interpreted as packages of institutions and instruments serving to control for global environmental change. As specific instruments, we have chosen to analyze the impact of one of the Kyoto Protocol instruments, viz. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). As far as institutions are concerned, we discuss various policy options, since the negotiations on these instruments will provide various possibilities for the final form of climate policy regimes to become effective.