Physics

Much effort has focused on achieving micron-scale spin propagation using diffusive spin waves, but their exponential decay with distance makes efficient spin transport challenging. An alternative form of magnetization dynamics – commonly referred to as spin superfluidity [1] or exchange mediated spin transport [2,3] – may enable more efficient transport owing to its topologically-protected easy-plane precession of the magnetization and associated linear decay of spin flow.<br/>Our work addresses the open question of how defects impact this easy-plane spin transport at low drive current densities. We performed micromagnetic simulations on easy-plane precessional dynamics in synthetic antiferromagnet nanostrips with and without notch defects. The material parameters were taken from our experimentally measured, low-damping FeV alloys [4]. We view the dynamics as a train of interacting, homochiral domain walls (DWs) rather than as hydrodynamic flow [2]. We observe the transition f...

Concerns with current mRNA Lipid Nanoparticle (LNP) systems include dose-limiting reactogenicity, adverse events that may be partly due to systemic off target expression of the immunogen, and a very limited understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the frozen storage requirement. We applied a new rational design process to identify a novel multiprotic ionizable lipid, called C24, as the key component of the mRNA LNP delivery system. We show that the resulting C24 LNP has a multistage protonation behavior resulting in greater endosomal protonation and greater translation of an mRNA-encoded luciferase reporter after intramuscular (IM) administration compared to the standard reference MC3 LNP. Off-target expression in liver after IM administration was reduced 6 fold for the C24 LNP compared to MC3. Neutralizing titers in immunogenicity studies delivering a nucleoside-modified mRNA encoding for the diproline stabilized spike protein immunogen were 10 fold higher for the C24 LNP ve...

Lipid Nanoparticles (LNPs) are used to deliver siRNA and COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. The main factor known to determine their delivery efficiency is the pKa of the LNP containing an ionizable lipid. Herein, we report a method that can predict the LNP pKa from the structure of the ionizable lipid. We used theoretical, NMR, fluorescent-dye binding, and electrophoretic mobility methods to comprehensively measure protonation of both the ionizable lipid and the formulated LNP. The pKa of the ionizable lipid was 2-3 units higher than the pKa of the LNP primarily due to proton solvation energy differences between the LNP and aqueous medium. We exploited these results to explain a wide range of delivery efficiencies in vitro and in vivo for intramuscular (IM) and intravascular (IV) administration of different ionizable lipids at escalating ionizable lipid-to-mRNA ratios in the LNP. In addition, we determined that more negatively charged LNPs exhibit higher off-target systemic expression of mRNA...

Metal halide perovskites have shown the most promising results as the light-harvesting section of photovoltaics and opto-electronic devices. Among the non-toxic halide perovskites, CsGeBr3 was found to be the best candidate for opto-electronic applications; however, it is understood that the efficiency of CsGeBr3 can be further increased with the insertion of transition metals as dopants. In this article, the first-principles density functional theory calculations are used to predict the mechanical, structural, electronic, and optical properties of pristine, Ni-doped, Mn-doped, and Fe-doped CsGeBr3 with 12.5% of doping concentration. All the doped materials are found to be ferromagnetic and mechanically stable. They have finite magnetization values. The optical absorption edge in all the doped materials shows that they have additional peaks within the large emission range of solar radiation, which makes them more suitable than the pristine material for photovoltaics and opto-electro...

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The recent outbreak of a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China, underscores the need for understanding the evolutionary processes that drive the emergence and adaptation of zoonotic viruses in humans. Here, we show that recombination in betacoronaviruses, including human-infecting viruses like SARS and MERS, frequently encompasses the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) in the Spike gene. We find that this common process likely led to a recombination event at least 11 years ago in an ancestor of the 2019-nCoV involving the RBD. Compared with bat isolates, the recent ancestors of 2019-nCoV accumulated a high number of amino acid substitutions in the RBD and likewise in a region of polyprotein Orf1a that is critical for viral replication and transcription. Among these recent mutations, we identify amino acid substitutions common to the SARS 2003 outbreak isolates in positions 427N and 436Y, indicating potential adaptive convergent evolution. Both 427N and 436Y belong to a helix that appears to interact with the human ACE2 receptor. In sum, we propose a two-hit scenario in the emergence of the 2019-nCoV virus whereby the 2019-nCoV ancestors in bats first acquired genetic characteristics of SARS by incorporation of a SARS-like RBD through recombination before 2009, and subsequently, those recombinants underwent convergent evolution.