Maciej Babel

The Badenian salinity crisis in the Miocene Central Paratethys Ocean took place about 13.6 Ma BP in the earliest part of the Neogene Nannoplankton Zone 6 (NN 6: Discoaster exilis Zone), that is in the earliest Serravallian according to the standard stratigraphic scheme. The marine basin occupying the area of the Carpathian Foredeep was transformed into an evaporite basin, in which gypsum, anhydrite and rock salt deposits were formed. Badenian gypsum deposits are best exposed in the Ponidzie region, in which the largest exposure of such rocks in Poland occurs to the east of the River Nida. The evaporite deposits of this area are known as the Nida Gypsum deposits, and also as the Krzyżanowice Formation. The gypsum succession is relatively simply developed. The same thin beds of the deposit occur in the same vertical succession from Ponidzie to near the town of Horodenka in Ukraine, and in the Czech Republic. The gypsum beds can be grouped into facies, and recognition of their succession provides insight into the sedimentation in the northern part of the evaporitic basin that occupied the area of southern Poland. A representative succession of the gypsum deposits can be found in Borków Quarry. A similar sequence is accessible in Leszcze Quarry near the village of Gacki, and fragments of the succession can be observed in numerous isolated exposures scattered over the entire Ponidzie region. The most complete succession of gypsum deposits can be found in Borków Quarry (about 37 m thick). The sequence of the Nida Gypsum deposits is in two parts. The lower part, 15−20 m thick, is represented by selenite gypsum composed of large crystals which grew on the basin bottom. The upper part of the succession is generally formed of fine- and microcrystalline gypsum. Key words: gypsum deposits, gypsum crystals and twins, selenite, Badenian, Badenian salinity crisis, evaporites, gypsum stromatolites, pseudomorphs after halite, alabaster

The geological cross-section in the Kamionka River valley between the village of Gromadzice and the town of Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski provides a full overview of the Lower Jurassic of the north-eastern Mesozoic margin of the Holy Cross Mountains. This cross-section was used to compile a local stratigraphic scheme for this part of the Jurassic System, traditionally referred to as the Liassic. Key words: Mesophytic Jurassic flora, fluvial and deltaic sedimentation, Jurassic coal, joint fractures, glacial till, loess

The exposure in the ‘Gagaty Sołtykowskie’ [Sołtyków Jets] geological reserve in the village of Sołtyków, near the large village of Odrowąż, is one of the main geological attractions in the Holy Cross Mountains. The easiest access is to take the dirt path from the Skarżysko Kamienna-Końskie road. The walk to the abandoned clay pit (51°08’45.63”N 20°39’44.62”E) from the parking lot in the forest near the road takes about 15 minutes. Lower Jurassic strata, rich in numerous, well-preserved, dinosaur tracks and remains of Jurassic plants and insects are exposed in the pit. Species of flora such as Hirmeriella muensteri and Phlebopteris angustiloba, the miospores Aratrisporites minimus and the megaspores Nathorstisporites hopliticus point to an interval encompassing the Hettangian to the Early Synemurian, whereas regional correlation suggests an Early Hettangian age for the strata. The latter age is confirmed by the finding of the conchostracan Bulbilimnadia kilianorum. The pit exposes continental fluvial-lacustrine sediments from the lower part of the Zagaje Formation. The base of the formation is erosional; it overlies the Upper Triassic continental facies. Key words: dinosaur tracks, Jurassic fauna and flora, fluvial sedimentation, paleosols, jet

Gypsum tumuli are small dome-like forms of relief, with a diameter from a few decimeters to several meters and a height of over 1 m, formed by the detachment of the surface layer of weathered gypsum rocks in a semi-arid climate or microclimate. Most likely, they are formed as a result of cyclic wetting and drying of the rock, during which, in the pore spaces, gypsum dissolves and crystallizes exerting pressure on the pore walls (due to the pressure of crystallization) – as<br>a result, causing an increase in volume and detachment of the surface layer of the rock. These forms were first described from the vicinity of Sorbas in Spain, where they are extremely numerous.<br>The subject of this study is to analyze the morphological diversity of gypsum tumuli from this region based on field observations, photographic documentation and measurements of 273 forms identified within four localities on the gypsum plateau by the Aguas River. The characteristics of the sites with the ...

Gypsum tumuli are small dome-like forms of relief, with a diameter from a few decimeters to several meters and a height of over 1 m, formed by the detachment of the surface layer of weathered gypsum rocks in a semi-arid climate or microclimate. Most likely, they are formed as a result of cyclic wetting and drying of the rock, during which, in the pore spaces, gypsum dissolves and crystallizes exerting pressure on the pore walls (due to the pressure of crystallization) – as<br>a result, causing an increase in volume and detachment of the surface layer of the rock. These forms were first described from the vicinity of Sorbas in Spain, where they are extremely numerous.<br>The subject of this study is to analyze the morphological diversity of gypsum tumuli from this region based on field observations, photographic documentation and measurements of 273 forms identified within four localities on the gypsum plateau by the Aguas River. The characteristics of the sites with the ...

In the Pisky quarry near Lviv (west Ukraine) 99 separate dome-like morphological landforms have been documented, originated as a result of volume increase of the weathering anhydrite rock, induced by its hydration. In the interiors of the domes, from 0.58 m to 18.1 m in size (elongation), empty chambers or caves (hydration caves) occur. The documentation is presented as an illustrated catalogue of the hydration landforms, containing the most important information about their morphological development, sizes, maturity, pattern of fractures, cover of rubble, vegetation cover, etc. All the landforms were depicted on the photographs and located on the orthophotomap.

In order to recognize the influence of thermal and microclimatic conditions on the formation of domes and caves originating by hydration of anhydrite rocks exposed at<br>the bottom of the gypsum quarry in Pisky near Lviv, the<br>temperatures in the quarry excavation and its surroundings<br>were recorded. In 15 selected points: on hydration domes<br>and in caves inside the domes, in their vicinity, at the bottom<br>of the quarry and on the slopes surrounding the excavation,<br>24-hour synchronous measurements of atmospheric air temperature were carried out using automatic electronic<br>recorders. At the same time, temperature measurements of<br>gypsum-anhydrite rocks and water in caves and rock crevices<br>were carried out. The research, conducted in the period of stable hot weather, lasted 10 days from 1th to 10th of August, 2014. Large variations of temperature in space<br>and time have been documented. The lowest measured...

Thepaper briefly discusses the previously known methods forthe recognition and quantitative determination of gypsum,anhydrite and, in part, accompanying bassanite in rocks.A new method for quick estimation of the quantitativecomposition of gypsum-anhydrite rocks has been pro-posed, based on a significant difference in density betweenboth minerals occurring in these rocks. The theoretical as-sumptions of this method and the way of determining thecomposition of the sample based on the measurement of itsvolume and mass were presented. The new method can beeasily used both in the laboratory and in the field.

An analysis of the distribution and content of the secondary gypsum, derived from hydration of anhydrite, within the selected hydration dome developing in the weathering zone of anhydrite rocks exposed in the gypsum quarry at Pisky near Lviv (Ukraine) was carried out. It has been shown, among others, that the maximum amounts of gypsum occur at the ground surface at the foot of the dome. Ithas been proposed that rainwater flowing down the dome and accumulating at its foot intensifies the hydration of anhydrite in this zone. Gypsum crystallization and the expansion of the rock material in the immediate vicinity of the dome (which accompany the transition of anhydrite into gypsum when the water comes from the outside) cause a centripetal pressure towards the center of the structure, which is responsible for the bending and lifting of the detached rock layer upwards and for the growth of the dome.

In the Badenian gypsum quarry at Pisky near Lviv,there is an outcrop of anhydrite rock, which due to contactwith meteoric waters undergoes intensive weathering and,when hydrated, turns into gypsum. As a result of the expan-sive crystallization of the secondary gypsum, the volumeof the rocks increases and on the surface of the weather-ing zone, domal relief forms with empty internal chambersand unique hydration caves develop. This paper presentsa reconstruction of the transformation processes that theweathering anhydrite-gypsum rocks have undergone in thepast, and are currently undergoing. Based on field obser-vations and petrographic analysis performed with the useof macro- and microscopic methods (optical and scanning,using images of backscattered electrons), it was found thatthe investigated rocks underwent drastic structural andmineral transformations twice. The primary rocks (proto-lith) were giant-crystalline selenite deposits called "szkli-ca" gypsum (formed at the b...

Describes glassy gypsum, built of giant, up to 3.5 m high, juxtaposed skeletal crystals. The sedimentary structures in the glassy-gypsum layer, especially abraded and corroded gypsum crystals, load structures of the crystals growing on the muddy bottom, indicate all the synsedimentary growth of the giant crystals in the glassy gypsum. -from Author

A new locality of the smooth snake Coronella austriaca Laurenti, 1768, has been recorded in the insolated gypsum escarpment at Shyshkivtsi on Nichlava river, a left tributary of Dnister. The snake, recorded twice in the same place, apparently inhabits the peculiar weathering form of the gypsum rocks, forming of the southern dry slopes, known as the gypsum tumulus (a domal structure with empty interior).

The hydrography and brine flow patterns in the Middle Miocene (Badenian) evaporite basin of the northern Carpathian Foredeep (in Ukraine, Poland and the Czech Republic) are reconstructed based on studies of the peculiar, conformably oriented, bottom-grown gypsum crystals present in the selenite deposits along the basin margin. The crystal apices are turned in a similar horizontal direction that is interpreted as the product of consistent flow of the bottom brines during crystal formation. Similarly the regular millimetre-scale growth zoning in these crystals presumably reflects the annual stratification-mixing pattern in the brine column typical of monomictic basins. In the central, deeper parts of the basin deposition was dominated by Na-chloride, and the selenitic facies are lacking. These central areas are interpreted as being meromictic during the oriented selenite deposition. The permanent pycnocline separated a mixolimnion, at the surface, from an anoxic (euxinic) monimolimnio...

Active anhydrite hydration during weathering leading to crystallisation of secondary gypsum and significant volume expansion was investigated and documented by the authors at three sites: the environs of Walkenried (Germany), Dingwall (Canada), and Pisky (Ukraine). As a result of these processes, peculiar landscape forms were created: hydration domes and ridges with empty internal chambers, some of them large enough to be called hydration caves (German: Quellungshöhlen). Currently, there are only four recognised sites on Earth featuring such a unique landscape and with a large group of hydration caves in one place (the fourth site is in the Alebastrovyye Islands, Russia). These sites constitute a particularly valuable geological and geomorphological heritage, including potential geosites and geomorphosites which require special protection. Actively growing hydration domes and caves change shape and size within a short time span, on the scale of months, years, or decades. Their study...

In the middle Miocene (Badenian), within sulfate evaporites formed in the northern Carpathian Foredeep basin of Poland, Ukraine, and the Czech Republic, the apices of the primary, bottom-grown gypsum crystals (selenites) are similarly aligned over broad areas ...

In the Pisky quarry near Lviv (west Ukraine) 99 separate dome-like morphological landforms have been documented, originated as a result of volume increase of the weathering anhydrite rock, induced by its hydration. In the interiors of the domes, from 0.58 m to 18.1 m in size (elongation), empty chambers or caves (hydration caves) occur. The documentation is presented as an illustrated catalogue of the hydration landforms, containing the most important information about their morphological development, sizes, maturity, pattern of fractures, cover of rubble, vegetation cover, etc. All the landforms were depicted on the photographs and located on the orthophotomap.
У кар’єрі Піскі поблизу Львова (західна Україна) задокументовано 99 окремих куполоподібних морфологічних форм, що утворилися внаслідок збільшення об’єму вивітрюваної ангідритової породи внаслідок її гідратації. Bсередині обстежених куполів розмірами (подовженням) від 0,58 м до 18,1 м знаходяться порожні камери або печери (гідратаційні печери). Документація представлена у вигляді ілюстрованого каталогу рельєфних гідратаційних форм, що містить найважливішу інформацію про їх морфологічний розвиток, розміри, зрілість, систему тріщин, ступінь покриття щебенем та рослинністю тощо. Усі форми рельєфу задокументовано на фотографіях та нанесено на ортофотокарту.

The paper briefly discusses the previously known methods for the recognition and quantitative determination of gypsum, anhydrite and, in part, accompanying bassanite in rocks. A new method for quick estimation of the quantitative composition of gypsum-anhydrite rocks has been proposed, based on a significant difference in density between both minerals occurring in these rocks. The theoretical assumptions of this method and the way of determining the composition of the sample based on the measurement of its volume and mass were presented. The new method can be easily used both in the laboratory and in the field.
W pracy omówiono krótko dotychczas znane metody służące do rozpoznawania i ilościowego oznaczania zawartości gipsu, anhydrytu oraz, częściowo, towarzyszącego im bassanitu w skałach. Zaproponowano nową metodę szybkiego szacowania składu ilościowego skał gipsowo-anhydrytowych opartą o znaczną różnicę gęstości pomiędzy obydwoma minerałami występującymi w tych skałach. Przedstawiono założenia teoretyczne tej metody oraz sposób wyznaczenia składu próbki na podstawie pomiaru jej objętości i masy. Metodę można łatwo stosować zarówno w laboratorium jak i w terenie.

An analysis of the distribution and content of the secondary gypsum, derived from hydration of anhydrite, within the selected hydration dome developing in the weathering zone of anhydrite rocks exposed in the gypsum quarry at Pisky near Lviv (Ukraine) was carried out. It has been shown, among others, that the maximum amounts of gypsum occur at the ground surface at the foot of the dome. It has been proposed that rainwater flowing down the dome and accumulating at its foot intensifies the hydration of anhydrite in this zone. Gypsum crystallization and the expansion of the rock material in the immediate vicinity of the dome (which accompany the transition of anhydrite into gypsum when the water comes from the outside) cause a centripetal pressure towards the center of the structure, which is responsible for the bending and lifting of the detached rock layer upwards and for the growth of the dome.
Проведено аналіз розподілу та вмісту вторинного гіпсу, що утворюється внаслідок гідратації ангідриту, в межах конкретного гідратаційного купола, який розвивається в зоні вивітрювання ангідритових порід, виявлених у гіпсовому кар’єрі в Пісках поблизу Львова. Серед іншого було показано, що максимальний вміст гіпсу спостерігається на земній поверхні на краю форми. Вважаємо, що дощова вода, яка стікає з купола і накопичується біля його підніжжя, сприяє гідратації ангідриту в цій зоні. Кристалізація гіпсу та збільшення об’єму гірської породи в безпосередній близькості від форми (які супроводжують перехід ангідриту в гіпс, коли вода надходить ззовні) спричиняє тиск до центру структури, що відповідає за згинання та підняття відшарованої частини гірських порід вгору та за зростання купола.

In the Badenian gypsum quarry at Pisky near Lviv, there is an outcrop of anhydrite rock, which due to contact with meteoric waters undergoes intensive weathering and, when hydrated, turns into gypsum. As a result of the expansive crystallization of the secondary gypsum, the volume of the rocks increases and on the surface of the weathering zone, domal relief forms with empty internal chambers and unique hydration caves develop. This paper presents a reconstruction of the transformation processes that the weathering anhydrite-gypsum rocks have undergone in the past, and are currently undergoing. Based on field observations and petrographic analysis performed with the use of macro- and microscopic methods (optical and scanning, using images of backscattered electrons), it was found that the investigated rocks underwent drastic structural and mineral transformations twice. The primary rocks (protolith) were giant-crystalline selenite deposits called “szklica” gypsum (formed at the bottom of the Badenian evaporite basin in the Carpathian Foredeep), which under nearly synsedimentary or shallow burial conditions underwent an early diagenetic transformation into anhydrite as a result of dehydration, most probably due to inflow of higly saline brine. Since exhumation and exposure in the quarry, the anhydrite rocks have undergone hydration (gypsification), as a result of contact with non-mineralized surface waters, and have transformed into secondary gypsum. Anhydritization of the “szklica” gypsum followed by gypsification of anhydrite completely obliterated the structure of the original sediment. Various textures and structures of anhydrite and anhydrite-gypsum rocks described in this study reflect the course of diagenetic and weathering processes, not the primary sedimentary environment of the protolith of these rocks. Петрогенез зони сучасного вивітрювання ангідриту у Пісках поблизу Львова. У баденському гіпсовому кар’єрі у Пісках, що поблизу Львова, є відслонення ангідритових порід, які в результаті контакту з метеорними водами зазнають інтенсивного вивітрювання і внаслідок зволоженні перетворюються в гіпс. В результаті експансивної кристалізації вторинного гіпсу об’єм гірських порід збільшується, і на поверхні зони вивітрювання утворюються куполоподібні форми рельєфу з порожніми внутрішніми камерами та унікальними гідратаційними печерами. У цій роботі представлена реконструкція процесів трансформації ангідритово-гіпсової породи, яка в різний час зазнавала перетворень внаслідок вивітрювання. На основі польових спостережень та петрографічного аналізу, проведеного з використанням макро- та мікроскопічних методів (оптичного та скануючого, із використанням зображень зворотньорозсіяних електронів), було встановлено, що досліджені породи двічі зазнавали різких структурних та мінеральних перетворень. Первинними гірськими породами (протолітом) були гігантсько-кристалічні відклади селеніту, що називаються “шкліця” (утворений на дні баденського евапоритового басейну у Передкарпатському прогині), які в умовах майже синседиментаційних або неглибоких поховань зазнали раннього діагенетичного перетворення в ангідрит внаслідок зневоднення, найімовірніше завдяки надходженню концентрованого сольового розсолу. З моменту ексгумації та експозиції в кар’єрі ангідритові породи піддаються гідратації (гіпсифікації) в результаті контакту з немінералізованими поверхневими водами і перетворюються на вторинний гіпс. Ангідритизація “шкліця” гіпсу, а потім гіпсифікація ангідритів повністю знищила початкову структуру осаду. Різні текстури та структури ангідритових та ангідритово-гіпсових порід, описані в цьому дослідженні, відображають перебіг діагенетичних процесів та процесів вивітрювання, а не первинне середовище протоліту цих порід.

Karst hazard assessment of the gypsum quarry area of the Pisky village near Shchyrets (Ukraine). Sulphate karst is actively developing in the Badenian (Middle Miocene) gypsum-anhydrite strata in the neighbourhood of Pisky village near Shchyrets’ (Lviv region, Ukraine). It is represented by various forms of surface karst (solution sinkholes, collapse sinkholes, karst lakes, etc.). Main features of the geological structure of the studied region as well as the aquifers related to the Neogene Opillia, the Tyras, and the Kosiv formations (suites) and to the Quaternary deposits are characterized. It has been justified that groundwater plays a leading role in the development of suffosion-karst processes, in particular by activating in tectonic fault zones Surface karst forms are distributed practically on all relief elements: watersheds, slopes of various steepness, and in river valleys. Depending on the density of karst forms per unit area, areas with a low degree of karst interaction (containing up to 10 forms per 1 km2) and areas with severe karst influence (over 30 forms per 1 km2) were distinguished. One of the sites with a large number of karst forms was found in the area of gypsum quarries, the other – almost at the center of Pisky village. According to the requirements of the Ukrainian state building norms, the site in the area of gypsum quarry was attributed to the second category, and in Pisky village – to the first (most dangerous) category of stability related to the formation of karst collapse sinkholes and category B according to their average diameter. The current situation requires the organization of monitoring of hydrochemical and hydrodynamic regimes of the groundwater and the development of forecast regarding the prediction of new collapse sinkholes formation.
У гіпсово-ангідритовому масиві в околицях с. Піски поблизу Щирця (Львівська обл., Україна) активно розвивається сульфатний карст, представлений різноманітними за морфологією поверхневими карстовими формами (карстові лійки вилуговування і провальні, карстові озера та ін.). Схарактеризовано основні риси геологічної будови району, а також водоносні горизонти, пов’язані з опільською, тираською, косівською світами неогену та четвертинними відкладами. Обґрунтовано провідну роль підземних вод у розвитку карстово-суфозійних процесів, зокрема їхню активізацію у зонах тектонічних порушень. Поверхневі карстові форми поширені практично на усіх елементах рельєфу: вододілах, схилах різної крутості та у долинах річок. За щільністю карстових форм на одиницю площі виділяються ділянки незначного ступеня враженості (до 10 форм на 1 км2) та сильновражені (понад 30 форм на 1 км2). Одна з ділянок з великою кількістю карстових форм виявлена в районі розміщення гіпсових кар’єрів, інша – майже у центрі с. Піски. Територію в районі гіпсового кар’єру згідно з вимогами державних будівельних норм віднесено до другої, а в районі с. Піски – до першої (найнебезпечнішої) категорії стійкості з огляду на утворення карстових провалів і категорії Б за їхнім середнім діаметром. Ситуація, що склалася, потребує організації моніторингу гідрохімічного та гідродинамічного режимів підземних вод та розробки прогнозних оцінок щодо передбачення виникнення нових карстових провалів.

The article deals with the very special phenomenon of formation of the hydration or swelling caves (Quellungshöhlen in German), known also as the bubble or dwarf caves (Zwergenhöhlen in German), observed today in the weathering zone of the Lower Carboniferous anhydrites of the Windsor Group in the Canadian Maritimes. The caves form due to volume increase during transition of anhydrite into secondary gypsum, i.e. hydration of anhydrite. Hundreds of such hydration caves have developed – and collapsed – in the abandoned gypsum quarry of Dingwall, a fishing village at the north eastern tip of the Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. The largest one is ca. 10.7 × 6.6 ×1.1 m in size (as documented in 2008). The speed of lateral growth of the hydrating anhydrite layers, which are now the floors of the quarry abandoned in 1956, has been systematically measured and estimated at ca. 2 cm/year, similar to the values recorded in Europe, in the similar caves from the Harz Mts. region in Germany. It seems that the salty sea spray of the nearby Atlantic Ocean accelerates the hydration of anhydrite.

Morphological diversity and form evolution of the gypsum tumuli from Sorbas region in Spain. Gypsum tumuli are small dome-like forms of relief, with a diameter from a few decimeters to several meters and a height of over 1 m, formed by the detachment of the surface layer of weathered gypsum rocks in a semi-arid climate or microclimate. Most likely, they are formed as a result of cyclic wetting and drying of the rock, during which, in the pore spaces, gypsum dissolves and crystallizes exerting pressure on the pore walls (due to the pressure of crystallization) – as a result, causing an increase in volume and detachment of the surface layer of the rock. These forms were first described from the vicinity of Sorbas in Spain, where they are extremely numerous. The subject of this study is to analyze the morphological diversity of gypsum tumuli from this region based on field observations, photographic documentation and measurements of 273 forms identified within four localities on the gypsum plateau by the Aguas River. The characteristics of the sites with the studied tumuli and the morphological characteristics of the tumuli with particular attention to atypical forms (not similar to single domes) and to tumuli formed at various stages of weathering and destruction are presented. A number of morphological types and groups of tumuli have been distinguished, characterized by specific sizes, shape in plan, symmetry, mode of revealing the inner chamber, number, place, and shape and size of openings leading to the internal chamber. The introduced new terms defining the distinct morphological tumuli types and their features are presented in the form of a dictionary, and the distribution of the described types is shown on site maps. Based on the characteristic shape, such groups and morphological types have been distinguished (among others) as: closed (unperforated) and open (perforated) tumuli, and among the latter – crater-like (narrow- and wide-crater) tumuli, half-moon tumuli, and sickle-like tumuli. Statistical analysis showed a relationship between the frequency of certain types of tumuli and the degree of their destruction (exposure of the inner chamber). As tumuli are destroyed, certain morphological types appear and others disappear on a regular basis. A model reconstruction of the morphological evolution of tumuli is presented, paying attention to the fact that it depends on the place where the inner chamber is first exposed. The appearance of a hole at the top of the form leads to the development of a narrow-crater and then a wide-crater tumuli. The side inlet opening leads to the formation of half-moon and then sickle-like types of tumuli.
Tumulusy gipsowe to niewielkie kopułowate formy rzeźby, o średnicy od kilku decymetrów do kilkunastu metrów i wysokości przekraczającej 1 m, utworzone przez odspojenie powierzchniowej warstwy wietrzejących skał gipsowych w warunkach klimatu lub mikroklimatu półsuchego. Najprawdopodobniej tworzą się one wskutek cyklicznego namakania i wysychania skały, w obrębie której, w przestrzeniach porowych, rozpuszcza się i krystalizuje gips wywierając nacisk na ściany porów (wskutek ciśnienia krystalizacji) – w efekcie powodując przyrost objętości i odspojenie powierzchniowej warstwy skały. Formy te po raz pierwszy opisano z okolic Sorbas w Hiszpanii, gdzie występują one wyjątkowo licznie. Przedmiotem pracy jest analiza zróżnicowania morfologicznego tumulusów gipsowych z tego rejonu w oparciu o obserwacje terenowe, dokumentację fotograficzną i pomiary 273 form rozpoznanych w obrębie czterech pól na gipsowym płaskowyżu nad rzeką Aguas. Przedstawiono charakterystykę stanowisk z badanymi tumulusami oraz charakterystykę morfologiczną tumulusów ze zwróceniem szczególnej uwagi na formy nietypowe (niepodobne do pojedynczych kopuł) oraz tworzące się na różnych etapach wietrzenia i destrukcji. Wyróżniono szereg typów morfologicznych oraz grup tumulusów cechujących się określonymi rozmiarami, kształtem w planie, symetrią, sposobem odsłonięcia wewnętrznej komory, ilością, miejscem, kształtem oraz wielkością otworów prowadzących do otwartej komory. Wprowadzone, nowe terminy określające wyróżnione typy morfologiczne tumulusów i ich cechy przedstawiano w postaci słownika, zaś rozmieszczenie opisanych typów pokazano na mapach stanowisk. Na podstawie charakterystycznego kształtu wyróżniono i zdefiniowano m.in. takie grupy i typy morfologiczne, jak: tumulusy zamknięte (nieperforowane) i otwarte (perforowane), a wśród tych ostatnich – tumulusy kraterowe (wąsko- i szerokokraterowe), półksiężycowe i sierpowate. Analiza statystyczna wykazała związek między częstością występowania określonych typów tumulusów a stopniem ich destrukcji (odsłonięcia komory wewnętrznej). W miarę niszczenia tumulusów w sposób regularny pojawiają się i zanikają pewne typy morfologiczne. Przedstawiono modelową rekonstrukcję ewolucji morfologicznej tumulusów zwracając uwagę na to, że zależy ona od miejsca pierwszego odsłonięcia wewnętrznej komory. Pojawienie się otworu na wierzchołku formy prowadzi do rozwoju tymulusów wąsko- a potem szerokokraterowych. Boczny otwór wlotowy wiedzie do powstania typów półksiężycowych a następnie sierpowatych.

... 484 Maciej Bąbel, Danuta Olszewska-Nejbert and Krzysztof Nejbert ... OSMÓLSKI T., KRYSIAK Z. and WILCZYŃSKI MS (1978) – New data on the Kurdwanów–Zawichost zone and the tec ton ics of the area be - tween Busko and Nida and Vistula rivers (in Pol ish with Eng lish ...

ABSTRACT The Nida Gypsum deposits are the best exposed in Poland part of the Middle Miocene (Badenian) evaporites of the Carpathian foreland basin. These deposits record various shallow water « 5 m) evaporative environments. The facies sequence in the lower part of evaporites reflects shallowing (up to emersion) and than deepening accompanied with salinity rise up to halite precipitation. The salinity rise was arrested by refreshment promoting subaqueous dissolution of sodium chloride. This event was followed by the second large salinity rise and then final dilution of brine which finished evaporative sedimentation. The described two saline cyclothems are recognizable over large area of Carpathian foreland basin.

Seven facies (five primary and two diagenetic) and 12 subfacies are distinguished within the Nida Gypsum deposits which are a part of the widespread Middle Miocene (Badenian) evaporites of the Carpathian Foredeep cropping out in vicinity of Busko in southern Poland. Facies are defined as products of specific mechanisms of evaporitic deposition: syntaxial bottom growth of gypsum crystals, microbial gypsum deposition (mainly gypsification of organic mats), mechanical deposition and diagenetic and weathering processes. Primary facies and subfacies, and their uncommon sedimentary structures (such as: up to 3.5 m high bottom-grown gypsum crystals, several metres high selenitic domes, gypsum stromatolite domes, halite-solution collapse breccias) record a varied shallow water (0-5 m) evaporitic environment, controlled mainly by depth, salinity and climate.

Conference title - Vyrocny predvianocny seminar Slovenskej geologickej spolocnosti--Annual seminar of the Slovak Geological Society, Copyright - GeoRef in Process, Copyright 2013, American Geosciences Institute. After editing and indexing, this record will be added to Georef., Language of summary - English, Pages - 515, ProQuest ID - 885340075, SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - absolute age; Ar/Ar; Babczyn Poland; Badenian; biotite; boreholes; Carpathian Foredeep; Carpathians; Cenozoic; Central Europe; chemically precipitated rocks; cores; dates; Europe; evaporation; evaporites; igneous rocks; Lubaczow Poland; mica group; middle Miocene; Miocene; Neogene; Paleogene; Poland; Polish Carpathians; pyroclastics; salt; Sarmatian; sea-level changes; sedimentary rocks; sheet silicates; silicates; stratigraphy; Tertiary; transgression; tuff; Tyras Formation; upper Miocene; volcanic rocks, Last updated - 2012-12-13, CODEN - MSLOBI, Corporate institution author - Nejbert, K; Sliwinski, M G; Layer,...

... 1'; 9 1%": '/F Ii: ,' ' 1 'I 1' 11 '\{||I' wrr m . OI E ='-2-. O KR': U] \.r_\\ g 1;. -1-! -_''_''_'r-'' L: IT\'.r'F I' 'HI?' \1;;;:I ' 4» <E (D E O 0'! O .C I': Fig, 2. Lilh-u-logy, straligraphy and facies of the lower part of Nida Gyp$um deposits (see Fig. IB for section localitius) I-3 — giant gypsum inlcrgrowlhs: l ...

... 10. Synsedimentary dissolution surfaces in coarse-crystalline selenites. (a) The giant gypsum intergrowths, unit A; Marzęcin, Nida river valley, Poland; the protractor (circled) is 10 cm long; (b) the sabre gypsum facies, unit SV, Nahoriany, locality 19 in Figure 17b, Ukraine; the ...

... 2) corresponds with the uppermost stratigraphic divisions within the Central Paratethys. ... Mg 2+ and SO 4 2− ions were almost analogous to the ratios in the Badenian seawater, which ... 8) as well, might be due to the chemical evolution of the Phanerozoic ocean (Kovalevich et al. ...

A new locality of the smooth snake Coronella austriaca Laurenti, 1768, has been recorded in the insolated gypsum escarpment at Shyshkivtsi on Nichlava river, a left tributary of Dnister. The snake, recorded twice in the same place, apparently inhabits the peculiar weathering form of the gypsum rocks, forming of the southern dry slopes, known as the gypsum tumulus (a domal structure with empty interior).