The article is devoted to the analysis of the nature of consideration which may be due when a pro... more The article is devoted to the analysis of the nature of consideration which may be due when a property owner (or, in the case of the so-called “transmission easement”, an entrepreneur) may demand the establishment of a special type of easement, i.e., the so-called “compulsory easement”. The establishment of a compulsory easement may be claimed in court and is always associated with the obligation to grant an equivalent thereof in the form of an appropriate consideration. It may take the form of a one-off benefit, although it need not have to be expressed in money. The consideration is not a form of compensation for damage, but in fact it is a kind of price paid in exchange for the acquisition of a limited right in rem. Due to the nature and duration of the encumbrance, a judicial award of a periodic compensation would have been more reasonable, but it is de lege lata inadmissible. In this regard, it would be advisable to make appropriate modifications to the Civil Code, including th...
Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie charakteru wynagrodzenia, które może być przyznane w sytuacji, g... more Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie charakteru wynagrodzenia, które może być przyznane w sytuacji, gdy właściciel nieruchomości (względnie w przypadku służebności przesyłu przedsiębiorca) może żądać ustanowienia szczególnego rodzaju służebności. Chodzi o tzw. służebności przymusowe, tj. takie, których ustanowienia można dochodzić na drodze sądowej. Ich ustanowienie wiąże się każdorazowo z obowiązkiem przyznania ekwiwalentu w postaci odpowiedniego (stosownego) wynagrodzenia. Odpłata taka może mieć postać świadczenia jednorazowego, choć nie musi być wyrażone w pieniądzu. Wynagrodzenie nie jest postacią odszkodowania, lecz w istocie rodzajem ceny uiszczonej w zamian za nabycie ograniczonego prawa rzeczowego. Zasądzenie kompensaty okresowej z uwagi na charakter i długotrwałość obciążenia byłoby bardziej zasadne, jednak jest w obecnym stanie prawnym niedopuszczalne. W tym zakresie celowe jest dokonanie odpowiednich zmian w Kodeksie cywilnym, w tym przywrócenie instytucji ciężarów realnych.
Celem artykułu jest prezentacja zasadniczych cech charakterystycznych rzeczy w polskim prawie cyw... more Celem artykułu jest prezentacja zasadniczych cech charakterystycznych rzeczy w polskim prawie cywilnym, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem nieruchomości. Zgodnie z Kodeksem cywilnym te ostatnie stanowią grunty, a także budynki lub części budynków. Rzecz, w tym nieruchomość, jest pojęciem normatywnym, w prawie polskim ograniczonym do samoistnych, wyodrębnionych z otoczenia przedmiotów materialnych. Wątpliwości może budzić materialny charakter gruntu z uwagi na fakt, że stanowi go "część powierzchni ziemi" (art. 46 § 1 k.c.). Tak rozumiany grunt niejako "materializują" dopiero przedmioty znajdujące się na powierzchni lub pod nią. Jednak zakres aktów w ramach wykonywania własności determinują ramy dopuszczalnego korzystania z przestrzeni, tj. społeczno-gospodarcze przeznaczenie gruntu (art. 143 k.c.). Z kolei budynek lub jego część mogą stanowić odrębną od gruntu nieruchomość w przypadkach wskazanych w przepisach szczególnych. Te zaś nakazują wyróżnić nie tylko budynki i lokale, lecz również części budynków będące tzw. niewyodrębnionymi lokalami albo związaną ze współużytkowaniem wieczystym gruntu nieruchomość wspólną w budynku, w którym zostały wyodrębnione lokale mieszkalne.
The aim of the article is to present the main characteristics of things in the Polish civil law, ... more The aim of the article is to present the main characteristics of things in the Polish civil law, with a particular emphasis on real property. According to the Polish Civil Code, real property includes land, buildings or parts of buildings. A thing, including a real property, is a normative concept, limited under the Polish law to self-contained material objects. The material nature of the land may raise doubts due to the fact that it is a “part of the earth's surface” (Article 46 § 1 of the Civil Code). The land thus understood is only “materialized” by objects located on or below the surface. However, the scope of acts related to the exercise of the ownership title is determined by the framework of the permissible use of space, i.e., the socio-economic purpose of land (Article 143 of the Civil Code). Then again, a building or its part may constitute a real property separate from the land in the cases specified in special regulations. These regulations distinguish not only betwe...
The article presents the current state of affairs and the proposed changes to the land and mortga... more The article presents the current state of affairs and the proposed changes to the land and mortgage register law in the context of the potential entrusting the competence to make entries in the land and mortgage registers not only to courts of law, but also to notaries, within the limit of the legal transactions performed before a notary. In the light of the jurisprudence of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal, the dominant position is that the keeping of land and mortgage registers and making entries thereto, although remaining within the powers of land and mortgage registration courts, does not constitute a constitutional category of “administering justice”. Therefore, the act of disclosure of rights in rem in a real property register need not be restricted to courts only. Those powers may also be exercised by other authorities, including notaries who are a special profession of public trust.
The aim of the article is a proposal to supplement the provisions of the Civil Code regulating th... more The aim of the article is a proposal to supplement the provisions of the Civil Code regulating the instruments of both peculiar and non-peculiar protection of personal sphere (human personality). It is about removing the effects of breach (Art. 24 of the Civil Code) and the institution of compensation for non-pecuniary damage (Art. 448 of the Civil Code). The current general approach of the Code does not indicate the criteria that each time should be followed by the court granting appropriate protection. In practice, this often leads to doubts as to whether the adjudicated protection measure remains adequate on the one hand, and whether it does not constitute an excessive burden (primarily financial) for one, who is responsible on the other hand. The practice also provides numerous examples that sometimes the pursuit of claims for infringement of personal rights is more of a harassment for the defendant than a source of compensation for the aggrieved party. An important example of s...
<jats:p>The article constitutes the second part of a review of judicature of the Supreme Co... more <jats:p>The article constitutes the second part of a review of judicature of the Supreme Court in 2020. It presents fundamental theses and motifs regarding the issue of real estate trade in rulings issued by the Civil Law Division of the Supreme Court, mostly concerning individual limited property rights, ownership, land registers and reprivatisation (of Warsaw lands on the basis of the Decree on Ownership and Usufruct of Land in the Area of the Capital of Warsaw of 26 October 1945). The review particularly presents the most imperative theses on the effects of joint inheritance of property by the entitled to easements, the acquisition of a quasi-transmission easement, (easement appurtenant that corresponds with transmission easement in terms of content), inter-temporal matters associated with settling mortgages, but also notions of real estate prescription. </jats:p>
In the Resolution of the seven-judge panel of 11 December 2019, Ref. No. III UZP 7/19, the Suprem... more In the Resolution of the seven-judge panel of 11 December 2019, Ref. No. III UZP 7/19, the Supreme Court judged that the pension authority may choose the contribution payer to be an entity obliged to return the benefit unduly received by the insured, completely ignoring the issue of possible negligence of the payer and the possibility of reimbursement claim for benefits from the person to whom they were paid. The Supreme Court held that the mere sending of payment data by the payer is a sufficient prerequisite for the reimbursement request. Thus, the Supreme Court resolved a dispute between two competing trends in case law on this issue. In the Authors’ opinion, the commented resolution may in practice result in many negative implications for contribution payers, who often have no influence on the data provided to the pension authority. Such a restrictive view also raises doubts of constitutional nature.
The article presents key issues regarding the status of the tenants of premises in real propertie... more The article presents key issues regarding the status of the tenants of premises in real properties subject to the so-called court reprivatization based on the provisions of the decree of October 26, 1945 on ownership and use of land in the capital city of Warsaw. Municipal tenants are the group most affected by reprivatization. The jurisprudence of administrative courts most commonly presents the thesis that a former owner or his/her legal successors regaining the ownership of a building become parties to rental agreements which were concluded in the post-war period by the commune of the Capital City of Warsaw. This thesis is presented on the basis of Article 678 § 1 of the Civil Code, according to which in the event of the sale of a subject of rental, the buyer enters into the rights and obligations of the lessor in the place of the seller. Meanwhile, in the case of the real properties subject to reprivatization under the administrative procedure, a former owner or his/her successo...
The article is devoted to the analysis of the nature of consideration which may be due when a pro... more The article is devoted to the analysis of the nature of consideration which may be due when a property owner (or, in the case of the so-called “transmission easement”, an entrepreneur) may demand the establishment of a special type of easement, i.e., the so-called “compulsory easement”. The establishment of a compulsory easement may be claimed in court and is always associated with the obligation to grant an equivalent thereof in the form of an appropriate consideration. It may take the form of a one-off benefit, although it need not have to be expressed in money. The consideration is not a form of compensation for damage, but in fact it is a kind of price paid in exchange for the acquisition of a limited right in rem. Due to the nature and duration of the encumbrance, a judicial award of a periodic compensation would have been more reasonable, but it is de lege lata inadmissible. In this regard, it would be advisable to make appropriate modifications to the Civil Code, including th...
Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie charakteru wynagrodzenia, które może być przyznane w sytuacji, g... more Artykuł poświęcony jest analizie charakteru wynagrodzenia, które może być przyznane w sytuacji, gdy właściciel nieruchomości (względnie w przypadku służebności przesyłu przedsiębiorca) może żądać ustanowienia szczególnego rodzaju służebności. Chodzi o tzw. służebności przymusowe, tj. takie, których ustanowienia można dochodzić na drodze sądowej. Ich ustanowienie wiąże się każdorazowo z obowiązkiem przyznania ekwiwalentu w postaci odpowiedniego (stosownego) wynagrodzenia. Odpłata taka może mieć postać świadczenia jednorazowego, choć nie musi być wyrażone w pieniądzu. Wynagrodzenie nie jest postacią odszkodowania, lecz w istocie rodzajem ceny uiszczonej w zamian za nabycie ograniczonego prawa rzeczowego. Zasądzenie kompensaty okresowej z uwagi na charakter i długotrwałość obciążenia byłoby bardziej zasadne, jednak jest w obecnym stanie prawnym niedopuszczalne. W tym zakresie celowe jest dokonanie odpowiednich zmian w Kodeksie cywilnym, w tym przywrócenie instytucji ciężarów realnych.
Celem artykułu jest prezentacja zasadniczych cech charakterystycznych rzeczy w polskim prawie cyw... more Celem artykułu jest prezentacja zasadniczych cech charakterystycznych rzeczy w polskim prawie cywilnym, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem nieruchomości. Zgodnie z Kodeksem cywilnym te ostatnie stanowią grunty, a także budynki lub części budynków. Rzecz, w tym nieruchomość, jest pojęciem normatywnym, w prawie polskim ograniczonym do samoistnych, wyodrębnionych z otoczenia przedmiotów materialnych. Wątpliwości może budzić materialny charakter gruntu z uwagi na fakt, że stanowi go "część powierzchni ziemi" (art. 46 § 1 k.c.). Tak rozumiany grunt niejako "materializują" dopiero przedmioty znajdujące się na powierzchni lub pod nią. Jednak zakres aktów w ramach wykonywania własności determinują ramy dopuszczalnego korzystania z przestrzeni, tj. społeczno-gospodarcze przeznaczenie gruntu (art. 143 k.c.). Z kolei budynek lub jego część mogą stanowić odrębną od gruntu nieruchomość w przypadkach wskazanych w przepisach szczególnych. Te zaś nakazują wyróżnić nie tylko budynki i lokale, lecz również części budynków będące tzw. niewyodrębnionymi lokalami albo związaną ze współużytkowaniem wieczystym gruntu nieruchomość wspólną w budynku, w którym zostały wyodrębnione lokale mieszkalne.
The aim of the article is to present the main characteristics of things in the Polish civil law, ... more The aim of the article is to present the main characteristics of things in the Polish civil law, with a particular emphasis on real property. According to the Polish Civil Code, real property includes land, buildings or parts of buildings. A thing, including a real property, is a normative concept, limited under the Polish law to self-contained material objects. The material nature of the land may raise doubts due to the fact that it is a “part of the earth's surface” (Article 46 § 1 of the Civil Code). The land thus understood is only “materialized” by objects located on or below the surface. However, the scope of acts related to the exercise of the ownership title is determined by the framework of the permissible use of space, i.e., the socio-economic purpose of land (Article 143 of the Civil Code). Then again, a building or its part may constitute a real property separate from the land in the cases specified in special regulations. These regulations distinguish not only betwe...
The article presents the current state of affairs and the proposed changes to the land and mortga... more The article presents the current state of affairs and the proposed changes to the land and mortgage register law in the context of the potential entrusting the competence to make entries in the land and mortgage registers not only to courts of law, but also to notaries, within the limit of the legal transactions performed before a notary. In the light of the jurisprudence of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal, the dominant position is that the keeping of land and mortgage registers and making entries thereto, although remaining within the powers of land and mortgage registration courts, does not constitute a constitutional category of “administering justice”. Therefore, the act of disclosure of rights in rem in a real property register need not be restricted to courts only. Those powers may also be exercised by other authorities, including notaries who are a special profession of public trust.
The aim of the article is a proposal to supplement the provisions of the Civil Code regulating th... more The aim of the article is a proposal to supplement the provisions of the Civil Code regulating the instruments of both peculiar and non-peculiar protection of personal sphere (human personality). It is about removing the effects of breach (Art. 24 of the Civil Code) and the institution of compensation for non-pecuniary damage (Art. 448 of the Civil Code). The current general approach of the Code does not indicate the criteria that each time should be followed by the court granting appropriate protection. In practice, this often leads to doubts as to whether the adjudicated protection measure remains adequate on the one hand, and whether it does not constitute an excessive burden (primarily financial) for one, who is responsible on the other hand. The practice also provides numerous examples that sometimes the pursuit of claims for infringement of personal rights is more of a harassment for the defendant than a source of compensation for the aggrieved party. An important example of s...
<jats:p>The article constitutes the second part of a review of judicature of the Supreme Co... more <jats:p>The article constitutes the second part of a review of judicature of the Supreme Court in 2020. It presents fundamental theses and motifs regarding the issue of real estate trade in rulings issued by the Civil Law Division of the Supreme Court, mostly concerning individual limited property rights, ownership, land registers and reprivatisation (of Warsaw lands on the basis of the Decree on Ownership and Usufruct of Land in the Area of the Capital of Warsaw of 26 October 1945). The review particularly presents the most imperative theses on the effects of joint inheritance of property by the entitled to easements, the acquisition of a quasi-transmission easement, (easement appurtenant that corresponds with transmission easement in terms of content), inter-temporal matters associated with settling mortgages, but also notions of real estate prescription. </jats:p>
In the Resolution of the seven-judge panel of 11 December 2019, Ref. No. III UZP 7/19, the Suprem... more In the Resolution of the seven-judge panel of 11 December 2019, Ref. No. III UZP 7/19, the Supreme Court judged that the pension authority may choose the contribution payer to be an entity obliged to return the benefit unduly received by the insured, completely ignoring the issue of possible negligence of the payer and the possibility of reimbursement claim for benefits from the person to whom they were paid. The Supreme Court held that the mere sending of payment data by the payer is a sufficient prerequisite for the reimbursement request. Thus, the Supreme Court resolved a dispute between two competing trends in case law on this issue. In the Authors’ opinion, the commented resolution may in practice result in many negative implications for contribution payers, who often have no influence on the data provided to the pension authority. Such a restrictive view also raises doubts of constitutional nature.
The article presents key issues regarding the status of the tenants of premises in real propertie... more The article presents key issues regarding the status of the tenants of premises in real properties subject to the so-called court reprivatization based on the provisions of the decree of October 26, 1945 on ownership and use of land in the capital city of Warsaw. Municipal tenants are the group most affected by reprivatization. The jurisprudence of administrative courts most commonly presents the thesis that a former owner or his/her legal successors regaining the ownership of a building become parties to rental agreements which were concluded in the post-war period by the commune of the Capital City of Warsaw. This thesis is presented on the basis of Article 678 § 1 of the Civil Code, according to which in the event of the sale of a subject of rental, the buyer enters into the rights and obligations of the lessor in the place of the seller. Meanwhile, in the case of the real properties subject to reprivatization under the administrative procedure, a former owner or his/her successo...
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