In a previous article (2018) we dated Rameses II: 1029-964 (AC), 250 years later than his date in... more In a previous article (2018) we dated Rameses II: 1029-964 (AC), 250 years later than his date in the conventional chronology (1279-1213 CC). In this paper we look at the implications of this new date for the chronology of Egypt after Rameses II up to Psamtik I. In general we do not assume higher regnal years for the kings than the documented ones. We assume an overlap of Dynasties 20 and 21 and an overlap within Dynasty 22. Thus we can date the first king of Dynasty 22, Shoshenk I: 801-781 (AC) and its last king, Shoshenk V: 648-612 (AC). The reign of Shoshenk V falls during the reign of Psamtik I (664-611 BC). Data on the births and burials of the Apis bulls make this reconstruction possible.
In our article Hittite Chronology Revised Part I (2019) we established the dates for the Hittite ... more In our article Hittite Chronology Revised Part I (2019) we established the dates for the Hittite kings from Suppiluliuma I (1090 AC) to Tudhaliya I (1315 AC), the maternal grandfather of Hattusili I (1265 AC). In this article, part II, we establish the dates for the Hittite kings from Suppiluliuma I (1090 AC) to Suppiluliuma II, the last Hittite Great King to reside in Hattusa. Suppiluliuma II is dated to 966 (AC). We fill the period between Suppiluliuma II (966- AC) and Sangara (870-848 BC), king of Karkemish, with an unbroken line of rulers of Karkemish, Gurgum and Malatya. The sudden cessation of Hittite historical sources from Hattusa, after Suppiluliuma II left Hattusa, no longer signifies a break in civilization, nor the beginning of Dark Ages.
Previously, we reduced the Assyrian and Kassite chronology by about 250 years. In this article, w... more Previously, we reduced the Assyrian and Kassite chronology by about 250 years. In this article, we examine the consequences for the chronology of Elam. The Elamite kings are linked by synchronisms with the Kassite kings in the period from Kurigalzu II to the last two Kassite kings. We move these Elamite kings to their Kassite contemporaries. As a result, the Dark Ages in Elam no longer exist. This is in conventional chronology the period of approximately 250 years between the last king of the Middle Elamite period and the first king of the Neo-Elamite period. A period characterised by a lack of textual and archeological evidence. We are reducing the number of generations by making changes to the lineage of the Kassite kings and we are introducing the possibility for Kassite kings to reign simultaneously.
We have previously argued for a reduction of approximately 250 years in Assyrian chronology. This... more We have previously argued for a reduction of approximately 250 years in Assyrian chronology. This reduction also has consequences for the Hittite chronology, as mentioned in the Future Work section of our article (2018). Unlike the Assyrians, the Hittites did not leave a king list with reign lengths. A reconstruction of a king list was attempted by various scholars e.g. H. Otten. However, the exact time frame of the reigns of the kings and the structure of the royal family tree is still an open debate. That is why we feel obliged not only to examine the consequences of the 250-year reduction, but also to achieve a more accurate Hittite Chronology.
In this paper we investigate the consequences for the Assyrian Chronology of dating the end of th... more In this paper we investigate the consequences for the Assyrian Chronology of dating the end of the Middle Kingdom in Egypt from around 1800 BC to 1530 BC. Dating the New Kingdom in Egypt a minimum of 243 years later than generally accepted implies the existence of contemporaneous kings in Assyria. In the Assyrian King List Enlil-kudur-usur appears as the last king of the lineage of Ashur-uballit I, then is mentioned Ninurta-apil-Ekur son of Ili-pada descendant of Eriba-Adad. We assume that Ili-pada is the grandson of Eriba-Adad I and Ninurta-apil-Ekur started a second royal branch. The consequence is that Ashur-dan II is the son of Tiglath-pileser I. The rearrangement of the Assyrian Kings results in a reduction of about 250 years. A reduction of 250 years brings an end to the Dark Ages in the Ancient Near East.
We study one dimension in program evolution, namely the evolution of the datatype decla- rations ... more We study one dimension in program evolution, namely the evolution of the datatype decla- rations in a program. To this end, a suite of basic transformation operators is designed. We cover structure-preserving refactorings, but also structure-extending and -reducing adapta- tions. Both the object programs that are subject to datatype transformations, and the meta programs that encode datatype transformations are functional
Grammar deployment is the process of turning a given grammar specification into a working parser. ... more Grammar deployment is the process of turning a given grammar specification into a working parser. The Grammar Deployment Kit (for short, GDK) provides tool support in this process based on grammar engineering methods. We are mainly interested in the deployment of grammars for software renovation tools, that is, tools for software re- and reverse engineering. The current version of GDK is optimized for Cobol. We assume that grammar deployment starts from an initial grammar specification which is maybe still ambiguous or even incomplete. In practice, grammar deployment binds unaffordable human resources because of the unavailability of suitable grammar specifications, the diversity of parsing technology as well as the limitations of the technology, integration problems regarding the development of software renovation functionality, and the lack of tools and adherence to firm methods for grammar engineering. GDK helps to largely automate grammar deployment because tool support for grammar adaptation and parser generation is provided. We support different parsing technologies, among them btyacc, that is, yacc with backtracking. GDK is free software.
In a previous article (2018) we dated Rameses II: 1029-964 (AC), 250 years later than his date in... more In a previous article (2018) we dated Rameses II: 1029-964 (AC), 250 years later than his date in the conventional chronology (1279-1213 CC). In this paper we look at the implications of this new date for the chronology of Egypt after Rameses II up to Psamtik I. In general we do not assume higher regnal years for the kings than the documented ones. We assume an overlap of Dynasties 20 and 21 and an overlap within Dynasty 22. Thus we can date the first king of Dynasty 22, Shoshenk I: 801-781 (AC) and its last king, Shoshenk V: 648-612 (AC). The reign of Shoshenk V falls during the reign of Psamtik I (664-611 BC). Data on the births and burials of the Apis bulls make this reconstruction possible.
In our article Hittite Chronology Revised Part I (2019) we established the dates for the Hittite ... more In our article Hittite Chronology Revised Part I (2019) we established the dates for the Hittite kings from Suppiluliuma I (1090 AC) to Tudhaliya I (1315 AC), the maternal grandfather of Hattusili I (1265 AC). In this article, part II, we establish the dates for the Hittite kings from Suppiluliuma I (1090 AC) to Suppiluliuma II, the last Hittite Great King to reside in Hattusa. Suppiluliuma II is dated to 966 (AC). We fill the period between Suppiluliuma II (966- AC) and Sangara (870-848 BC), king of Karkemish, with an unbroken line of rulers of Karkemish, Gurgum and Malatya. The sudden cessation of Hittite historical sources from Hattusa, after Suppiluliuma II left Hattusa, no longer signifies a break in civilization, nor the beginning of Dark Ages.
Previously, we reduced the Assyrian and Kassite chronology by about 250 years. In this article, w... more Previously, we reduced the Assyrian and Kassite chronology by about 250 years. In this article, we examine the consequences for the chronology of Elam. The Elamite kings are linked by synchronisms with the Kassite kings in the period from Kurigalzu II to the last two Kassite kings. We move these Elamite kings to their Kassite contemporaries. As a result, the Dark Ages in Elam no longer exist. This is in conventional chronology the period of approximately 250 years between the last king of the Middle Elamite period and the first king of the Neo-Elamite period. A period characterised by a lack of textual and archeological evidence. We are reducing the number of generations by making changes to the lineage of the Kassite kings and we are introducing the possibility for Kassite kings to reign simultaneously.
We have previously argued for a reduction of approximately 250 years in Assyrian chronology. This... more We have previously argued for a reduction of approximately 250 years in Assyrian chronology. This reduction also has consequences for the Hittite chronology, as mentioned in the Future Work section of our article (2018). Unlike the Assyrians, the Hittites did not leave a king list with reign lengths. A reconstruction of a king list was attempted by various scholars e.g. H. Otten. However, the exact time frame of the reigns of the kings and the structure of the royal family tree is still an open debate. That is why we feel obliged not only to examine the consequences of the 250-year reduction, but also to achieve a more accurate Hittite Chronology.
In this paper we investigate the consequences for the Assyrian Chronology of dating the end of th... more In this paper we investigate the consequences for the Assyrian Chronology of dating the end of the Middle Kingdom in Egypt from around 1800 BC to 1530 BC. Dating the New Kingdom in Egypt a minimum of 243 years later than generally accepted implies the existence of contemporaneous kings in Assyria. In the Assyrian King List Enlil-kudur-usur appears as the last king of the lineage of Ashur-uballit I, then is mentioned Ninurta-apil-Ekur son of Ili-pada descendant of Eriba-Adad. We assume that Ili-pada is the grandson of Eriba-Adad I and Ninurta-apil-Ekur started a second royal branch. The consequence is that Ashur-dan II is the son of Tiglath-pileser I. The rearrangement of the Assyrian Kings results in a reduction of about 250 years. A reduction of 250 years brings an end to the Dark Ages in the Ancient Near East.
We study one dimension in program evolution, namely the evolution of the datatype decla- rations ... more We study one dimension in program evolution, namely the evolution of the datatype decla- rations in a program. To this end, a suite of basic transformation operators is designed. We cover structure-preserving refactorings, but also structure-extending and -reducing adapta- tions. Both the object programs that are subject to datatype transformations, and the meta programs that encode datatype transformations are functional
Grammar deployment is the process of turning a given grammar specification into a working parser. ... more Grammar deployment is the process of turning a given grammar specification into a working parser. The Grammar Deployment Kit (for short, GDK) provides tool support in this process based on grammar engineering methods. We are mainly interested in the deployment of grammars for software renovation tools, that is, tools for software re- and reverse engineering. The current version of GDK is optimized for Cobol. We assume that grammar deployment starts from an initial grammar specification which is maybe still ambiguous or even incomplete. In practice, grammar deployment binds unaffordable human resources because of the unavailability of suitable grammar specifications, the diversity of parsing technology as well as the limitations of the technology, integration problems regarding the development of software renovation functionality, and the lack of tools and adherence to firm methods for grammar engineering. GDK helps to largely automate grammar deployment because tool support for grammar adaptation and parser generation is provided. We support different parsing technologies, among them btyacc, that is, yacc with backtracking. GDK is free software.
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