- Archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Maritime Archaeology, North African prehistory (Archaeology), Public Archaeology, and 72 moreArchaeological Methodology, Archaeological Method & Theory, Archaeological Fieldwork, Archaeological GIS, Landscape Archaeology, Archaeological Theory, Digital Archaeology, Archaeology of Architecture, Archaeological theory and practice, Archaeological Science, Southwestern Archaeology, Archaeology of the U.S. Southwest, Ceramic Analysis (Archaeology), Mesoamerican Archaeology, Funerary Archaeology, Neolithic Archaeology, Death and Burial (Archaeology), Mediterranean archaeology, Social Archaeology, Bronze Age Europe (Archaeology), Household Archaeology, Pottery (Archaeology), Ancient economies (Archaeology), Pottery technology and function, Ceramics (Archaeology), Archaeology of Mediterranean Trade, Roman Pottery, Archaeometry, Archaeometallurgy, Ancient Metallurgy, Early Bronze Age (Archaeology), Metalwork (Archaeology), Archaeometallurgy, Mineralogy, Archaeometry, Ancient Technology (Archaeology), Ancient Mining and Metallurgy, Late Bronze Age archaeology, Bronze Age (Archaeology), Neolithic & Chalcolithic Archaeology, Middle Bronze Age, Anatolian Archaeology, Anatolian Studies, Aegean Archaeology, Ancient Near East, Anatolian Archaeology (Archaeology), Ancient Near East (Archaeology), Mesopotamian Archaeology, Aegean Prehistory (Archaeology), Aegean Bronze Age (Bronze Age Archaeology), Mediterranean prehistory, Aegean Prehistory, Mycenaean era archaeology, Minoan Archaeology, Minoan art and archaeology, Archaeology of Crete, Minoan Religion, Aegean Archaeology, Mediterranean Archeology, the island of Crete, Greek Archaeology, Minoan Crete, Classical Archaeology, Roman Archaeology, Greek Epigraphy, Ancient History, Roman History, Ancient Greek History, Ancient Greek and Roman Art, Roman Art, Roman Architecture, Topography of Ancient Rome (Archaeology), Classics, Roman Religion, Roman Empire, and Roman Historiographyedit
- The Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies is a peer-reviewed journal from the Archaeological Sciences Research Ce... moreThe Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies is a peer-reviewed journal from the Archaeological Sciences Research Centre at the University of Sistan and Baluchestan.
The Archaeological Sciences Research Centre (ASRC) of the University of Sistan and Baluchestan (USB) was founded in 2009, with the aim to ensure interaction between archaeology and scientific disciplines engaged in studies of the past. The center is the first and only Archaeological Sciences Research Centre in the whole country. Research in archaeological science has greatly influenced modern archaeology. Archaeologists gain significant insight and interpretation of data using techniques borrowed from physical and biological sciences and earth sciences. It has the potential to alter our understanding of the past.
For this reason, the ASRC of the University of Sistan and Baluchestan aims to support scientific methods in archaeology in order to have a better understanding of past societies. The Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies (IJAS), is the first Iranian English Language peer-reviewed journal in archaeology and interdisciplinary studies, also aims to publish articles relating to the archaeology of Iran and neighboring areas, including Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Central Asia, the southern part of the Oman Sea, and the Persian Gulf, Mesopotamia, and Asia Minor. The Editorial Board of IJAS includes scholars from multiple countries and of multiple disciplines.
This account is managed by the Editor-in-Chief Dr. Mehdi Mortazaviedit
"The Archaeology of Iran from the Palaeolithic to the Achaemenid Empire" by Roger Matthews, Hassan Fazeli Nashli and Amy Richardson, Publisher:Taylor & Francis, 2022, stands as a monumental undertaking, offering a comprehensive and... more
"The Archaeology of Iran from the Palaeolithic to the Achaemenid Empire" by Roger Matthews, Hassan Fazeli Nashli and Amy Richardson, Publisher:Taylor & Francis, 2022, stands as a monumental undertaking, offering a comprehensive and engaging journey through the vast expanse of Iranian history. Spanning from the first flickers of human habitation over a million years ago to the rise and fall of the Achaemenid Empire in 330 BC, this tome unravels the intricate tapestry of Iranian society, revealing its evolution, struggles, and triumphs across millennia.
What distinguishes this work is its extraordinary breadth. It explores many facets of Iranian history, including as subsistence techniques, technical developments, social structure, belief systems, and relationships with the environment, and spans a chronological period of more than a million years. Painting a vivid picture of societal evolution, it painstakingly breaks down each epoch, from the hunter-gatherers of the Palaeolithic to the sophisticated urban cultures of the Achaemenid Empire.
Such an enormous breadth demands a well-organized story. The twelve chapters that make up the book's structure each focus on a different time period or subject. Every chapter starts with a clear introduction that sets the scene and highlights the most important moments. The organisation of the material makes it simple for readers to explore the large quantity of content and go further into particular topics of interest.
What distinguishes this work is its extraordinary breadth. It explores many facets of Iranian history, including as subsistence techniques, technical developments, social structure, belief systems, and relationships with the environment, and spans a chronological period of more than a million years. Painting a vivid picture of societal evolution, it painstakingly breaks down each epoch, from the hunter-gatherers of the Palaeolithic to the sophisticated urban cultures of the Achaemenid Empire.
Such an enormous breadth demands a well-organized story. The twelve chapters that make up the book's structure each focus on a different time period or subject. Every chapter starts with a clear introduction that sets the scene and highlights the most important moments. The organisation of the material makes it simple for readers to explore the large quantity of content and go further into particular topics of interest.
Adjusting indoor environment so as to provide thermal comfort is a matter of utmost importance in architecture. Despite the remarkable achievements so far made, the main challenge is to provide thermal comfort in buildings through minimum... more
Adjusting indoor environment so as to provide thermal comfort is a matter of utmost importance in architecture. Despite the remarkable achievements so far made, the main challenge is to provide thermal comfort in buildings through minimum use of fossil fuels. In hot and dry climates, this is especially important during the hot period of the year. As the people in Sistan, a region in southeastern Iran characterized by a hot and dry climate, are from low-income families unable to afford any modern building materials and techniques, they resort to natural materials and adaptive techniques to achieve thermal comfort. This fact justifies inquiring into the effect of the local vernacular architecture, which relies on natural materials and indigenous climate adaptation techniques, on thermal comfort and energy saving. Accordingly, this study aimed at analyzing natural materials and adaptive techniques and their roles in providing summer thermal comfort in indoor spaces of the region. To this end, a typical building was selected while identifying the dominant types of vernacular architecture in Sistan. Quantitative analysis was then conducted to analyze the roles and effects of natural materials-based adaptive techniques like Dorche, Kolak and Khaarkhaneh1 , which help provide thermal comfort in specific situations. In light of the obtained results, indoor environmental parameters of the regional vernacular architecture fail to meet the thermal comfort zone in very hot days. However, adaptive techniques hinging on natural materials and ventilation has the potential to make indoor thermal parameters tolerable at different times of the day in such periods. This will result in residents’ increased thermal comfort, which will in turn reduce the amount of energy consumption.
More than two thousand years ago the first hydrostatic balance with a rudimentary structure was invented by the Greek sage “Archimedes.” Iranian scholars would later develop balances that were used not only for weighing but also for... more
More than two thousand years ago the first hydrostatic balance with a rudimentary structure was invented by the Greek sage “Archimedes.” Iranian scholars would later develop balances that were used not only for weighing but also for determining the density and titration of alloys.To appraise the path of evolution of these balances as well as their potentials, an experimental research program was undertaken by the Iranian Research Organisation for Science and Technology (IROST). Therefore, five different balances were selected, ranging from the oldest known in the history of science, the Archimedes balance, to the most sophisticated one, the balance of wisdom by Al-Khazini, which are separated by a lapse of time of about fourteen hundred years. Balances designed by Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni, Zakariya Al-Razi, and Omar Khayyam were the other three. In the course of the research, replicas of the selected balances were designed and fabricated according to the remaining design details in the related literature. The article covers the detailed design of each balance, their construction and functional test details as well as a comparison of their functions and their precision in densitometry and titration.
A large number of houses all over Iran have an identity-less architecture that pays little if any attention to the architectural background of the region in which the houses are located, the needs and desires of the users, and even the... more
A large number of houses all over Iran have an identity-less architecture that pays little if any attention to the architectural background of the region in which the houses are located, the needs and desires of the users, and even the sociocultural context of the abodes. The indigenous houses built in the central Baluchestan region have valuable cultural capacities. In this region, any type of housing model certainly has valuable and beneficial capacities, including cultural ones. Respect for elders, familial hierarchy, the possibility of multiple generations living in one house, etc. are among the cultural capacities of such houses, which are often neglected in modern designs. This study used a qualitative method consisting of library research and field surveys to identify the cultural capacities of indigenous housing in the central Baluchestan to improve the quality of modern housing models in the region and help enrich the identity of Iranian architecture. The findings of this study showed that cultural factors including customs, traditions, family and kinship ties have influenced the formation of indigenous houses in this area. They also suggested that using motifs and Colours according to the preferences and culture of the local people, proper interaction with neighbors, spatial flexibility based on the needs of the resident family, and harmony with the beliefs of the local people are among the most important cultural features and capacities of indigenous houses in this area.
The Avesta and Zoroastrian manuscripts, in Pahlavi language, have been studied, interpreted and translated numerous times over the past century. The study of sacred numbers, only based on the above-mentioned texts, has also been a part of... more
The Avesta and Zoroastrian manuscripts, in Pahlavi language, have been studied, interpreted and translated numerous times over the past century. The study of sacred numbers, only based on the above-mentioned texts, has also been a part of printed scholarly works. The reference to the Indo-European background of the numbers can be seen frequently in past works.Although in the background of this research, reference has been made to textual studies such as Indo-Iranian sources, but archaeological evidences have received less attention.This paper deals with a specific topic that is the sacred Zoroastrian numbers and entanglement with Sasanian coins. For this purpose, the author stresses on the number of pearls (beads) of the necklaces, headbands, hangings of the royal hat, and shoulder stripes based on the coins. The author will focus on the known sacred numbers such as 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 24…to prove the claim. Also, the article draws a clear line between necklaces worn in the batllefield, on coins and in bas- reliefs (Royal Scenes). In addition, the presence or absence of the beads of the pearl stripes on the shoulders or chest have been suggested as gender sign as a key question of this article. This restudy will show a new part of religious aspects on the royal Sasanian art.The author believes that the number of the pearls on the kings’ necklaces or headbands have followed a systematic structure from a single string to the two strings, from the rise to the fall of the empire. Also, I will briefly refer to texts to support archaeological evidences
Monumental structures are certainly the most common public buildings in Islamic architecture, being second only to mosques. Eight such structures were recorded during the survey of Bijar County of eastern Kurdistan province. These... more
Monumental structures are certainly the most common public buildings in Islamic architecture, being second only to mosques. Eight such structures were recorded during the survey of Bijar County of eastern Kurdistan province. These monumental buildings tend to share common plans and building materials. Given their position on the routes linking northwestern and western Iran as well as their proximity to the major political centres of Maragheh, Soltaniyeh and Takht-e Soleyman, these buildings, apart from a memorial function, perhaps beaconed caravans along the regional routes. Yet, these structures largely remain unaddressed by any systematic work. The main objective of the present study is to publish these buildings so as to give a more refined picture of the regional route networks in the Islamic period. The comparisons and discrepancies detected between these structures in the study area and the nearby regions, notably the Zanjan plain, characterized by environmental and cultural settings almost identical to the Garrus region, can be of great help in this regard. Accordingly, the questions considered here are: 1) What factors played a role in the emergence of these monuments in the region? 2) How did previous architectural traditions affect their formation? And, 3) To what extent are these buildings effective in reconstructing the ancient routes, and where in the region do they find comparisons in form and building materials? Social, religious and political factors have informed the development of towers in the region during the Seljuk and Ilkhanid rules. Adjacency to major coeval political centres, safety of the routes thanks to vigorous local rulers, and favorable environmental conditions (access to water and the presence of numerous villages along the routes) are the most remarkable of such factors. Previous traditions and modeling on earlier standing towers from the historical (Sassanian) and Islamic periods played a notable part in the construction of the regional guidance towers. Affinities to the standing structures in the neighboring regions, including the Khoein Tower, the mausoleum of the Prophet Qeydar, the tomb tower at Kahriz Siah Mansur (Ijrud) in Zanjan province, and their comparisons with the monumental structures of the Bijar region, apart from contributing to the reconstruction of the past route networks, attest to their original function as navigational aid. The study adapts a historical-descriptive approach and builds on field surveys, documentation in photo, and looking up related information in historical texts and library documents.
This research embarks on an archaeological investigation of the sixty-eight fresh documented unexcavated Neolithic and Megalithic sites scattered throughout Kashmir Valley, India. Focused on three key aspects - landscape, settlement... more
This research embarks on an archaeological investigation of the sixty-eight fresh documented unexcavated Neolithic and Megalithic sites scattered throughout Kashmir Valley, India. Focused on three key aspects - landscape, settlement patterns, and material culture, the study aims to unveil the hidden historical treasures of this region. By employing advanced archaeological techniques and methodologies, the research seeks to shed light on the enigmatic past of Neolithic and Megalithic cultures that once thrived in this diverse geographical area. Through the analysis of artifacts, and geographical data, the study endeavours to reconstruct the ancient lifestyle, social and technological dynamics, and cultural exchanges that shaped the valley as a significant cultural crossroads between South and Central Asia. The findings of this investigation have the potential to deepen our understanding of the historical interconnections from prehistoric times of the region and contribute to the broader knowledge of human history and cultural evolution in the Indian subcontinent. In essence, this study analyses the archaeological material culture related to the designation of locations as human habitations during Neolithic and Megalithic cultures, their distribution over the Kashmir Valley topography, and the contextualisation of this knowledge within Kashmir and neighbouring archaeology. The main goal of the current study is to offer first-hand information of the sites reported during the new survey to get a general understanding of site types and to document their physical characteristics based on the comparison of material culture. This study has tried to use the knowledge to gain a deeper understanding of how people settled in the Valley throughout history, with particular reference to the Neolithic and Megalithic Periods. Only three out of sixty-eight Neolithic sites are excavated, and this study is a comparative analysis of the material culture, Landscape and Settlement pattern documented from these unexplored and unexcavated Neolithic sites across the Valley of Kashmir.
This contribution aims to provide a detailed diachronic analysis of the settlement patterns in the Salmas plain, in north-western Iran. The chronological period taken into consideration goes from Prehistory to the Sasanian period,... more
This contribution aims to provide a detailed diachronic analysis of the settlement patterns in the Salmas plain, in north-western Iran. The chronological period taken into consideration goes from Prehistory to the Sasanian period, covering the entire pre-Islamic period. The work is based on a comprehensive re-evaluation of the archaeological data available to us, as well as new data produced using remote sensing. The contribution analyses the forms of interaction and control of the territory operated by the sites, in particular the fortified ones, and reconstructs for the periods for which the data are sufficient the management strategies of the plain using GIS software, as well as the analysis of the points of sight and intervisibility. The result is a highly complex and articulated situation where the settlement patterns have not always been the same over time although some forms of continuity can be noted. Due to its position and geographical characteristics, the Salmas plain is in all respects a place of great importance in the study of the archaeology of north-western Iran. It is no coincidence that key-sites such as Haftavan Tappeh or Qara Tappeh have had a long history spanning from Protohistory to the historical period. The aim of this contribution is therefore to be a first review and re-evaluation of the archaeological information of the Salmas plain and a recontextualisation of the sites in the pre-protohistoric and historical dynamics of the area examined using tools like G.I.S.
Tepe Tula’i in Khuzistan, Iran is one of the few acknowledged Neolithic pastoralist camps, but some question whether it is a camp of nomadic pastoralists. Features of Tula’i and its environment are discussed in relation to the possibility... more
Tepe Tula’i in Khuzistan, Iran is one of the few acknowledged Neolithic pastoralist camps, but some question whether it is a camp of nomadic pastoralists. Features of Tula’i and its environment are discussed in relation to the possibility of nomadism. The debate concerns whether whole-group nomadic pastoralism could be sustained before the use of horses and other pack animals. The alternative is seasonal transhumance by small groups of herders detached seasonally from permanent settlements. Using evidence from Tula’i and other archaeological sites, ethnography, climatic and environmental studies, and physiological needs of humans and livestock, this paper argues for nomadic transhumance in the Neolithic and for the necessity of nomadism in the Iranian Zagros Mountains for as long as people have inhabited these lands.
The Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies, volume 13, number 2, year 2023 welcomes you! Explore a variety of archaeological landscapes from the Palaeolithic to the modern era as we go on an intriguing voyage through time and space in... more
The Iranian Journal of Archaeological Studies, volume 13, number 2, year 2023 welcomes you! Explore a variety of archaeological landscapes from the Palaeolithic to the modern era as we go on an intriguing voyage through time and space in this issue.
The Elamite World is one of the specialized and professional books in the field. It first published in 2018 by Routledge, part of Taylor & Francis Group, and their works as a leading publisher champions the knowledge-maker. This... more
The Elamite World is one of the specialized and professional books in the field. It first published in 2018 by Routledge, part of Taylor & Francis Group, and their works as a leading publisher champions the knowledge-maker. This one-volume edition has put together the scientific achievements of a group of 40 International specialist scholars, in order to present a verifiable, comprehensive, Controlled, illustrated, and contemporary account of the Elamite civilization. It contains the complete text of 41 articles. The Elamite World includes an introduction along with eight parts, which cover a range of various topics such as physical environment, historical development, languages, people, material and spiritual culture, as well as the heritage of Elam in the Achaemenid Empire and its presence in the modern world. Javier Álvarez-Mon, Gian Pietro Basello, Yasmina Wicks, three editors of this book, are well-thinking and creative scholars who devoted most of their lifetime of research to the civilization of Elam.There is absolutely no doubt that Elam was one of the highly powerful, long-lasting and advanced civilizations of the Iranian plateau before the arrival of the Aryans.
Stamp seals are incredibly significant as a category of archeological finds because of their various motifs and functions, and inquiry into such glyptic evidence will help reconstruct different aspects of human life. During the... more
Stamp seals are incredibly significant as a category of archeological finds because of their various motifs and
functions, and inquiry into such glyptic evidence will help reconstruct different aspects of human life. During the
Sassanian period, stamp seals were made of precious and semi-precious stones in different shapes and designs. In
this descriptive, comparative and analytical study, the data was collected through library research, and the authors
attempted to study, analyze and compare the designs on several Sassanian stamp seals with the depictions of
constellation signs in Abd al-Rahman Sufi’s famous book Sovar al-Kavakeb. The results show strong similarities
between the considered glyptic designs and astronomical symbols. On account of the Sassanian’s deep belief in
astrology and the role the constellations played in their lifestyle and ruling system, it is conceivable that such
stamp seals served apotropaic purposes and were related with Sassanian’s astrological beliefs connected with
predicting good and bad days. The main purpose behind the application of these designs was most probably to
seek the support and protection from constellations. Associating these glyptic designs with constellations is further
supported by a series of animal motifs such as scorpions, snakes and bears which did not held any position in the
Sassanian belief system, demonstrating that these motifs were designed for astrological prognostications. For
example, from the Sassanian point of view, the motif of scorpion and snake form the class of vermin, and devilish
animals and bears symbolize ruin and corruption. Therefore, such evil representing motifs were employed for no
reasons other than their relation to the constellations and astrological prophecies.
functions, and inquiry into such glyptic evidence will help reconstruct different aspects of human life. During the
Sassanian period, stamp seals were made of precious and semi-precious stones in different shapes and designs. In
this descriptive, comparative and analytical study, the data was collected through library research, and the authors
attempted to study, analyze and compare the designs on several Sassanian stamp seals with the depictions of
constellation signs in Abd al-Rahman Sufi’s famous book Sovar al-Kavakeb. The results show strong similarities
between the considered glyptic designs and astronomical symbols. On account of the Sassanian’s deep belief in
astrology and the role the constellations played in their lifestyle and ruling system, it is conceivable that such
stamp seals served apotropaic purposes and were related with Sassanian’s astrological beliefs connected with
predicting good and bad days. The main purpose behind the application of these designs was most probably to
seek the support and protection from constellations. Associating these glyptic designs with constellations is further
supported by a series of animal motifs such as scorpions, snakes and bears which did not held any position in the
Sassanian belief system, demonstrating that these motifs were designed for astrological prognostications. For
example, from the Sassanian point of view, the motif of scorpion and snake form the class of vermin, and devilish
animals and bears symbolize ruin and corruption. Therefore, such evil representing motifs were employed for no
reasons other than their relation to the constellations and astrological prophecies.
The focus of this work is the archaeometric investigation of a high quality ceramic typical of the Indo-Iranian Borderlands in ca. 3300‒2900 BCE. Variously labelled as “Emir Grey” and “Late Shahi Tump” ware, this fine grey ceramic is... more
The focus of this work is the archaeometric investigation of a high quality ceramic typical of the Indo-Iranian
Borderlands in ca. 3300‒2900 BCE. Variously labelled as “Emir Grey” and “Late Shahi Tump” ware, this fine
grey ceramic is often considered an elite or prestige product on account of its very thin walls, fine fabric, and
painted designs. In the present paper, thin-section petrography, XRD, and SEM-EDX analyses were carried out on
a selection of pottery pieces from the burial contexts at the Chegerdak cemetery of Iranshahr (Baluchestan, Iran).
The results shed new light on the production and circulation of the pottery. Most notably, it potentially extended
the map of its production centers to western Iranian Baluchestan.
Borderlands in ca. 3300‒2900 BCE. Variously labelled as “Emir Grey” and “Late Shahi Tump” ware, this fine
grey ceramic is often considered an elite or prestige product on account of its very thin walls, fine fabric, and
painted designs. In the present paper, thin-section petrography, XRD, and SEM-EDX analyses were carried out on
a selection of pottery pieces from the burial contexts at the Chegerdak cemetery of Iranshahr (Baluchestan, Iran).
The results shed new light on the production and circulation of the pottery. Most notably, it potentially extended
the map of its production centers to western Iranian Baluchestan.
Natural hazards in ancient times were among the factors central to the decline of human cultures and civilizations. Climate change periods are associated with increased extreme weather events such as torrential rains and prolonged... more
Natural hazards in ancient times were among the factors central to the decline of human cultures and civilizations.
Climate change periods are associated with increased extreme weather events such as torrential rains and prolonged
droughts, thus posing severe challenges to human societies. In the fourth millennium BCE, variable climatic
conditions in the Tehran plain caused cultural dynamics to be disrupted. Through an environmental archaeological
approach, the present study discusses the possible causes of cultural decline and collapse in this plain in two stages
of climate change during the fourth millennium BCE. The data derives from the archaeological site of Mafin
Abad, where occurs a situation similar to a series of sites in North Central and Southwest Iran. High-resolution
paleoclimate research has been used to reconstruct the climatic conditions of the fourth millennium BCE. This
research reflects the importance of environmental sedimentology studies in archaeological sites to identify possible
environmental reasons for cultural prosperity and disintegration of prehistoric rural communities.
Climate change periods are associated with increased extreme weather events such as torrential rains and prolonged
droughts, thus posing severe challenges to human societies. In the fourth millennium BCE, variable climatic
conditions in the Tehran plain caused cultural dynamics to be disrupted. Through an environmental archaeological
approach, the present study discusses the possible causes of cultural decline and collapse in this plain in two stages
of climate change during the fourth millennium BCE. The data derives from the archaeological site of Mafin
Abad, where occurs a situation similar to a series of sites in North Central and Southwest Iran. High-resolution
paleoclimate research has been used to reconstruct the climatic conditions of the fourth millennium BCE. This
research reflects the importance of environmental sedimentology studies in archaeological sites to identify possible
environmental reasons for cultural prosperity and disintegration of prehistoric rural communities.
Considering the severe climatic conditions in the Sistan Region of Iran and due to 120-day winds and burning sun, it is imperative to adapt the traditional housing in this region to the climate. Unfortunately, the use of patterns... more
Considering the severe climatic conditions in the Sistan Region of Iran and due to 120-day winds and burning
sun, it is imperative to adapt the traditional housing in this region to the climate. Unfortunately, the use of patterns
disproportionate to the climate in recent decades has become a common problem considering the changes in
people’s lifestyles and livelihoods and technological changes. The question is “How can the historical and
traditional architectural style in the Sistan region be used for developing contemporary housing?”
Using a case study and a descriptive-analytical approach, the adaptation of rural houses to environmental
conditions was investigated in five prominent historical villages of Sistan. Subsequently, solutions were proposed
to adapt to the climatic conditions of the region. In addition, models for rural housing were proposed. Based on
the findings of the field study, it seems that using the old models of traditional Sistani architecture is an effective
strategy for designing housing suitable for the special climate of this region in the present era. Moreover, the
findings highlighted the necessity to pay attention to the orientation of the building for better use of wind and
natural ventilation, create natural and artificial windbreaks, use water and green space, shade the walls, and use
introverted architectural models and central yards.
sun, it is imperative to adapt the traditional housing in this region to the climate. Unfortunately, the use of patterns
disproportionate to the climate in recent decades has become a common problem considering the changes in
people’s lifestyles and livelihoods and technological changes. The question is “How can the historical and
traditional architectural style in the Sistan region be used for developing contemporary housing?”
Using a case study and a descriptive-analytical approach, the adaptation of rural houses to environmental
conditions was investigated in five prominent historical villages of Sistan. Subsequently, solutions were proposed
to adapt to the climatic conditions of the region. In addition, models for rural housing were proposed. Based on
the findings of the field study, it seems that using the old models of traditional Sistani architecture is an effective
strategy for designing housing suitable for the special climate of this region in the present era. Moreover, the
findings highlighted the necessity to pay attention to the orientation of the building for better use of wind and
natural ventilation, create natural and artificial windbreaks, use water and green space, shade the walls, and use
introverted architectural models and central yards.
Rock arts, especially pictographs, feature peculiar characteristics in the history of Iranian art. Most scholars regard them as a form of visual art. Given the long history of representation in rock art spanning the Paleolithic period... more
Rock arts, especially pictographs, feature peculiar characteristics in the history of Iranian art. Most scholars
regard them as a form of visual art. Given the long history of representation in rock art spanning the Paleolithic
period up to the present, they have been considered from various archeological, anthropological, artistic, symbolic,
and historical and decorative arts perspectives to pin down their themes, meanings, and date. The present work
examines a series of pictographs from the Kuhdasht region of Lorestan using a combination of field, laboratorial,
and library research approaches. Notably, this is the very first study in Iran addressing the pigments of pictographs
at a rock art site. A popular local tradition holds that the ancient artists used a mixture of blood, oak syrup, and soot
to prepare the paint used at the site. Hence, the motifs, rock types, and pigments of the Charta region were analyzed
to characterize their chemical composition and the elements constituting the pigments. To this end, a Dino Light
digital loop microscope was used, and point tests and petrography were then carried out using scanning electron
microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The elemental analyses revealed the nature
of the red pigment. The motifs at Charta include representations of tools, geometric motifs, and human figures,
portraying fighting or pre-fighting scenes. The chemical composition of the red pigment consisted of a high iron
(Fe) content as well as smaller percentages of Ca, Mg, Al, and Si. The abundance of iron element detected in the
elemental analysis of the specimen’s surface and the intensity of the peaks related to the composition of iron oxide
in the FT-IR spectra might more strongly indicate the presence of these compounds in the pigment.
Therefore, the pigments were mainly made of iron oxides, such as red ocher or hematite, magnetite, and
magnesium. Thus, the artists invariably used highly durable and resilient mineral pigments, which based on the
micrographs of the paint layer cross-sections were directly applied to the rock and, thus the absence of any sort of
primer. No organic element was detected in the pigment composition.
regard them as a form of visual art. Given the long history of representation in rock art spanning the Paleolithic
period up to the present, they have been considered from various archeological, anthropological, artistic, symbolic,
and historical and decorative arts perspectives to pin down their themes, meanings, and date. The present work
examines a series of pictographs from the Kuhdasht region of Lorestan using a combination of field, laboratorial,
and library research approaches. Notably, this is the very first study in Iran addressing the pigments of pictographs
at a rock art site. A popular local tradition holds that the ancient artists used a mixture of blood, oak syrup, and soot
to prepare the paint used at the site. Hence, the motifs, rock types, and pigments of the Charta region were analyzed
to characterize their chemical composition and the elements constituting the pigments. To this end, a Dino Light
digital loop microscope was used, and point tests and petrography were then carried out using scanning electron
microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The elemental analyses revealed the nature
of the red pigment. The motifs at Charta include representations of tools, geometric motifs, and human figures,
portraying fighting or pre-fighting scenes. The chemical composition of the red pigment consisted of a high iron
(Fe) content as well as smaller percentages of Ca, Mg, Al, and Si. The abundance of iron element detected in the
elemental analysis of the specimen’s surface and the intensity of the peaks related to the composition of iron oxide
in the FT-IR spectra might more strongly indicate the presence of these compounds in the pigment.
Therefore, the pigments were mainly made of iron oxides, such as red ocher or hematite, magnetite, and
magnesium. Thus, the artists invariably used highly durable and resilient mineral pigments, which based on the
micrographs of the paint layer cross-sections were directly applied to the rock and, thus the absence of any sort of
primer. No organic element was detected in the pigment composition.
As a less known region with respect to Islamic pottery, Khusf County was surveyed in 2014 to record its historical relics. The intervening years have seen the publication of a lot of archaeological information on the documented relics,... more
As a less known region with respect to Islamic pottery, Khusf County was surveyed in 2014 to record its
historical relics. The intervening years have seen the publication of a lot of archaeological information on the
documented relics, but the corpus of Islamic pottery from the region remains virtually unpublished. Its rich
diversity in motif and decoration types and attribution to several different Islamic centuries as well as the fact that
there were few published studies from South Khorasan province in general regarding regional Islamic ceramics
warranted an independent study. Thus, the present study has the potential to not only shed light on the archeology
of Khusf but also contribute to the studies of the related Islamic pottery from the province. With these in mind,
the major questions addressed here concern the chronology of the pottery corpus in question and the centers
from which comparanda could be drawn. This paper embarks on a comparative analysis of the Islamic pottery
assemblages from Khusf County to establish a comparative chronology. The data for this descriptive-comparative
study comes from both field and library researches. The findings suggest that the Islamic pottery from the county
spans at least the 10th to the 19th century AD. In types of motifs and decoration, the pottery finds parallels over a
broad swathe of eastern and southern Iran, and for the most part represents potential imports from such regions or
centers as Nishapur, Mashhad, and Kerman.
historical relics. The intervening years have seen the publication of a lot of archaeological information on the
documented relics, but the corpus of Islamic pottery from the region remains virtually unpublished. Its rich
diversity in motif and decoration types and attribution to several different Islamic centuries as well as the fact that
there were few published studies from South Khorasan province in general regarding regional Islamic ceramics
warranted an independent study. Thus, the present study has the potential to not only shed light on the archeology
of Khusf but also contribute to the studies of the related Islamic pottery from the province. With these in mind,
the major questions addressed here concern the chronology of the pottery corpus in question and the centers
from which comparanda could be drawn. This paper embarks on a comparative analysis of the Islamic pottery
assemblages from Khusf County to establish a comparative chronology. The data for this descriptive-comparative
study comes from both field and library researches. The findings suggest that the Islamic pottery from the county
spans at least the 10th to the 19th century AD. In types of motifs and decoration, the pottery finds parallels over a
broad swathe of eastern and southern Iran, and for the most part represents potential imports from such regions or
centers as Nishapur, Mashhad, and Kerman.
Forts are among the evidences that are central to understanding administrative-political sovereignty. Qal’eh Dokhtar is a fort with a special position in Kerman’s history thanks to the measures its builders had taken regarding its... more
Forts are among the evidences that are central to understanding administrative-political sovereignty. Qal’eh
Dokhtar is a fort with a special position in Kerman’s history thanks to the measures its builders had taken regarding
its approach and security. The present contribution aimed to analyze and expound upon the spatial relationships in
Qal’eh Dokhtar’s architecture using the space syntax technique. The dataset deriving from the field surveys and
historical texts was analyzed in Depthmap software. The results showed that the so-called “ruler’s residence” had
the highest spatial depth, and its difficult access furnished the security inherent in such a residence. Furthermore, in
light of the parameters of control and entropy, the eastern quarter of the fort was found to exhibit the lowest level of
both access and control across the fort. In terms of connectivity, Court I enjoyed the highest level of accessibility,
continuity, and spatial coherence with the remaining spaces at the complex as they all clustered around this central
courtyard. Court II showed the highest degree of integration. It was probably home to the administrative body,
and perhaps also supplied the services to other quarters, as suggested by the passageways linking it to the different
parts of the fort.
Dokhtar is a fort with a special position in Kerman’s history thanks to the measures its builders had taken regarding
its approach and security. The present contribution aimed to analyze and expound upon the spatial relationships in
Qal’eh Dokhtar’s architecture using the space syntax technique. The dataset deriving from the field surveys and
historical texts was analyzed in Depthmap software. The results showed that the so-called “ruler’s residence” had
the highest spatial depth, and its difficult access furnished the security inherent in such a residence. Furthermore, in
light of the parameters of control and entropy, the eastern quarter of the fort was found to exhibit the lowest level of
both access and control across the fort. In terms of connectivity, Court I enjoyed the highest level of accessibility,
continuity, and spatial coherence with the remaining spaces at the complex as they all clustered around this central
courtyard. Court II showed the highest degree of integration. It was probably home to the administrative body,
and perhaps also supplied the services to other quarters, as suggested by the passageways linking it to the different
parts of the fort.
The present paper deals with the preliminary identification of mason’s marks found in some of the historical structures of the Panchmahal district, Gujarat. Unlike other historical and archaeological research fields, mason’s marks... more
The present paper deals with the preliminary identification of mason’s marks found in some of the historical
structures of the Panchmahal district, Gujarat. Unlike other historical and archaeological research fields, mason’s
marks represent a less known field in Indian academia. In very general terms, one can define a mason’s mark as
any signs ranging from short inscriptions to any form of alpha-numeric values inscribed on architectural elements.
In this paper, the authors discuss a series of such marks recorded at isolated historical buildings of the district,
trying to explain why inquiry into mason’s marks can be deemed an integral part of architectural studies. A brief
description of the study area and adapted methodologies is followed by the detailed accounts of the monuments
and the related finds in tabular format.
structures of the Panchmahal district, Gujarat. Unlike other historical and archaeological research fields, mason’s
marks represent a less known field in Indian academia. In very general terms, one can define a mason’s mark as
any signs ranging from short inscriptions to any form of alpha-numeric values inscribed on architectural elements.
In this paper, the authors discuss a series of such marks recorded at isolated historical buildings of the district,
trying to explain why inquiry into mason’s marks can be deemed an integral part of architectural studies. A brief
description of the study area and adapted methodologies is followed by the detailed accounts of the monuments
and the related finds in tabular format.
The following article analyzes a classical highly-curved Persian šamšir (sword) that is kept in the Malek Library Museum in Tehran, Iran. The blade is highly-curved, has a wedge shape, and a flat fuller. However, the typical style of most... more
The following article analyzes a classical highly-curved Persian šamšir (sword) that is kept in the Malek Library
Museum in Tehran, Iran. The blade is highly-curved, has a wedge shape, and a flat fuller. However, the typical style
of most highly-curved Persian sword blades has no fullers. The blade is made of patterned crucible steel (pulād-e
gŏhardār). Persian patterned crucible steel was considered one of the best types of steel not only in Iran but also
in other countries. Based on the pattern and visisble structures of the surface of the blade, patterned crucible steel
was classified into different categories. The crucible steel pattern on this example is pulād-e jŏhardār-e xati that
means “lined watered steel. The blade has a gold-overlaid maker’s mark of Assadollāh Isfahāni and also carries
the name of Šāh Abbās. These are integrated in four gold-overlaid inscriptions on the obverse side of the blade.
The upper cartouche reads: Al-Soltān Šāh Abbās (the ruler Šāh Abbās), the upper middle cartouche is a bodduh
(a magic square), the lower middle cartouche reads: Amal-e Assadollāh (the work of Assadollāh), and the lower
cartouche reads: Isfahāni. The inscriptions seem to be later additions to the blade. The crossguard is made of
patterned crucible steel and pierced in floral and geometric designs on both sides. The scabbard chape is made of
steel. The handle scales are made of bone. The wooden scabbard is a new replacement covered with new leather.
The general dimensions of the saber follow many historical examples.
Museum in Tehran, Iran. The blade is highly-curved, has a wedge shape, and a flat fuller. However, the typical style
of most highly-curved Persian sword blades has no fullers. The blade is made of patterned crucible steel (pulād-e
gŏhardār). Persian patterned crucible steel was considered one of the best types of steel not only in Iran but also
in other countries. Based on the pattern and visisble structures of the surface of the blade, patterned crucible steel
was classified into different categories. The crucible steel pattern on this example is pulād-e jŏhardār-e xati that
means “lined watered steel. The blade has a gold-overlaid maker’s mark of Assadollāh Isfahāni and also carries
the name of Šāh Abbās. These are integrated in four gold-overlaid inscriptions on the obverse side of the blade.
The upper cartouche reads: Al-Soltān Šāh Abbās (the ruler Šāh Abbās), the upper middle cartouche is a bodduh
(a magic square), the lower middle cartouche reads: Amal-e Assadollāh (the work of Assadollāh), and the lower
cartouche reads: Isfahāni. The inscriptions seem to be later additions to the blade. The crossguard is made of
patterned crucible steel and pierced in floral and geometric designs on both sides. The scabbard chape is made of
steel. The handle scales are made of bone. The wooden scabbard is a new replacement covered with new leather.
The general dimensions of the saber follow many historical examples.
The book under review is the fifth volume of the series ‘Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions’ and the first one dealing with artefacts not from the Indus valley but from the territory of the Indo-Iranian borderland. In the preface to... more
The book under review is the fifth volume of the series ‘Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions’ and the first one dealing with artefacts not from the Indus valley but from the territory of the Indo-Iranian borderland. In the preface to the book Asko Parpola explains why non-Indus seals and other small objects are published in a series about Indus seals and inscriptions. The author’s intension is to supplement the corpus of Indus inscriptions with foremost geometric seals that predated the Indus civilization and were also found in the Indus valley. Some of the signs or symbols that can occasionally be found on the objects from the Indo-Iranian borderlands are the forerunners of the Indus script. Thus, the book appears to be an important contribution to the study of the origin of Indus writing and seal production. As emphasized in the preface, no such rich collection of photographs has ever been published for the region of the Indo-Iranian borderlands before. It is, therefore, an important contribution to the field that may allow us to study potential relations of this region with its two major contemporary neighbours, Mesopotamia in the west and the Indus valley in the east.
Research Interests:
Since 2018, Art University of Isfahan’s Department of Archeology has focused on the Zāyandehrud River basin, particularly its eastern and western parts, to better understand the archaeological landscape of the region and its changes... more
Since 2018, Art University of Isfahan’s Department of Archeology has focused on the Zāyandehrud River basin, particularly its eastern and western parts, to better understand the archaeological landscape of the region and its changes through time. Field studies in the eastern part of the basin near Varzaneh have identified large numbers of new sites from different periods. Due to its geographical location at the center of Iran, the region could act as a hub between the four corners of the Iranian plateau in different periods. The similarities between the material cultures from the studied region and those from other parts of the Iranian plateau, particularly during the Early Bronze Age (EBA), also bear witness to the linking character of the region.
The identification of over 200 sites spanning the EBA to the Timurid period and excavations at two EBA (013, 051) and a probable Iron Age site (006) indicates an auspicious environment and prosperity at the time for the lower part of the Zāyandeh-Rud basin, which today has been transformed into a desert or semi-desert landscape. The diversity of sites, including settlements, cemeteries, and architectural remains, as well as evidence of industrial activities such as pottery production, mining, metallurgical activities, and production of semi-precious stone artifacts, highlight different aspects of human life in the surveyed area..
The identification of over 200 sites spanning the EBA to the Timurid period and excavations at two EBA (013, 051) and a probable Iron Age site (006) indicates an auspicious environment and prosperity at the time for the lower part of the Zāyandeh-Rud basin, which today has been transformed into a desert or semi-desert landscape. The diversity of sites, including settlements, cemeteries, and architectural remains, as well as evidence of industrial activities such as pottery production, mining, metallurgical activities, and production of semi-precious stone artifacts, highlight different aspects of human life in the surveyed area..
Research Interests:
A deciding factor in the design of a mosque is the direction of the qibla. The qibla is directed toward the Kaaba, which marks a fixed direction of prayer for Muslims worldwide. The mosque adjacent to Prophet’s house is credited with the... more
A deciding factor in the design of a mosque is the direction of the qibla. The qibla is directed toward the Kaaba, which marks a fixed direction of prayer for Muslims worldwide. The mosque adjacent to Prophet’s house is credited with the earliest attempt at qibla-orientation, which was based on the canopy. Later on, the orientation
would be determined through the courtyard direction. However, Iranian architecturehas employed several other ways to orientate towards qibla, thanks to its specific elements that differ from those of Arabian architecture. The first mosques in Iran were formed through modifying the earlier chahar-taqi buildings. Yet, several other original mosque designs also emerged as Iranian architecture was dynamic and constantly evolving. The three elements of the “dome,” “iwan,” and “courtyard” have interacted with each other within Iranian mosques. This paper focuses on the role and implications of these three elements for qibla-orientation. As a primary research, it combines exploratory and descriptive-analytical approaches to study and examine various Iranian mosques from different periods. The results suggest that the courtyard was less influential than the other two elements in the mosques in shabestani, one-iwan and two-iwan plans. However, with the advent of the four-iwan scheme, the courtyard took on the primary role in the pre-Safavid mosques. Mosques would begin to develop a more centripetal organization in the Safavid period, when the courtyard and iwan, placed opposite to the direction of qibla, assumed a more critical role.
would be determined through the courtyard direction. However, Iranian architecturehas employed several other ways to orientate towards qibla, thanks to its specific elements that differ from those of Arabian architecture. The first mosques in Iran were formed through modifying the earlier chahar-taqi buildings. Yet, several other original mosque designs also emerged as Iranian architecture was dynamic and constantly evolving. The three elements of the “dome,” “iwan,” and “courtyard” have interacted with each other within Iranian mosques. This paper focuses on the role and implications of these three elements for qibla-orientation. As a primary research, it combines exploratory and descriptive-analytical approaches to study and examine various Iranian mosques from different periods. The results suggest that the courtyard was less influential than the other two elements in the mosques in shabestani, one-iwan and two-iwan plans. However, with the advent of the four-iwan scheme, the courtyard took on the primary role in the pre-Safavid mosques. Mosques would begin to develop a more centripetal organization in the Safavid period, when the courtyard and iwan, placed opposite to the direction of qibla, assumed a more critical role.
Research Interests:
Cultural and social phenomena in our society have deep roots in the past. In other words, at least in part, the social behavior of current societies has its roots in their past, institutionalized in the subconscious memory of the citizens... more
Cultural and social phenomena in our society have deep roots in the past. In other words, at least in part, the social behavior of current societies has its roots in their past, institutionalized in the subconscious memory of the citizens for hundreds or thousands of years. The cognition of social behavior of past societies and their structures could lead to a deeper and better understanding of contemporary social behavior. One of the most important ways in reconstructing social behavior of people in the past is the study of architectural and urban spaces. Considering Iranian cities with historical heritage, the historical texture of the city of Yazd is well preserved. The reconstruction of the social structure of Yazd (emphasizing social communication) according to the remaining spaces from the past, with the use of space syntax, will be discussed in this paper. It seems that compact neighborhood, and some public spaces such as neighborhood mosques could have increased social interaction among neighborhood residents. Increasing the level of social communication, can not only increase the cohesion and solidarity between the residents, but also lead to the creation of a kind of informal social control. However, some other architectural spaces left by them, and some principles of Islamic religion like privacy, indicate the emergence of a different type of social behavior like pretention and dual character among residents.
Research Interests:
As a give and take relationship between human and environment, economy has played an essential role in the formation and sustainable development of cities. A city’s spatial structure is a refelction of its urban economy and how social... more
As a give and take relationship between human and environment, economy has played an essential role in the formation and sustainable development of cities. A city’s spatial structure is a refelction of its urban economy and how social actors have acted to create a relationship between the production and distribution of income from the
sale of products, inside and outside urban areas. This social behavior in the city space, on the one hand, has caused high productivity and favorable access to physical-social and economic infrastructure (business) in the whole city. On the other, it has fostered a constructive economy in order to improve residents’ life quality and the sustainability
of the city over time. This paper aimed to analyze the spatial behavior that was the driving force of the economic development of Boshruyeh City in the Qajar era using the theory of space syntax. The research questions were: How did the economic variable (“barak”-weaving industry) affect the distribution and density of the neighborhood patterns in Boshruyeh in the Qajar era? In what way were the access system and the pedestrian pattern governing the spatial organization of Boshruyeh able to ensure the sustainability of the urban economy and the growth of the
city in the Qajar era? The present study represents a basic research in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature and methodology. To collect data, library research was utilized and using findings and documents of cultural heritage, a report on documenting the cultural-historical context of Boshruyeh City was provided. Using the UCL DEPTH MAP software, the descriptive-analytical part was based on the theory of space syntax and the analysis of the city map, emphasizing the metric radius and combining and weighting the two indices of integration and choice in the arrangement method. The results indicated a two-way and significant relationship between the two indicators of integration and spatial choice in the creation of space configuration and movement economy in the city space of Boshruyeh in the Qajar period. In the meantime, the footprint of the human factor in the natural movement of the city, the flow of the barak-weaving industry as the economic variable can be seen in the pattern distribution of the city houses and the pedestrian pattern in the streets as a people-oriented space in the city economy.
sale of products, inside and outside urban areas. This social behavior in the city space, on the one hand, has caused high productivity and favorable access to physical-social and economic infrastructure (business) in the whole city. On the other, it has fostered a constructive economy in order to improve residents’ life quality and the sustainability
of the city over time. This paper aimed to analyze the spatial behavior that was the driving force of the economic development of Boshruyeh City in the Qajar era using the theory of space syntax. The research questions were: How did the economic variable (“barak”-weaving industry) affect the distribution and density of the neighborhood patterns in Boshruyeh in the Qajar era? In what way were the access system and the pedestrian pattern governing the spatial organization of Boshruyeh able to ensure the sustainability of the urban economy and the growth of the
city in the Qajar era? The present study represents a basic research in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature and methodology. To collect data, library research was utilized and using findings and documents of cultural heritage, a report on documenting the cultural-historical context of Boshruyeh City was provided. Using the UCL DEPTH MAP software, the descriptive-analytical part was based on the theory of space syntax and the analysis of the city map, emphasizing the metric radius and combining and weighting the two indices of integration and choice in the arrangement method. The results indicated a two-way and significant relationship between the two indicators of integration and spatial choice in the creation of space configuration and movement economy in the city space of Boshruyeh in the Qajar period. In the meantime, the footprint of the human factor in the natural movement of the city, the flow of the barak-weaving industry as the economic variable can be seen in the pattern distribution of the city houses and the pedestrian pattern in the streets as a people-oriented space in the city economy.
Research Interests:
The Islamic Middle Ages represented the flourishing period of various arts, including pottery, during which the increased artistic freedom gave rise to ingenious artistic and literary creations. Geographical and political situation in... more
The Islamic Middle Ages represented the flourishing period of various arts, including pottery, during which the increased artistic freedom gave rise to ingenious artistic and literary creations. Geographical and political situation in Kashan caused its local pottery to develop into a trans-regional industry. Despite the similarity between the themes used by the local workshops, differences are also evident. For precise identification of styles used in individual workshops, it is necessary to identify the styles specific to individual workshops and potters. Abu Zayd is the most common signature found on the Kashan pottery style. His aspiration to perpetuate his name on
his works suggests that he was the leading figure in the advent and later advance of the style. The findings of this research show that a large number of works produced during and after Abu Zayd’s lifetime closely resemble his own creations. He worked in the Kashan style, and his techniques were retained in other workshops after his
demise. Potters have bequeathed valuable works that were modeled after Abu Zayd’s style. The study of Abu Zayd’s works reveals that while they share wide similarities with those of his fellows, a part from his signature he had employed his own peculiar designs and motifs. There are cases of single designs in which the main patterns
were worked by Abu Zayd and the details were left for other hand(s). Such collaboration as well as mentoring were the main reasons behind the dissemination of his style.
his works suggests that he was the leading figure in the advent and later advance of the style. The findings of this research show that a large number of works produced during and after Abu Zayd’s lifetime closely resemble his own creations. He worked in the Kashan style, and his techniques were retained in other workshops after his
demise. Potters have bequeathed valuable works that were modeled after Abu Zayd’s style. The study of Abu Zayd’s works reveals that while they share wide similarities with those of his fellows, a part from his signature he had employed his own peculiar designs and motifs. There are cases of single designs in which the main patterns
were worked by Abu Zayd and the details were left for other hand(s). Such collaboration as well as mentoring were the main reasons behind the dissemination of his style.
Research Interests:
The large assemblage of lithic artifacts deriving from the first season of excavations at Velem in 2021 was subjected to counting by the NAS approach. Typologically, the assemblage split into retouched tools, various types of scrapers... more
The large assemblage of lithic artifacts deriving from the first season of excavations at Velem in 2021 was subjected to counting by the NAS approach. Typologically, the assemblage split into retouched tools, various types of scrapers (both side- and end-), hand axes, and a Levallois-type arrowhead. The recovered tools tended to be shaped on blades. Among the debitages, flakes proved to be the most recurrent. The meager attestations of cores compared to debitages and the lack of flakes with cortex raised the possibility that part of the core preparation process took place outside the site. With regard to technology, flakes were mostly separated from the core through direct percussion, while indirect percussion or soft hammer direct percussion was used to fashion the blades and bladelets. The entire assemblage was made of chert, of which Behshahr ranks among the leading sources in Iran. While its mysterious, disturbed and intermingled archaeological context excluded a precise chronology, a tentative date between the late Neolithic and the Chalcolithic period was offered for the lithic assemblage from Velem in light of the attested technology and typology.
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The Sasanian Empire was one of the most important periods in ancient Iran and one that experienced flourishing of the Zoroastrian religion. As the official religion in the Sasanian to post-Sasanian period, Zoroastrianism can be understood... more
The Sasanian Empire was one of the most important periods in ancient Iran and one that experienced flourishing of the Zoroastrian religion. As the official religion in the Sasanian to post-Sasanian period, Zoroastrianism can be understood better by studying evidence of the religion’s impact on artifacts such as glassware, coins, silver vessels, pottery, and textiles. This paper shows the importance of “Zoroastrian sacred numbers” on glass fabrication and its impact on a specific type of glassware. Based on his assumption that glassware designs reflect the beliefs of artisans, the author focuses on the number of the facets on the related glassware. To test this hypothesis, the Sasanian glassware is compared to other concomitant objects such as royal necklaces and flower petals used in the Zoroastrian Pahlavi manuscripts. This religion-inspired decorative technique continued into the Early Islamic period, during which Shiism strongly preserved the Zoroastrian legacy in glassware.
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Chalcolithic Micaceous Red Ware widely distributed in the Bhal region of Gujarat during 2600‒1600 BCE was first reported from Rangpur in Surendranagar district. This ceramic type was also reported in limited quantity from other parts of... more
Chalcolithic Micaceous Red Ware widely distributed in the Bhal region of Gujarat during 2600‒1600 BCE was first reported from Rangpur in Surendranagar district. This ceramic type was also reported in limited quantity from other parts of Saurashtra, Kachchh, North Gujarat, and South Gujarat. The ware is primarily defined by its color, texture, surface finish, inclusions, shapes, and decorative pattern. Although it has been reported from twenty-nine sites to date, not much attempt has been made to bring to light and define its other cultural parameters. This paper tries to elucidate the characteristic features of this ceramic type. For this purpose, Micaceous Red Ware from Vagad was chosen for detailed typological studies, and the findings were compared with the data from other excavated and surveyed sites in Gujarat. Further, the available radiocarbon dates from these sites were recalibrated. This paper concludes with a verification of the term Micaceous Red Ware Tradition within the spatio-temporal framework.
Research Interests:
This paper focuses on the lithic finds from two seasons of excavations at Qaleh Kurd (QK), a cave site in western Central Plateau. Through sedimentological studies, Holocene and Pleistocene deposits were identified during the excavations.... more
This paper focuses on the lithic finds from two seasons of excavations at Qaleh Kurd (QK), a cave site in western Central Plateau. Through sedimentological studies, Holocene and Pleistocene deposits were identified during the excavations. Analysis of sedimentary context and the spatial distribution of the faunal remains and lithics suggested that the Pleistocene deposits at QK split into three sub-periods. Statistical analysis based on the lithic techno-typology confirmed such suggestion with the lithics featuring Middle Paleolithic (MP) affinities in all phases. The cross-sequence comparisons of QK’s lithics with the Zagros and Central Plateau MP assemblages suggested stronger affinities of QK with the former. The overall characteristics of the QK tool kit consist of a scraper-rich, flake-base typology, low frequency of denticulate and notch, the abundance of points, application of Levallois technique, frequent signs of direct percussion, minimal preparation of platform, and the presence of intense retouching and rejuvenating the edges.
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The Aras and other rivers running across the Moghan region played an important role in the formation of prehistoric sites. The Moghan plain has not so far received the scholarly attention it deserves. While extensive scientific activities... more
The Aras and other rivers running across the Moghan region played an important role in the formation of prehistoric sites. The Moghan plain has not so far received the scholarly attention it deserves. While extensive scientific activities have covered the Lake Urmia Basin, this plain has for the most part remained neglected. Yatag Tepesi, a prehistoric site in Germi, Moghan, was subjected to a systematic investigation. The main objective of this paper is to introduce the pottery traditions and to determine the chronological sequence of the site. To gain a more detailed understanding of cultural interactions with other regions and to ascertain the chronological sequence of the site in the Chalcolithic period, the following questions were raised: To which cultural period(s) does Yatag
Tepesi date based on the recovered cultural evidence, including the pottery? The main hypothesis is that the site relates to the Middle Chalcolithic (LC1) and Late Chalcolithic (LC2‒3). Judging from the available evidence, to which regions does the site exhibit the closet links? Our analyses indicate contacts and affinities with other parts of northwest Iran, most notably the Qaradagh region and the Lake Urmia Basin, and South Caucasia. The paper adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. The results of the study suggest that in light of the pottery and other lines of evidence, Yatag Tepesi maintained interactions with other centers of northwest Iran, and flourished between 3700/3600‒4500 BCE.
Tepesi date based on the recovered cultural evidence, including the pottery? The main hypothesis is that the site relates to the Middle Chalcolithic (LC1) and Late Chalcolithic (LC2‒3). Judging from the available evidence, to which regions does the site exhibit the closet links? Our analyses indicate contacts and affinities with other parts of northwest Iran, most notably the Qaradagh region and the Lake Urmia Basin, and South Caucasia. The paper adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. The results of the study suggest that in light of the pottery and other lines of evidence, Yatag Tepesi maintained interactions with other centers of northwest Iran, and flourished between 3700/3600‒4500 BCE.
With the establishment of the Sasanian empire, Ardashir became the heir to the feudal and lenient legacy of the Parthians. He sought to establish political and religious centralism under his reign. At the same time, Manichaeism, much like... more
With the establishment of the Sasanian empire, Ardashir became the heir to the feudal and lenient legacy of the Parthians. He sought to establish political and religious centralism under his reign. At the same time, Manichaeism, much like the other existing religion in Iran, brought together pieces of the other religions and presented its
teachings and tenets in any possible form. However, this religion presented severe ideological problems for the newly-established Sasanian empire, since it could undermine the religious and political centralism that the Sasanians desired, hence the first major ideological challenge. The present research seeks to answer the following
question: What could justify the lenient behavior toward Manichaeism despite Shapur’s intention to officialize Mazdayasna? Since the Sasanians initially focused on unifying their entire territory, they showed more leniency and tolerance towards the Manicheans. However, against this backdrop, the research hypothesizes that Mani’s ideas gradually became an ideological threat to the Sasanians’ desired political and religious centralism. The Sasanians familiarized themselves with the Manichean discourse through meticulous analysis and then sought to dismantle it. This research resorts to description and analysis of the available related information. It seeks to answer the research question and confirm the hypothesis.
teachings and tenets in any possible form. However, this religion presented severe ideological problems for the newly-established Sasanian empire, since it could undermine the religious and political centralism that the Sasanians desired, hence the first major ideological challenge. The present research seeks to answer the following
question: What could justify the lenient behavior toward Manichaeism despite Shapur’s intention to officialize Mazdayasna? Since the Sasanians initially focused on unifying their entire territory, they showed more leniency and tolerance towards the Manicheans. However, against this backdrop, the research hypothesizes that Mani’s ideas gradually became an ideological threat to the Sasanians’ desired political and religious centralism. The Sasanians familiarized themselves with the Manichean discourse through meticulous analysis and then sought to dismantle it. This research resorts to description and analysis of the available related information. It seeks to answer the research question and confirm the hypothesis.
Seasonal settlements of the Mongol rulers fall into the two general classes of temporary and permanent settlements, which were scattered across the territory under their influence. According to historical reports and archaeological... more
Seasonal settlements of the Mongol rulers fall into the two general classes of temporary and permanent settlements, which were scattered across the territory under their influence. According to historical reports and archaeological documents, permanent settlements were constructed using building materials in certain Yaylaqs (summer quarters) and Qishlaqs (winter quarters) or on the outskirts of urban centers, and were periodically used by Mongol rulers. Historical texts from the Ilkhanid period use three different names of Qarshi, Kushk and Saray to refer to such settlements, highlighting the differing structures of the pertaining settlements. The present study aims to offer a classification for permanent settlements of the Mongol and Ilkhanid rulers via semantically and functionally interpreting the terms Qarshi, Kushk and Saray. To this end, apart from archaeological documents, Chinese terms referring to the permanent settlements of the Mongol rulers are invoked. The results of this analytical-historical research show that in light of the prefixes used in the Persian texts deriving from the Ilkhanid period, the permanent
settlements of the Mongol empires and Ilkhans split into two categories: Saray and Kushk. Sarays were a series of ceremonial buildings located mostly in the main cities or important seasonal residences and are comparable to the Gongchengs of the Mongols in China. Kushk mainly denoted a midway residence, where the sole existing building was a single Kushk or Qarshi.
settlements of the Mongol empires and Ilkhans split into two categories: Saray and Kushk. Sarays were a series of ceremonial buildings located mostly in the main cities or important seasonal residences and are comparable to the Gongchengs of the Mongols in China. Kushk mainly denoted a midway residence, where the sole existing building was a single Kushk or Qarshi.
Pottery is of particular importance in archaeology as an indicator of chronology, art, technology, and subsistence system of ancient populations. Pottery discloses contacts and exchanges between different regions. Kelar Hill (henceforth:... more
Pottery is of particular importance in archaeology as an indicator of chronology, art, technology, and subsistence system of ancient populations. Pottery discloses contacts and exchanges between different regions. Kelar Hill (henceforth: Tapeh Kelar) of the Kelardasht region is a major prehistoric site in western Mazandaran. The site contains cultural evidences spanning the Late Chalcolithic (fourth millennium BCE) through the Islamic period. Amost significant component of the site’s sequence is a Kura-Araxes deposit. As the Kura-Araxes culture originated far from Tapeh Kelar (in South Caucasia), the primary concern of the present study revolves around the structureof the pottery from the site dating to the transition from the Late Chalcolithic to the Kura-Araxes period to spot the existing variations or discrepancies. The study also tries to answer the question whether or not the Kura-Araxes material represented exotic products at Tapeh Kelar. Some 25 sherds dating to the Late Chalcolithic, and Early‒Middle Bronze Age were picked up for petrographic analysis to compare the mineralogical texture of the Late
Chalcolithic and Middle Bronze Age ceramics with those of the Kura-Araxes material. The analyses suggest that the Kura-Araxes pieces from Tapeh Kelar were local products despite some disparities in their texture, which stemmed from the difference in raw material sources. Therefore, the presumption that the Kura-Araxes-type pottery first entered the site through exchange or trade before the related forms were copied by local potters is refuted.
Chalcolithic and Middle Bronze Age ceramics with those of the Kura-Araxes material. The analyses suggest that the Kura-Araxes pieces from Tapeh Kelar were local products despite some disparities in their texture, which stemmed from the difference in raw material sources. Therefore, the presumption that the Kura-Araxes-type pottery first entered the site through exchange or trade before the related forms were copied by local potters is refuted.
The name “Aratta” and the name of its ruler, “the Lord of Aratta,” are both mentioned in Sumerian literary and epic texts. In these texts, “the Lord of Aratta” and two important Sumerian kings—Enmerkar, who founded Uruk, and Lugalbanda,... more
The name “Aratta” and the name of its ruler, “the Lord of Aratta,” are both mentioned in Sumerian literary and epic texts. In these texts, “the Lord of Aratta” and two important Sumerian kings—Enmerkar, who founded Uruk, and Lugalbanda, who succeeded him—were the main players in the events that took place in “the land of Aratta.” One of the most significant places in Sumerian literature was this land, which was unexpectedly referred to as legendary by a small number of scholars who believe the land of Aratta does not exist. Due to the scarcity of essential materials like stone, metals, and wood in Mesopotamia, the metal and stone wealth of Aratta was extremely valuable to the Sumerian society. Other academics have challenged this theory in light of new archaeological discoveries and suggested alternative hypotheses based on their own research findings. The land of Aratta is likely situated in a region located east of Mesopotamia, as mentioned in a number of studies. This article aims to suggest that Aratta could be identified with the area of Shahdad in Kerman Province, while many alternative suggestions were made without consideration of Iranian archaeology.
Historical texts and geographic sources as well as archaeological studies place the Seymareh valley, located in present-day Ilam province of Iran, among the regions with great potential of producing outstanding archaeological evidence of... more
Historical texts and geographic sources as well as archaeological studies place the Seymareh valley, located in present-day Ilam province of Iran, among the regions with great potential of producing outstanding archaeological evidence of the Sasanian period. Yet, the current state of archaeological scholarship in the region by no means
reflects its high capacity. During the field surveys of areas between the Darreh Shahr and Badreh as well as the foothills of the Kabirkuh Mountain range, evidence of burials with rock-cut Astodans (niches) were identified at the villages of Zayed and Fazel-Abad. Judging from the recovered pottery and the comparison of burial spaces with those in other contemporaneous Iranian regions such as Khuzestan and Fars, this type of Sasanian burial spaces and the mountainous climate of the Seymareh valley seem to have played an important part in the adoption of such burial practices in the region.
reflects its high capacity. During the field surveys of areas between the Darreh Shahr and Badreh as well as the foothills of the Kabirkuh Mountain range, evidence of burials with rock-cut Astodans (niches) were identified at the villages of Zayed and Fazel-Abad. Judging from the recovered pottery and the comparison of burial spaces with those in other contemporaneous Iranian regions such as Khuzestan and Fars, this type of Sasanian burial spaces and the mountainous climate of the Seymareh valley seem to have played an important part in the adoption of such burial practices in the region.
While depiction of iconic archaeological finds or monuments of archaeological, historical, cultural or natural significance on postage stamps printed by many countries around the globe to promote nationalist sentiments as means of... more
While depiction of iconic archaeological finds or monuments of archaeological, historical, cultural or natural significance on postage stamps printed by many countries around the globe to promote nationalist sentiments as means of creating or promoting national cohesion, especially in ethnically diverse countries, is by no means unusual, the question posed in this paper, with specific focus on paleoanthropological finds, is that how far back in time this practice can be traced, and how images of hominid fossils from hundreds of thousands, sometime millions
of years ago, can be of contribution to promoting nationalism in various countries. Using semiotics of how stamps function to convey meaning, it has been explored how images of hominids on stamps contribute to a broad program of building a national identity and strengthening nationalism in different countries around the globe.
of years ago, can be of contribution to promoting nationalism in various countries. Using semiotics of how stamps function to convey meaning, it has been explored how images of hominids on stamps contribute to a broad program of building a national identity and strengthening nationalism in different countries around the globe.
The Khorasan region, especially the Kashafrud basin, has culturally retained a strategic position by virtue of its location between three major cultural spheres of southwestern Central Asia, the Central Plateau of Iran, and northeastern... more
The Khorasan region, especially the Kashafrud basin, has culturally retained a strategic position by virtue of its location between three major cultural spheres of southwestern Central Asia, the Central Plateau of Iran, and northeastern Iran. The Iron Age still remains a mainly unknown period in this region. In northeast Iran, particularly in the Greater Khorasan, the period is characterized by cultural attributes utterly different from those of the other parts of the Iranian Plateau. Coeval archaeological evidence from Khorasan shows affinities with the Yaz and Dahistan cultures of Central Asia. The major topics considered in this study are: the distribution pattern and major influential factors in the formation of the Iron Age settlements in the Kashafrud basin (Mashhad Plain), the nature of Iron Age cultural material in the region, and the characteristics shared between the contemporary settlements in Mashhad and the adjacent regions. Further major research objectives include proposing a comparative chronology, analyzing the regional cultural landscape, and specifying the Iron Age settlement patterns in the region. Thus, attempts have been made to answer the research questions through ArcGIS maps, analysis of surface ceramics, and the landscape archaeology approach. The results indicate the impressive role of environmental factors, especially the Kashafrud River as the leading regional resource, in the advent of Iron Age settlements. Moreover, the regional material culture exhibits strong affinities with the Iron Age culture of “Yaz” in Central Asia, and indicates relations and population movements between the different regions that were under the influence of this culture.
Eastern Mazandaran, a part of the larger southeastern Caspian region, assumed a distinctly important place in the Neolithic period. The region shows both a local Neolithic culture and trans-regional ties to the coeval cultures of Gorgan,... more
Eastern Mazandaran, a part of the larger southeastern Caspian region, assumed a distinctly important place in the Neolithic period. The region shows both a local Neolithic culture and trans-regional ties to the coeval cultures of Gorgan, Semnan, Damghan, and Shahrood plains, northeastern Iran, and southern Turkmenistan. In recent years,new, systematic excavations have covered the Neolithic sites in the plains of Behshahr and Neka, most notablyTouq Tappeh and Tappeh Valiki. The latter, excavated in 2021 to demarcate its boundaries, is one of the largest Neolithic sites across the Neka plain. In this paper the archaeological site of Valiki is introduced and its small finds, in particular the pottery assemblage, are described. Representing the earliest phases of pottery production in the concerned plains, this assemblage evinces a local tradition of pottery technology in the Neolithic period in eastern Mazandaran, on the one hand, and regional and trans-regional contacts, on the other. A preliminary outline of theNeolithic settlement pattern in the involved plains is also given.
The settlement evolution of the Early Neolithic period is considered a milestone in the human cultural history.While the archaeological implications of this period are discussed extensively, the landscape of Early Neolithic Iran has... more
The settlement evolution of the Early Neolithic period is considered a milestone in the human cultural history.While the archaeological implications of this period are discussed extensively, the landscape of Early Neolithic Iran has remained underrepresented, mostly due to lack of geoarchaeological investigations. The early periods Formative and Archaic Susiana, attested in several sites in the Susiana plain in southwestern Iran, are of utmost
importance as they bear witness to the first implications of standardization of material culture and intra-regional organization. This paper summarizes our current understanding of these periods as well as their landscape in the seventh and sixth millennia BCE. Then, it proposes a preliminary reconstruction of the landscape in this period based on recent geoarchaeological investigations by the author, applying a combination of different methods such as remote sensing, GIS analysis, and original geoarchaeological data including sediment cores, soil profiles, as well as laboratory analyses including sedimentological and chemical analyses (and lithological description in the field) and OSL dating. The results widen our perspective regarding the region’s hydrology. The Early Neolithic landscape of Susiana seems to have been different from the current one, primarily due to the tangible changes in watercourses and the noticeable differences in the surface soil and vegetation. The results further confirm that
heavy sedimentation of later periods covers most of the surface of this buried landscape including now buried watercourses and small wetlands.
importance as they bear witness to the first implications of standardization of material culture and intra-regional organization. This paper summarizes our current understanding of these periods as well as their landscape in the seventh and sixth millennia BCE. Then, it proposes a preliminary reconstruction of the landscape in this period based on recent geoarchaeological investigations by the author, applying a combination of different methods such as remote sensing, GIS analysis, and original geoarchaeological data including sediment cores, soil profiles, as well as laboratory analyses including sedimentological and chemical analyses (and lithological description in the field) and OSL dating. The results widen our perspective regarding the region’s hydrology. The Early Neolithic landscape of Susiana seems to have been different from the current one, primarily due to the tangible changes in watercourses and the noticeable differences in the surface soil and vegetation. The results further confirm that
heavy sedimentation of later periods covers most of the surface of this buried landscape including now buried watercourses and small wetlands.
The Makran is the location of ancient civilizations and one of the most important tsunamigenic zones in the world. Historical and instrumental records indicate the occurrence of large earthquakes on the main Makran fault and the resulting... more
The Makran is the location of ancient civilizations and one of the most important tsunamigenic zones in the world. Historical and instrumental records indicate the occurrence of large earthquakes on the main Makran fault and the resulting tsunamis but the accuracy of a number of these has been questioned. Geological and tectonics studies alone cannot confirm the occurrence of paleo-tsunamis. Archaeological data showing the collapse of the ancient civilizations along with geological records of paleo-tsunami can be of great help to have a better understanding this phenomenon in the future. The interaction of geology and archaeology can lead to a re-reading of the history of tsunamis which have influenced coastal civilizations, so provide a better estimate of the occurrence of tsunamis and their catastrophe in the future. Thus, to assess the environmental causes for the collapse of the ancient civilizations in the Makran shoreline, it is necessary to support geoarchaeological studies.
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Masonry materials for the colossal monumental structures of Persepolis, the awe-inspiring architectural complex from the Achaemenid period, would be sourced from the surrounding mountains that occasionally lie up to 40 km away. Several... more
Masonry materials for the colossal monumental structures of Persepolis, the awe-inspiring architectural complex from the Achaemenid period, would be sourced from the surrounding mountains that occasionally lie up to 40 km away. Several techniques were involved in splitting stone from quarry masses. Once split, stonecutters would choose where in the structure and for what purpose each block befitted. At times, impurities were detected in blocks either before splitting or during rough cutting at the quarry site, or after final dressing on the construction site, viz. the Terrace. Apart from those for quarrying, Achaemenian masons applied several other techniques as part of setting, attaching and dressing processes on the construction site. Some blocks bear marks that were made by stonecutters and have thus been categorized as stonecutter's marks. Yet, there are other related symbols that are instead connected with specific techniques used by masons for setting in place and holding together separate stone blocks. The present work addresses problems the stonecutters had to tackle while selecting blocks for using in the structures on the Terrace, and placing them atop each other during the construction process.
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Following its inauguration, the National Museum of Iran used to be entrusted with the storing of all objects obtained from archaeological investigations over several decades. Yet access to stored objects began getting increasingly... more
Following its inauguration, the National Museum of Iran used to be entrusted with the storing of all objects obtained from archaeological investigations over several decades. Yet access to stored objects began getting increasingly difficult over time. For that reason, a lion share of the stored objects remained unpublished. Whilst select works on display at museum halls have their own importance, a full insight into cultural, economic, political and technological developments will inevitably call for a study of a given cultural complex as a whole, which consists of stone tools and blades, pottery, faunal remains, and all other vestiges of the pertinent society. Hence, a reorganization work planned for the Museum's storerooms, as part of which the author embarked on a study of the pottery assemblages from the Early Bronze Age levels of Yanik Tepe deriving from C. Burney's 1960s excavations. The main question was: To what extent did the newcomer potters communicate their homeland artistic traditions on this pottery? Data from museum and library enquiries provided the basis for a comparative study. The dataset was analyzed qualitatively, and the study adopted a culture-historical approach. Statistical analysis revealed the predominating decorative scheme to be one consisting of a combination of geometric patterns, like simple bands, with animal or bird motifs, an observation reflecting the import of these species to the local subsistence economy that essentially relied on raising livestock and hunting. Comparison to the material from other spheres across the geographic extent of the culture showed that while the homeland legacy is mirrored in a few cases, there are also examples reflecting experimentations of local artisans.
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Until now, the well-known Kurgans in northwestern Iran were associated with burial mounds containing burial pits; however, discoveries in 2018 revealed mounds lacking human burials indicating still unknown rituals and ceremonies. Shahliq... more
Until now, the well-known Kurgans in northwestern Iran were associated with burial mounds containing burial pits; however, discoveries in 2018 revealed mounds lacking human burials indicating still unknown rituals and ceremonies. Shahliq Kurgan, 178 km northeast of Tabriz, is one of such Kurgans. Before the construction of Peygham-Chay Dam by East Azerbaijan Regional Water Authority, the survey and identification of archaeological sites at the dam site was done in 2014 in order to save the historical-cultural monuments at risk of being submerged. The first season of rescue excavation began in 2018. The architecture of the mound, abundant stone tools, sacrificial offerings as well as ash deposits, indicate that the mound had been a place for some special rituals and ceremonies during the early first millennium BCE. The ash material recovered from the site suggested the tradition of cremation, a hypothesis rejected in later anthropological experiments. It may also be one of the first sites where fire was set in an open space for ritual purposes, since the large volume of ash could be evidence for this idea. The evidences for ecological sequence obtained from deposits underneath a stone structure indicate that during the period of establishment of human settlements in Bronze Age, metal extraction and smelting and extensive use of forest resources caused the vegetation to turn from dense forests into scattered shrubs. The present study is based on field excavations as well as library resources to study the function of burial-deprived kurgans following a descriptive analytic approach.
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Laran district, located at the southern basin of the Zayandeh Roud River, has been an eligible location for human settlements throughout historic/prehistoric periods due to its geographical conditions and significant environmental... more
Laran district, located at the southern basin of the Zayandeh Roud River, has been an eligible location for human settlements throughout historic/prehistoric periods due to its geographical conditions and significant environmental potential. This part of the Zagros Mountains is one of the foremost regions between the Central Plateau and Khuzestan Province thus with its environment plays a crucial role in forming, maintaining, or destroying archaeological sites. This research is descriptive-analytical that studies 27 Neolithic and Chalcolithic sites identified through the archaeological survey analysis accomplish in the Laran district in 2010. Arc GIS was used to facilitate the understanding of spatial patterns through environmental factors. This software combines the existing distances and the data related to environmental conditions with the locations of the sites then offers the results in the form of numbers. Pearson's Correlation analysis was used to examine the relations between archaeological sites and environmental factors. Existing or lack of correlation among archaeological sites depends on the human's relationship with their environment which generates a particular kind of perspective. In the present study, the extent of archaeological sites serves as the dependent variable and environmental conditions such as distance from water resources and access routes, the vegetation, the aspect and the degree of slopes, and above sea level (elevation) are independent variables. Additionally, archaeological studies using the same analytical method were accomplished in 61 campsites in the district and the results resembled Neolithic and chalcolithic sites of the Laran district. The results show that settlements in the Laran district are rarely dependent upon environmental factors, which means that the mentioned settlements, similar to present campsites, were used on a seasonal, temporary basis.
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The Urmia-Dokhtar volcanic belt is the most important copper belt in Iran, where the archaeological materials discussed in this article also derive from. The discovery of metallurgy findings in several areas of eastern Zanjan province,... more
The Urmia-Dokhtar volcanic belt is the most important copper belt in Iran, where the archaeological materials discussed in this article also derive from. The discovery of metallurgy findings in several areas of eastern Zanjan province, such as Khurasanlou, Hipi, and Tapeh Kulyeri (Karavansara) which is located within the Urmia-Dokhtar belt on the western margin of the Iranian Central Plateau, indicates the high potential of this region for studies associated with ancient metallurgy. Recent excavation of the site Tapeh Kulyeri in the Zanjan province on the northwestern margin of the Iranian Central Plateau has yielded some copper ores, multiple anvils, a mold as well as several copper bars. These finds have been dated to approximately 4326 to 4240 BCE. based on two absolute dating samples, thereby providing some of the earliest evidence of ancient metallurgy on the Iranian Plateau, preceding remains from the Tapeh Ghabristan, dating to about 3700-3800 BCE., which has previously been considered the oldest.
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The Chalcolithic sequence of the Central Zagros, which is designed primarily using the potsherds recovered and other associated material culture has long been used by researchers as a framework for the mentioned region. The chronology is... more
The Chalcolithic sequence of the Central Zagros, which is designed primarily using the potsherds recovered and
other associated material culture has long been used by researchers as a framework for the mentioned region. The
chronology is originally suggested based on some incomplete excavations and thus, it is now apparently in need
of revision, at least in some parts. Part of the problem goes back to the phase known as Taherabad (Teherabad) or
Godin VIII, a phase that suffers the most from the lack of secure chronology. What is discussed here is the nature
of Godin VIII phase, so that it will be argued here that based on the archaeological data recorded from the Central
Zagros region, the existence of such a phase is doubtful. Instead of Taherabad, it seems that Hoseinabad comes
after the Seh Gabi Phase. It should be noted that Taherabad Phase has not been identified from the excavations
and field surveys. The author suggests here that Godin VII Phase comes right after Seh Gabi Phase in the eastern
Central Zagros and the other regions under its influence and the pottery-making tradition of Taherabad Phase (Godin
VIII) is probably part of the previous Seh GabiPhase; therefore, it can no longer be considered a separate tradition.
Based on what is mentioned, the chronology of the Chalcolithic Period in the eastern Central Zagros is needed to
be reassessed. Such a proposition results from the analyses of the potsherds recovered from the old and new field
expeditions.
other associated material culture has long been used by researchers as a framework for the mentioned region. The
chronology is originally suggested based on some incomplete excavations and thus, it is now apparently in need
of revision, at least in some parts. Part of the problem goes back to the phase known as Taherabad (Teherabad) or
Godin VIII, a phase that suffers the most from the lack of secure chronology. What is discussed here is the nature
of Godin VIII phase, so that it will be argued here that based on the archaeological data recorded from the Central
Zagros region, the existence of such a phase is doubtful. Instead of Taherabad, it seems that Hoseinabad comes
after the Seh Gabi Phase. It should be noted that Taherabad Phase has not been identified from the excavations
and field surveys. The author suggests here that Godin VII Phase comes right after Seh Gabi Phase in the eastern
Central Zagros and the other regions under its influence and the pottery-making tradition of Taherabad Phase (Godin
VIII) is probably part of the previous Seh GabiPhase; therefore, it can no longer be considered a separate tradition.
Based on what is mentioned, the chronology of the Chalcolithic Period in the eastern Central Zagros is needed to
be reassessed. Such a proposition results from the analyses of the potsherds recovered from the old and new field
expeditions.
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The southern Lake Urmia Basin witnessed significant political, military, cultural, and artistic transformations in the first millennium BCE. The region was an integral part of Manna right from the formation of the kingdom. Assyrian... more
The southern Lake Urmia Basin witnessed significant political, military, cultural, and artistic transformations in the first millennium BCE. The region was an integral part of Manna right from the formation of the kingdom. Assyrian records contain allusions to some important and central Mannean fortresses. Jowšātū fort perches on an isolated mountain next to Šāhīndezh in southwestern West Āzerbāyjān Province. The fort covers a total area of about 13 hectares, and includes architectural remains visible on the surface as a defensive wall system of two outer and inner circumvallations constructed in a unique style in a strategic location. The attested surface pottery and architecture support a date in the Iron III. Architectural and pottery evidence suggests two construction phases belonging to a single period. Occupation at the site apparently continued into the Achaemenid period as is evidenced by the presence of a pottery flask.
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Almost 12 kilometers to the east of Mahneshan city in Zanjan province, Northwest Iran, there is a collection of hoodoos with an average height of 250 meters nearby Bihistan village that can be seen from great distances. These hoodoos... more
Almost 12 kilometers to the east of Mahneshan city in Zanjan province, Northwest Iran, there is a collection of hoodoos with an average height of 250 meters nearby Bihistan village that can be seen from great distances. These hoodoos consist of some colossal columns which look like huge mushrooms nicknamed as "Jinni's Chimney". Several rock-cut spaces have been uniquely carved inside these sedimentary bedrocks on various levels and the whole site is known as the Qala (stronghold) among the locals. As a result of the occasional lack of documentation for certain phases of its construction and extension, different scholars of Iranian and Islamic architectural history have proposed different theories regarding its historic revolution, some of which seem contradictory. This study aims to determine more precisely the architectural development of this rock-cut site and to study its probable function besides suggesting a relative chronology for the architectural remains.
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As it is well known, the tradition of studies on the post-Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods in general, and on the Iranian Plateau in particular, has always maintained that in that period the urbanization processes of... more
As it is well known, the tradition of studies on the post-Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods in general, and on the Iranian Plateau in particular, has always maintained that in that period the urbanization processes of the territory were given a great boost. This was true for both the large quantity of information given by the Alexandrian and post-Alexandrian sources on the subject, and the archaeological evidence which, albeit in a sometimes-contradictory way, would show the characteristics of a major and large urban occupation of the territory with respect to the previous times. Proper cities (very rare and most of them out of the Iranian plateau!), urban layouts, settlements, fortifications, castles, regional walls etc. have always been tenaciously sought and identified (sometimes difficultly) on the ground! However, remains of urban occupation in clear and reliable archaeological contexts have very rarely been completely recognized in the Iranian plateau. One of the cases that we want to bring to the attention here is the one of Qalʽa-ye Sam, already identified in the middle of the last century, and approached by the activities of the Italian Archaeological Mission in Sistan (Iran) between 1959 and 1961 under the direction of Umberto Scerrato. The Italian archaeologist led some surveys and excavation tests on the site, which some foreign scholars called “Qalʽa”, an Arabic-Persian term meaning “fortification”. In this case, Qalʽa-ye Sam (the fortress, or the castle of Sam, whose name derives from the homonymous prince, ancestor of Rostam of the Sistanic cycle of the Šāhnāme in the Ferdousi saga) is the toponymic solution, often used locally, as it happens many times in other cases in the popular ancient toponomastics of Iran. In the general picture of the urbanization processes during the Parthian time in the Iranian Plateau and Central Asia, the author tries to outline a series of possible plans, forms and functional comparisons in the archaeological evidence, first with an overview of the most important settlements and cities of Hellenistic and Parthian times, known also thanks to the sources, and then by outlining other less known remains which have been documented only recently through the archeological data and topographical investigations.