There is a long-standing criticism that attendance at universities liberalizes students and that ... more There is a long-standing criticism that attendance at universities liberalizes students and that students' perceptions of the justice system differ greatly from their community counterparts. We test that proposition by comparing the results of surveys about the local police from random samples of community members and convenience samples of university undergraduate collected in 2011 and 2013 (N = 1,544). The community respondents rated the police service more favourably in terms of performance, but both community members and undergraduate students held similar perceptions of police professionalism. Our results reveal that perceptions toward the police are the result of a complex interplay of contextual and demographic factors in addition to university attendance. The implications of our findings for investigators using university students to reflect community sentiments about policing are discussed, especially in terms of how place shapes these students' perceptions.
... Recent statistics indicate that one-quarter of women have been victims of violence by a male ... more ... Recent statistics indicate that one-quarter of women have been victims of violence by a male partner (Statistics Canada, 1993). ... Thus, for the present study, those women who experienced a more severe abuse situation were predicted to be less Page 4. 170 Orava et oL ...
While quantitative methodologists advance statistical theory and refine statistical methods, subs... more While quantitative methodologists advance statistical theory and refine statistical methods, substantive researchers resist adopting many of these statistical innovations. Traditional explanations for this resistance are reviewed, specifically a lack of awareness of statistical developments, the failure of journal editors to mandate change, publish or perish pressures, the unavailability of user friendly software, inadequate education in statistics, and psychological factors. Resistance is reconsidered in light of the complexity of modern statistical methods and a communication gap between substantive researchers and quantitative methodologists. The concept of a Maven is introduced as a means to bridge the communication gap. On the basis of this review and reconsideration, recommendations are made to improve communication of statistical innovations.
... Recent statistics indicate that one-quarter of women have been victims of violence by a male ... more ... Recent statistics indicate that one-quarter of women have been victims of violence by a male partner (Statistics Canada, 1993). ... Thus, for the present study, those women who experienced a more severe abuse situation were predicted to be less Page 4. 170 Orava et oL ...
Pain Research Management the Journal of the Canadian Pain Society Journal De La Societe Canadienne Pour Le Traitement De La Douleur, Feb 1, 2003
Research has demonstrated the utility of the Pain Behavior Measurement (PBM) system as a pain ind... more Research has demonstrated the utility of the Pain Behavior Measurement (PBM) system as a pain index. PBM involves the recording of sighing, rubbing, grimacing, guarding and bracing. A modification of this system has been proposed, focusing on the occurrence of joint flexing, rubbing, unloading the joint, guarding and rigidity, specifically for patients with knee pain. The aim of the present study was to compare the original PBM to the modified version in a sample of knee replacement patients to assess the utility of the more specialized approach. It was expected that the more discomforting physiotherapy activities (knee bending and quadriceps exercises) would result in more pain behaviours than intermediate activities (walking and standing), which, in turn, would result in more pain behaviours than reclining. The extent to which each system reflected this expected pattern was examined. Ninety-three seniors were observed while completing a series of structured post-knee surgery physiotherapy activities (knee bending, standing, walking, reclining and a quadriceps exercise). Analyses of self-reported levels of pain were consistent with the expected pattern of pain levels in relation to the physiotherapy activities. Specific pain behaviours within each system (eg, grimacing, rigidity) occurred in a manner consistent with the expected pattern, while other behaviours (e.g., rubbing the affected area) did not. Although there was no clear advantage for the modified system over the PBM, an optimal approach may involve combining specific behaviours from each system.
The Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI; Salkovskis, Rimes, Warwick, &am... more The Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI; Salkovskis, Rimes, Warwick, & Clark, 2002) is a self-report measure designed to assess health anxiety in both medical and non-medical samples. The invariance of the factor structure across these samples has not been examined in the 14-item version of the SHAI. In the current study, the SHAI was completed by a community sample with no serious medical conditions (n=232) and a medical sample with multiple sclerosis (n=245). Factor analysis implied the same two-factor solution for both samples, with the two factors labelled: (1) Thought Intrusion, and (2) Fear of Illness. Item loadings were invariant across the medical and non-medical samples, but the two factors were more strongly correlated in the non-medical sample. Implications of the findings as well as directions for future research are discussed.
Pain research & management : the journal of the Canadian Pain Society = journal de la société canadienne pour le traitement de la douleur, 2003
Research has demonstrated the utility of the Pain Behavior Measurement (PBM) system as a pain ind... more Research has demonstrated the utility of the Pain Behavior Measurement (PBM) system as a pain index. PBM involves the recording of sighing, rubbing, grimacing, guarding and bracing. A modification of this system has been proposed, focusing on the occurrence of joint flexing, rubbing, unloading the joint, guarding and rigidity, specifically for patients with knee pain. The aim of the present study was to compare the original PBM to the modified version in a sample of knee replacement patients to assess the utility of the more specialized approach. It was expected that the more discomforting physiotherapy activities (knee bending and quadriceps exercises) would result in more pain behaviours than intermediate activities (walking and standing), which, in turn, would result in more pain behaviours than reclining. The extent to which each system reflected this expected pattern was examined. Ninety-three seniors were observed while completing a series of structured post-knee surgery physi...
The Reassurance Questionnaire (RQ; Speckens, Spinhoven, Van Hemert, & Bol... more The Reassurance Questionnaire (RQ; Speckens, Spinhoven, Van Hemert, & Bolk, ( 2000 ) is a self-report measure designed to assess the extent to which patients feel reassured by their attending physicians. While the original RQ was validated in Dutch, the invariance of the factor structure has not been examined in the English version of the RQ. In the current study, the English RQ was completed by university (n = 459), community (n = 244), and medical samples (n = 281). Unlike the original one-factor solution found for the Dutch RQ, a two-factor solution for the English RQ was found for all three samples. The two factors were labeled: (1) Doubt in Physician, and (2) Persistent Health Anxiety. Item loadings were invariant across the community and medical samples. Implications of the findings along with directions for future research are discussed.
There is a long-standing criticism that attendance at universities liberalizes students and that ... more There is a long-standing criticism that attendance at universities liberalizes students and that students' perceptions of the justice system differ greatly from their community counterparts. We test that proposition by comparing the results of surveys about the local police from random samples of community members and convenience samples of university undergraduate collected in 2011 and 2013 (N = 1,544). The community respondents rated the police service more favourably in terms of performance, but both community members and undergraduate students held similar perceptions of police professionalism. Our results reveal that perceptions toward the police are the result of a complex interplay of contextual and demographic factors in addition to university attendance. The implications of our findings for investigators using university students to reflect community sentiments about policing are discussed, especially in terms of how place shapes these students' perceptions.
... Recent statistics indicate that one-quarter of women have been victims of violence by a male ... more ... Recent statistics indicate that one-quarter of women have been victims of violence by a male partner (Statistics Canada, 1993). ... Thus, for the present study, those women who experienced a more severe abuse situation were predicted to be less Page 4. 170 Orava et oL ...
While quantitative methodologists advance statistical theory and refine statistical methods, subs... more While quantitative methodologists advance statistical theory and refine statistical methods, substantive researchers resist adopting many of these statistical innovations. Traditional explanations for this resistance are reviewed, specifically a lack of awareness of statistical developments, the failure of journal editors to mandate change, publish or perish pressures, the unavailability of user friendly software, inadequate education in statistics, and psychological factors. Resistance is reconsidered in light of the complexity of modern statistical methods and a communication gap between substantive researchers and quantitative methodologists. The concept of a Maven is introduced as a means to bridge the communication gap. On the basis of this review and reconsideration, recommendations are made to improve communication of statistical innovations.
... Recent statistics indicate that one-quarter of women have been victims of violence by a male ... more ... Recent statistics indicate that one-quarter of women have been victims of violence by a male partner (Statistics Canada, 1993). ... Thus, for the present study, those women who experienced a more severe abuse situation were predicted to be less Page 4. 170 Orava et oL ...
Pain Research Management the Journal of the Canadian Pain Society Journal De La Societe Canadienne Pour Le Traitement De La Douleur, Feb 1, 2003
Research has demonstrated the utility of the Pain Behavior Measurement (PBM) system as a pain ind... more Research has demonstrated the utility of the Pain Behavior Measurement (PBM) system as a pain index. PBM involves the recording of sighing, rubbing, grimacing, guarding and bracing. A modification of this system has been proposed, focusing on the occurrence of joint flexing, rubbing, unloading the joint, guarding and rigidity, specifically for patients with knee pain. The aim of the present study was to compare the original PBM to the modified version in a sample of knee replacement patients to assess the utility of the more specialized approach. It was expected that the more discomforting physiotherapy activities (knee bending and quadriceps exercises) would result in more pain behaviours than intermediate activities (walking and standing), which, in turn, would result in more pain behaviours than reclining. The extent to which each system reflected this expected pattern was examined. Ninety-three seniors were observed while completing a series of structured post-knee surgery physiotherapy activities (knee bending, standing, walking, reclining and a quadriceps exercise). Analyses of self-reported levels of pain were consistent with the expected pattern of pain levels in relation to the physiotherapy activities. Specific pain behaviours within each system (eg, grimacing, rigidity) occurred in a manner consistent with the expected pattern, while other behaviours (e.g., rubbing the affected area) did not. Although there was no clear advantage for the modified system over the PBM, an optimal approach may involve combining specific behaviours from each system.
The Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI; Salkovskis, Rimes, Warwick, &am... more The Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI; Salkovskis, Rimes, Warwick, & Clark, 2002) is a self-report measure designed to assess health anxiety in both medical and non-medical samples. The invariance of the factor structure across these samples has not been examined in the 14-item version of the SHAI. In the current study, the SHAI was completed by a community sample with no serious medical conditions (n=232) and a medical sample with multiple sclerosis (n=245). Factor analysis implied the same two-factor solution for both samples, with the two factors labelled: (1) Thought Intrusion, and (2) Fear of Illness. Item loadings were invariant across the medical and non-medical samples, but the two factors were more strongly correlated in the non-medical sample. Implications of the findings as well as directions for future research are discussed.
Pain research & management : the journal of the Canadian Pain Society = journal de la société canadienne pour le traitement de la douleur, 2003
Research has demonstrated the utility of the Pain Behavior Measurement (PBM) system as a pain ind... more Research has demonstrated the utility of the Pain Behavior Measurement (PBM) system as a pain index. PBM involves the recording of sighing, rubbing, grimacing, guarding and bracing. A modification of this system has been proposed, focusing on the occurrence of joint flexing, rubbing, unloading the joint, guarding and rigidity, specifically for patients with knee pain. The aim of the present study was to compare the original PBM to the modified version in a sample of knee replacement patients to assess the utility of the more specialized approach. It was expected that the more discomforting physiotherapy activities (knee bending and quadriceps exercises) would result in more pain behaviours than intermediate activities (walking and standing), which, in turn, would result in more pain behaviours than reclining. The extent to which each system reflected this expected pattern was examined. Ninety-three seniors were observed while completing a series of structured post-knee surgery physi...
The Reassurance Questionnaire (RQ; Speckens, Spinhoven, Van Hemert, & Bol... more The Reassurance Questionnaire (RQ; Speckens, Spinhoven, Van Hemert, & Bolk, ( 2000 ) is a self-report measure designed to assess the extent to which patients feel reassured by their attending physicians. While the original RQ was validated in Dutch, the invariance of the factor structure has not been examined in the English version of the RQ. In the current study, the English RQ was completed by university (n = 459), community (n = 244), and medical samples (n = 281). Unlike the original one-factor solution found for the Dutch RQ, a two-factor solution for the English RQ was found for all three samples. The two factors were labeled: (1) Doubt in Physician, and (2) Persistent Health Anxiety. Item loadings were invariant across the community and medical samples. Implications of the findings along with directions for future research are discussed.
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