- University of New England - Australia, School of Rural Medicine, Faculty Memberadd
Epithelial damage and loss of barrier integrity occur following intestinal infections in humans and animals. Gut health was evaluated by electron microscopy in an avian model that exposed birds to subclinical necrotic enteritis (NE) and... more
Epithelial damage and loss of barrier integrity occur following intestinal infections in humans and animals. Gut health was evaluated by electron microscopy in an avian model that exposed birds to subclinical necrotic enteritis (NE) and fed them a diet supplemented with the probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain H57 (H57). Scanning electron microscopy of ileal mucosa revealed significant villus damage, including focal erosions of epithelial cells and villous atrophy, while transmission electron microscopy demonstrated severe enterocyte damage and loss of cellular integrity in NE-exposed birds. In particular, mitochondria were morphologically altered, appearing irregular in shape or swollen, and containing electron-lucent regions of matrix and damaged cristae. Apical junctional complexes between adjacent enterocytes were significantly shorter, and the adherens junction was saccular, suggesting loss of epithelial integrity in NE birds. Segmented filamentous bacteria attached to v...
Research Interests:
The vomeronasal system consists of a peripheral organ and the connected central neuronal networks. The central connections are sexually dimorphic in rodents, and in some species, parameters of the vomeronasal organ (VNO) vary with sex,... more
The vomeronasal system consists of a peripheral organ and the connected central neuronal networks. The central connections are sexually dimorphic in rodents, and in some species, parameters of the vomeronasal organ (VNO) vary with sex, hormonal exposure, body size and seasonality. The VNO of the dasyurid marsupial mouse, Antechinus subtropicus is presumed to be functional. The unusual life history (male semelparity) is marked by distinct seasonality with differences in hormonal environments both between males and females, and in males at different time points. Body size parameters (e.g., length, weight) display sexual dimorphism and, in males, a pronounced weight gain before breeding is followed by a rapid decline during the single, short reproductive season. VNO morphometry was investigated in male and female A. subtropicus to identify possible life cycle associated activity. The overall length of the VNO is positively correlated with the size of the animal. The amount of sensory e...
Research Interests:
Time may elapse between examination of marks inflicted on the body and comparison with a potential weapon. Two-dimensional photographs may be inadequate for effective comparison of a three-dimensional mark with a putative instrument.... more
Time may elapse between examination of marks inflicted on the body and comparison with a potential weapon. Two-dimensional photographs may be inadequate for effective comparison of a three-dimensional mark with a putative instrument. Taking a cast and producing a positive image results in a lasting three-dimensional record. This project aimed to develop and demonstrate the accuracy of an easy technique for production of long-lasting positive images (using plaster of Paris and dental alginate). Casts of facial features of embalmed cadavers were used to produce a positive image of the face (death mask). Measurements of distances between facial anatomical landmarks were compared with measurements of distances between the same landmarks on the death masks to assess accuracy of reproduction. There were no significant differences between cadaver and death mask in 6 of 9 measurements, indicating this technique has high accuracy with less mobile facial features, but produces deformation of pliable features.
Research Interests:
The physical nature of the acupuncture meridian system is currently the subject of enquiry. The original structural descriptions of the meridian system contained in the Huangdi Neijing, the ancient Chinese medical text also known as the... more
The physical nature of the acupuncture meridian system is currently the subject of enquiry. The original structural descriptions of the meridian system contained in the Huangdi Neijing, the ancient Chinese medical text also known as the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine, are detailed and specific. The Huangdi Neijing states that dissection was used as a tool for investigating the anatomy of the human body. If dissection formed part of the basis for the anatomical essays in the original text, then it should still be possible to use it to find the same physical structures today. The words used in the Huangdi Neijing to describe meridians repeatedly contain the character for silk. This occurs in Jing Luo, the character for the meridian network, and in Jing Mai, the character for an individual channel. The fascia of the body resembles silk in appearance. It pervades the body, wrapping around every structure, and either separating or connecting these body parts. An obvious question arises, was the character for silk chosen to describe meridians because this was what was observed during dissections performed by the authors of the Huangdi Neijing? If this hypothesis holds true, then the Chinese characters that were originally used to describe the meridian network could literally describe the nature of the physical substrate for acupuncture – the silk-like fascial tissue of the body.
Research Interests: Functional Anatomy, Human Anatomy (Biological Anthropology), Anatomical illustration, History of Anatomy, Chinese history (History), and 14 moreClinical Anatomy, Anatomy, Anatomy and Physiology, Han Dynasty, Human skeletal anatomy, Human Anatomy, Meridian system, Acupuncture Mechanisms, Chinese History /Han Dynasty/Archaeology, Han Dynasty Literature, Human Anatomy and Physiology Teaching Methodologies, Integrative Medicine/Acupuncture, Acupuncture Theory, and Acupuncture History
Research Interests: Medicine, Humans, Dissection, Cadaver, Case reports, and 3 moreThigh, BMJ Case Reports, and Arteries
Research Interests:
The presence of more than three coeliac trunk branches is a commonly encountered variant. Literature occasionally describes cases of middle or left colic arteries originating from the celiac trunks or its branches; however, the presence... more
The presence of more than three coeliac trunk branches is a commonly encountered variant. Literature occasionally describes cases of middle or left colic arteries originating from the celiac trunks or its branches; however, the presence of an anomalous arterial connection between the celiac trunk and both the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries (SMA and IMA, respectively) has yet to be reported. Routine abdominal dissection of a male Caucasian cadaver, revealed the presence of an anomalous fourth arterial branch on the 4-cm long coeliac trunk. The course of this artery was traced, and it terminated by anastomosing with the marginal artery of the mesenteric circulation. The distal termination point of this anomalous fourth coeliac branch was the marginal artery, 5 cm medial of the splenic flexure, anastomosing almost perpendicularly. The diameter of this anomalous artery was comparable with the left gastric artery at their origins. The artery coursed inferiorlaterally toward the splenic flexure, passing immediately posterior to both the pancreas and the splenic vein. The anastomosis point of this artery, near Griffith's Point, is normally considered a watershed region with dual arterial supply from both the SMA and IMA, allowing collateral circulation. This region has a relatively higher susceptibility to irreversible damage in ischemic diseases because of lower perfusion, thus, the anastomosis of atypical coeliac branches represents a rare case for consideration. Awareness of the possibility of embryological variants will minimize the risk of complications in surgical or clinical procedures, and exploration of rare variants will benefit the understanding of vascular embryology.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Introduction/Background Natural disasters cause personal and financial hardship for individuals and communities world-wide, and result in morbidity and mortality immediately during the disaster, and for a prolonged period afterward.... more
Introduction/Background
Natural disasters cause personal and financial hardship for individuals and communities world-wide, and result in morbidity and mortality immediately during the disaster, and for a prolonged period afterward.
Australia has always experienced natural disasters, but the frequency, severity and impact (including direct and indirect costs) of these is increasing as climate change worsening1. Regardless of event duration, repair of physical infrastructure may take months or years, resulting in on-going psychological impact and longer-term inequality, including in education and health care.
While it might be assumed that people in larger metropolitan centres are somewhat shielded from many natural disasters (such as bushfires or drought), the catastrophic February-March 2022 east coast floods affected the capital cities of Sydney and Brisbane. These regions hold a significant proportion of Australia’s population, who were affected, either through loss of life or livelihood, or through disruptions to transport, telecommunications and accommodations
Aim/Objectives
We describe our experiences during the 2022 Floods on teaching in first and second year medicine;
We argue that increasingly common natural disasters are the lived reality of staff and students;
We suggest One Health is an appropriate approach to including natural disasters and climate change in medical curricula in Australia.
Discussion
Our institution, and surrounding suburbs, where many students and staff live, were flooded. The University ‘paused’ for a week then resumed teaching. However, disruption lasted much longer. Many staff and students could not access online resources or teaching facilities, with some still awaiting home repairs more than a year later.
With staff, students and institutions repeatedly living the reality of natural disasters, we argue for their formal inclusion into Australian medical curricula.
Issues/Questions for exploration OR Ideas for further discussion
The ‘One Health’2 approach may be taken to teach the reliance of human health on animal and environmental health.
1. https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook47p/NaturalDisastersClimateRisk
2. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/one-health
Natural disasters cause personal and financial hardship for individuals and communities world-wide, and result in morbidity and mortality immediately during the disaster, and for a prolonged period afterward.
Australia has always experienced natural disasters, but the frequency, severity and impact (including direct and indirect costs) of these is increasing as climate change worsening1. Regardless of event duration, repair of physical infrastructure may take months or years, resulting in on-going psychological impact and longer-term inequality, including in education and health care.
While it might be assumed that people in larger metropolitan centres are somewhat shielded from many natural disasters (such as bushfires or drought), the catastrophic February-March 2022 east coast floods affected the capital cities of Sydney and Brisbane. These regions hold a significant proportion of Australia’s population, who were affected, either through loss of life or livelihood, or through disruptions to transport, telecommunications and accommodations
Aim/Objectives
We describe our experiences during the 2022 Floods on teaching in first and second year medicine;
We argue that increasingly common natural disasters are the lived reality of staff and students;
We suggest One Health is an appropriate approach to including natural disasters and climate change in medical curricula in Australia.
Discussion
Our institution, and surrounding suburbs, where many students and staff live, were flooded. The University ‘paused’ for a week then resumed teaching. However, disruption lasted much longer. Many staff and students could not access online resources or teaching facilities, with some still awaiting home repairs more than a year later.
With staff, students and institutions repeatedly living the reality of natural disasters, we argue for their formal inclusion into Australian medical curricula.
Issues/Questions for exploration OR Ideas for further discussion
The ‘One Health’2 approach may be taken to teach the reliance of human health on animal and environmental health.
1. https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook47p/NaturalDisastersClimateRisk
2. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/one-health
Research Interests:
Introduction/Background Natural disasters have always occurred in Australia, but frequency, severity and impact increases as climate change intensifies. In February-March 2022, catastrophic flooding affected Brisbane and surrounding... more
Introduction/Background
Natural disasters have always occurred in Australia, but frequency, severity and impact increases as climate change intensifies. In February-March 2022, catastrophic flooding affected Brisbane and surrounding regions. Institutional facilities, homes, transport and telecommunications infrastructure were damaged, impacting teaching.
Aim/Objectives
We reflect on our experiences in ensuring continuity of first and second year biomedical science teaching following the 2022 Brisbane Floods, and identify lessons learnt and strategies that can be applied in future natural disasters.
Discussion
The University ‘paused’ all teaching for a week and then returned to the pre-existing timetable. This timescale underrepresents the effects on teaching.
Initially, there was uncertainty about the extent of damage, and plans for operational continuity. A transition to online learning could not occur, as many staff and students did not have internet access, or had devices destroyed . Facilities for in-person learning were damaged, and transportation routes were affected. Some staff and students were displaced due to residential damage.
Even for those not directly affected by flooding, there was uncertainty and anxiety about the well-being of fellow staff and students, and distress over seeing familiar structures damaged. Likewise, in a crowded and time-limited medical curriculum, interruption to teaching and learning resulted in anxiety about how missed sessions could be compensated for.
In our experience, we consider early, clear communication and realistic work and study expectations will mitigate unnecessary anxiety. Planning should occur where teaching activities are critically dependent on facilities or staff.
Flooding during the COVID-19 Pandemic highlights the ongoing importance of compassion. Even with teaching ‘paused’, informal communication opportunities reassured staff and students.
Issues/Questions for exploration OR Ideas for further discussion
Resilience is a desirable attribute for medical students, and a mindful and compassionate approach to fellow students and staff during a natural disaster could be used as a teaching opportunity.
Natural disasters have always occurred in Australia, but frequency, severity and impact increases as climate change intensifies. In February-March 2022, catastrophic flooding affected Brisbane and surrounding regions. Institutional facilities, homes, transport and telecommunications infrastructure were damaged, impacting teaching.
Aim/Objectives
We reflect on our experiences in ensuring continuity of first and second year biomedical science teaching following the 2022 Brisbane Floods, and identify lessons learnt and strategies that can be applied in future natural disasters.
Discussion
The University ‘paused’ all teaching for a week and then returned to the pre-existing timetable. This timescale underrepresents the effects on teaching.
Initially, there was uncertainty about the extent of damage, and plans for operational continuity. A transition to online learning could not occur, as many staff and students did not have internet access, or had devices destroyed . Facilities for in-person learning were damaged, and transportation routes were affected. Some staff and students were displaced due to residential damage.
Even for those not directly affected by flooding, there was uncertainty and anxiety about the well-being of fellow staff and students, and distress over seeing familiar structures damaged. Likewise, in a crowded and time-limited medical curriculum, interruption to teaching and learning resulted in anxiety about how missed sessions could be compensated for.
In our experience, we consider early, clear communication and realistic work and study expectations will mitigate unnecessary anxiety. Planning should occur where teaching activities are critically dependent on facilities or staff.
Flooding during the COVID-19 Pandemic highlights the ongoing importance of compassion. Even with teaching ‘paused’, informal communication opportunities reassured staff and students.
Issues/Questions for exploration OR Ideas for further discussion
Resilience is a desirable attribute for medical students, and a mindful and compassionate approach to fellow students and staff during a natural disaster could be used as a teaching opportunity.
Research Interests:
Introduction/Background Inclusion of diversity is important to mitigate disadvantageous outcomes in health care. Despite underpinning clinical assumptions about the ‘normal’ body, biological diversity is rarely included in biomedical... more
Introduction/Background
Inclusion of diversity is important to mitigate disadvantageous outcomes in health care. Despite underpinning clinical assumptions about the ‘normal’ body, biological diversity is rarely included in biomedical science teaching.
Anatomy recognises a range of normality, although lack of time often constrains teaching to the ‘most commonly occurring’, which may erroneously imply that anything else is abnormal.
Including all possible variations in teaching is not realistic. However, non-inclusive teaching may contribute to lack of appreciation of variation in skin anatomy and negatively impact perceptions of health and disease in skin of colour.
Medical programs may be considered to be situated within consumerist societies1, highlighting the importance of including people external to the discipline into decisions about anatomical education.
Aim/Objectives
We describe using a critical realist approach to improving diversity and inclusion in teaching the anatomy of skin, and engagement external to anatomy during that process.
Discussion
A critical realist approach asks ‘what works, for whom, under what circumstances’2, something works and identifies a context, a mechanism and an outcome.
The context is a diverse cohort of second year medical students. An intervention (mechanism) aimed at improving appreciation of range of normality variation was hypothesised to improve student understanding of normal variation in skin anatomy (outcome).
Structural homogeneity is implied by most histology textbooks, which omit references to skin of colour. Evidence-based research on skin of colour, although scant, suggests knowledge of normal variation is important for clinical practice.
The intervention initially included scientific material on anatomy of skin of colour. However, input external to the discipline guided educators to articulating their assumptions, and exploring reasons for a paucity of evidence-based research.
Issues/Questions for exploration OR Ideas for further discussion
Input from outside anatomy suggests that integration of biomedical science with sociocultural and historical teaching may yield a more effective intervention.
References
1. Moxham BJ, Hennon H, Lignier B, Plaisant O. 2016 An assessment of the anatomical knowledge of laypersons and their attitudes towards the clinical importance of gross anatomy in medicine. Ann Anat. 208:194-203.
2. Pawson, R. and Tilley, N. (1997) Realistic Evaluation. SAGE Publications, London UK
Inclusion of diversity is important to mitigate disadvantageous outcomes in health care. Despite underpinning clinical assumptions about the ‘normal’ body, biological diversity is rarely included in biomedical science teaching.
Anatomy recognises a range of normality, although lack of time often constrains teaching to the ‘most commonly occurring’, which may erroneously imply that anything else is abnormal.
Including all possible variations in teaching is not realistic. However, non-inclusive teaching may contribute to lack of appreciation of variation in skin anatomy and negatively impact perceptions of health and disease in skin of colour.
Medical programs may be considered to be situated within consumerist societies1, highlighting the importance of including people external to the discipline into decisions about anatomical education.
Aim/Objectives
We describe using a critical realist approach to improving diversity and inclusion in teaching the anatomy of skin, and engagement external to anatomy during that process.
Discussion
A critical realist approach asks ‘what works, for whom, under what circumstances’2, something works and identifies a context, a mechanism and an outcome.
The context is a diverse cohort of second year medical students. An intervention (mechanism) aimed at improving appreciation of range of normality variation was hypothesised to improve student understanding of normal variation in skin anatomy (outcome).
Structural homogeneity is implied by most histology textbooks, which omit references to skin of colour. Evidence-based research on skin of colour, although scant, suggests knowledge of normal variation is important for clinical practice.
The intervention initially included scientific material on anatomy of skin of colour. However, input external to the discipline guided educators to articulating their assumptions, and exploring reasons for a paucity of evidence-based research.
Issues/Questions for exploration OR Ideas for further discussion
Input from outside anatomy suggests that integration of biomedical science with sociocultural and historical teaching may yield a more effective intervention.
References
1. Moxham BJ, Hennon H, Lignier B, Plaisant O. 2016 An assessment of the anatomical knowledge of laypersons and their attitudes towards the clinical importance of gross anatomy in medicine. Ann Anat. 208:194-203.
2. Pawson, R. and Tilley, N. (1997) Realistic Evaluation. SAGE Publications, London UK
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Introduction Biomedical disciplines are usually taught in separate physical and pedagogical spaces, by discipline experts. Interprofessional teaching and learning occur between related human healthcare fields, rather than outside human... more
Introduction
Biomedical disciplines are usually taught in separate physical and pedagogical spaces, by discipline experts. Interprofessional teaching and learning occur between related human healthcare fields, rather than outside human medicine. The challenges of modern medical education can be better met by diversifying the tutor pool to include veterinary scientists, near-peers and other biomedical research professionals, allowing students to engage with “outside” professional expertise. Histology is ideal for student interaction with interprofessional tutors.
Materials and Methods
We present our experiences in diversifying our histology tutor pool to include near-peers, and veterinary medicine, scientific research, and clinical medicine experts.
Results
Tutors from diverse professional backgrounds bring knowledge, skills, and extensive workplace experience. Conceptualising relationships between tutors and academic staff as professional partnerships facilitates broader and more enriching learning for students by informing content.
We promote respectful interprofessional discourse between tutors from different professional backgrounds and expertise, modelling for our students their later interactions with other professions. By interacting with tutors, students begin constructing working partnerships with professionals outside clinical medicine.
Conclusions
Interprofessional learning is important for meaningful communication and collaboration. It produces better understanding of animal models of human disease which underpin research and clinical practice, and prepares medical students for complex challenges such as zoonoses and food-borne disease in their future practice. Histology is an ideal location to inspire openness toward interprofessional collaboration, fostering positive attitudes for cross-sectoral collaboration and ensuring development of a functional One Health Culture.
Biomedical disciplines are usually taught in separate physical and pedagogical spaces, by discipline experts. Interprofessional teaching and learning occur between related human healthcare fields, rather than outside human medicine. The challenges of modern medical education can be better met by diversifying the tutor pool to include veterinary scientists, near-peers and other biomedical research professionals, allowing students to engage with “outside” professional expertise. Histology is ideal for student interaction with interprofessional tutors.
Materials and Methods
We present our experiences in diversifying our histology tutor pool to include near-peers, and veterinary medicine, scientific research, and clinical medicine experts.
Results
Tutors from diverse professional backgrounds bring knowledge, skills, and extensive workplace experience. Conceptualising relationships between tutors and academic staff as professional partnerships facilitates broader and more enriching learning for students by informing content.
We promote respectful interprofessional discourse between tutors from different professional backgrounds and expertise, modelling for our students their later interactions with other professions. By interacting with tutors, students begin constructing working partnerships with professionals outside clinical medicine.
Conclusions
Interprofessional learning is important for meaningful communication and collaboration. It produces better understanding of animal models of human disease which underpin research and clinical practice, and prepares medical students for complex challenges such as zoonoses and food-borne disease in their future practice. Histology is an ideal location to inspire openness toward interprofessional collaboration, fostering positive attitudes for cross-sectoral collaboration and ensuring development of a functional One Health Culture.
Research Interests:
Although variations in normal kidney structure are common, ectopic or pelvic kidneys are considered rare entities (<1% of population), and fused kidneys have only been reported in literature a handful of times. We present a unique case... more
Although variations in normal kidney structure are common, ectopic or pelvic kidneys are considered rare entities (<1% of population), and fused kidneys have only been reported in literature a handful of times. We present a unique case consisting of multiple renal variants and discuss possible developmental defects leading to the anomalous structure. Routine dissection of an 82-year-old female Caucasian cadaver, with previous history of cardiovascular disease, Type 2 dia- betes and renal insufficiency revealed the absence of normal renal structures on the left side. Further dissection revealed anomalous re- nal organs in the pelvic region, anterior to L5 and sacral vertebra. This case report describes the presence of two fused discoid kidneys, located ectopically in the false pelvis immediately inferior to the ab- dominal aorta bifurcation. The anomalous kidney was supplied by arteries arising from the abdominal aorta and left common iliac and an atypical artery that arose from the normal origin of the median sacral artery (which was absent). Each hilum had an associated renal pelvis and the structures fused proximally to form a single ureter. The anomalous venous drainage was also noted. The right side of the cadaver displayed normal renal structures. In this case, apparent failure of normal renal migration in embryological development resulted in a kidney anomaly. Although the presence of fused pelvic kidneys has been previously reported in literature, this particular structure, with its multiple anomalies, has not. Awareness of the pos- sibility of embryological variants will minimize risk of complications in surgical or clinical procedures in the pelvic region.
Abstract published in Clinical Anatomy 21:269–277 (2008) p273
Abstract published in Clinical Anatomy 21:269–277 (2008) p273
Research Interests:
The presence of more than three coeliac trunk branches is a com- monly encountered variant. Literature occasionally describes cases of middle or left colic arteries originating from the celiac trunks or its branches. However, the presence... more
The presence of more than three coeliac trunk branches is a com- monly encountered variant. Literature occasionally describes cases of middle or left colic arteries originating from the celiac trunks or its branches. However, the presence of an anomalous arterial connection between the celiac trunk and both the superior and inferior mes- enteric arteries (SMA and IMA, respectively) has yet to be reported. Routine abdominal dissection of an 88-year-old male Caucasian cadaver, who died of respiratory failure and stroke, revealed the presence of an anomalous fourth arterial branch on the 4-cm long celiac trunk. The course of this artery was traced and found to terminate by anastomosing with the marginal artery of the mesenteric circulation. The distal termination point of this anomalous fourth coeliac branch was the marginal artery about 5-cm medial of the splenic flexure region, anastomosing almost perpendicularly. The diameter of this anomalous artery was comparable with the left gastric artery at their origins. The artery coursed inferio-laterally toward the splenic flexure, passing immediately posterior to both the pancreas and the splenic vein. The anastomosis point of this artery, near Griffith’s point, is normally considered a watershed region with dual arterial supply from both the SMA and IMA, allowing collateral circulation. This region has a relatively higher susceptibility to irreversible dam- age in ischaemic diseases due to lower perfusion, thus the anastomosis of atypical coeliac branches represents a rare case for consideration. Awareness of the possibility of embryological variants will minimize risk of complications in surgical or clinical procedures.
Abstract published in Clinical Anatomy 21:269–277 (2008) p273
Abstract published in Clinical Anatomy 21:269–277 (2008) p273
Research Interests:
Intima-media ratio (IMR) indicates degree of intima thickening as a ratio of the media associated with atheroma formation. Carotid artery IMRs are currently utilized successfully as prognostic indicators to model occurrence and course of... more
Intima-media ratio (IMR) indicates degree of intima thickening as a ratio of the media associated with atheroma formation. Carotid artery IMRs are currently utilized successfully as prognostic indicators to model occurrence and course of occlusive cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Gut artery atherosclerosis is linked to mesenteric vascular diseases and mesenteric ischaemia especially in the elderly. However, no valid prognostic indicators exist to model this. This pilot study investigated age-, height-, and gender-related differences in coeliac and mesenteric arteries as described by IMR and other novel morphometric parameters including percentage luminal narrowing (PLN) and percentage medial thinning (PMT). Location specific changes of IMR and possible associations between parameters and prevalent and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) were also inves- tigated. The relevance of the parameters in relation to atherosclerotic progressions linked to occlusive mesenteric vascular diseases was also explored. Dissection and measurements in 55 cadavers of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and inferior mesenteric artery (IMA), splenic, common hepatic, and left gastric arteries were per- formed before histological processing. Computational image analysis was used for morphometric analysis. Preliminary results showed males had larger mean IMR and PLN in the SMA, and PLN and PMT in the IMA than females, and female SMA IMR was found to be associ- ated with existence of CVD. The lower IMR values in females may be due to anti-atherogenic qualities of 17-b-estradiol. Age and height association within IMR, PLN, and PMT were observed. These mesen- teric artery morphometric parameters may provide predictive and risk assessment models for mesenteric vascular diseases.
Abstract published in Clinical Anatomy 21:269–277 (2008) p272
Abstract published in Clinical Anatomy 21:269–277 (2008) p272
Research Interests:
Intima-media ratio (IMR) indicates degree of intima thickening as a ratio of the media associated with infiltration of lymphocytes and lipid, cholesterol and calcium accumulation during formation of atherosclerotic plaques. IMR... more
Intima-media ratio (IMR) indicates degree of intima thickening as a ratio of the media associated with infiltration of lymphocytes and lipid, cholesterol and calcium accumulation during formation of atherosclerotic plaques. IMR measurements in carotid arteries are currently utilised successfully as prognostic indicators and risk profiles to model the occurrence of occlusive cardiovascular disease and the course of atherosclerosis. Gut artery atherosclerosis has shown to be linked to the occurrence of mesenteric vascular diseases and mesenteric ischaemia, especially in the elderly (Hansen et al, J. Vasc. Surg. 40, 2004), however no valid prognostic indicators, such as IMR, exist to model this. Thus, this pilot study investigated age and gender related differences in the coeliac and mesenteric arteries as described by IMR. Location specific changes of IMR and possible associations between IMR and prevalent and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) were also investigated. The relevance of the IMR parameter in relation to atherosclerotic progressions linked to occlusive mesenteric vascular diseases was also explored. Dissection and measurements in 65 cadavers for the superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery, splenic artery and common hepatic artery were performed before histological processing employing Millers & van Gieson’s for elastic fibres and Gomori’s trichrome. Computational image analysis was carried out and statistical analysis performed using Student’s t-test, linear regression and Pearson’s correlation. Males were shown to have larger mean IMR in the SMA and IMA than females (p < 0.05) and female SMA IMR was found to be associated with existence of CVD. No association between IMR and age was observed, however weak negative correlations were observed for the SMA IMR. It is suggested that females are more likely to have lower IMR values due to the anti-atherogenic qualities of 17-ß oestradiol.
Poster presented to Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland Summer Meeting, University of Durham, UK, 3-5 July, 2007. Abstracts published in Journal of Anatomy: Abstracts of the Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland. The Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, (94-94). Poster 38 doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.831_2.x
Poster presented to Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland Summer Meeting, University of Durham, UK, 3-5 July, 2007. Abstracts published in Journal of Anatomy: Abstracts of the Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland. The Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, (94-94). Poster 38 doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.831_2.x
Research Interests:
The shoulder is an important area of pathology and injury. The histology of the labrum, especially relating to the biceps tendon, has been studied thoroughly; however the synovial folds found in this region are not well described. 8... more
The shoulder is an important area of pathology and injury. The histology of the labrum, especially relating to the biceps tendon, has been studied thoroughly; however the synovial folds found in this region are not well described. 8 Right and left shoulder complexes from cadavers from 65 to 90 years of age were examined as part of a broader study of this region. The gross morphology, location and histological appearance of the folds, including fibrofatty, fine flat and villous-like synovial folds, were examined. These villous structures appear similar to described synovitis (Abrahams et al., 1988); however they were present in the majority (6 of 8) of specimens. These villous structures had a finger-like morphology and were visibly vascular. Additionally, those specimens with villous structures were more vascular overall; possibly reflecting vasodilation associated with inflammation. The villous structures were predominantly present behind or attached to the biceps brachii long head tendon or on the posterior capsule wall. Histological examination revealed the tissue composition and the degree of inflammatory cells infiltration within these villous structures and surrounding regions. The tissue type, cell density, vascularity and other attributes of all the structures in the region were analysed.
Research Interests:
Intra-articular inclusions are considered characteristic structures of complex synovial joints. Recently Funk et al. (2006) suggested that impingement of the rotator cuff may be due to subacromial plicae. However review of standard... more
Intra-articular inclusions are considered characteristic structures of complex synovial joints. Recently Funk et al. (2006) suggested that impingement of the rotator cuff may be due to subacromial plicae. However review of standard anatomical texts failed to provide detailed descriptions of the morphology of plicae or synovial folds within the subacromial bursa. Eight left and right shoulder joint complexes from four embalmed cadavers aged 65 to 90 years were examined. The subacromial bursa, capping the superolateral aspect of the glenohumeral joint, was opened, photographed and the type and disposition of any intra-articular inclusions was recorded. All inclusions were excised for histological analysis and each fold was classified according to its composition of adipose and fibrous tissue. Synovial folds were located mostly in the posteromedial, posterolateral and posterior bursal walls under the acromion in the majority of joints. On gross inspection these structures were irregular, often resembling meniscoids, or appearing thin and crescent-shaped. On the basis of their morphology it appears that posterolateral meniscoids could be liable to impingement. The results of this preliminary study indicate that a larger cadaver study should be followed by an imaging study where intra-articular structures could be visualised in younger, healthy control subjects and in patients reporting shoulder pain.
Research Interests:
Purpose The purpose of this study was to detail the course and variations of the obturator vessels from their origin inside the pelvis to their relationship with the obturator foramen. This is in light of growing popularity for the... more
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to detail the course and variations of the obturator vessels from their origin inside the pelvis to their relationship with the obturator foramen. This is in light of growing popularity for the transobturator approach to pelvic surgery and concerns this surgery is being performed blind due to a lack of research in the area. The high variability of the obturator vessels inside the pelvis is well known but variability in the thigh is not. The textbook description of the obturator vessels in the thigh describes two branches encircling the obturator foramen but there is little description of any branches traversing the foramen. Cadaveric dissection has revealed distinct differences from this textbook description and highlights the proximity of the transobturator device to the obturator vessels. Consequently this study was designed to describe the anatomy and variations of these vessels in the pelvis and thigh.
Methods
The study utilized cadaveric dissection and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The MRI study involved injection of 1% contrast media (Magnevist®) and 10% gelatine in saline solution into the obturator vessels from inside the pelvis. This solution dispersed through the vessels and set, labelling them for T1-weighted MRI. Both obturator arteries on two cadavers (male and female) were visualised for lumen size, relationship to surface landmarks and tissues of the thigh. These obturator vessels were then dissected, allowing correlation with MR images.
Results
Results of the correlation between textbook definition, cadaveric dissection and MRI analysis are presented. The utility of MRI for cadaver studies of vascular variations is discussed.
The purpose of this study was to detail the course and variations of the obturator vessels from their origin inside the pelvis to their relationship with the obturator foramen. This is in light of growing popularity for the transobturator approach to pelvic surgery and concerns this surgery is being performed blind due to a lack of research in the area. The high variability of the obturator vessels inside the pelvis is well known but variability in the thigh is not. The textbook description of the obturator vessels in the thigh describes two branches encircling the obturator foramen but there is little description of any branches traversing the foramen. Cadaveric dissection has revealed distinct differences from this textbook description and highlights the proximity of the transobturator device to the obturator vessels. Consequently this study was designed to describe the anatomy and variations of these vessels in the pelvis and thigh.
Methods
The study utilized cadaveric dissection and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The MRI study involved injection of 1% contrast media (Magnevist®) and 10% gelatine in saline solution into the obturator vessels from inside the pelvis. This solution dispersed through the vessels and set, labelling them for T1-weighted MRI. Both obturator arteries on two cadavers (male and female) were visualised for lumen size, relationship to surface landmarks and tissues of the thigh. These obturator vessels were then dissected, allowing correlation with MR images.
Results
Results of the correlation between textbook definition, cadaveric dissection and MRI analysis are presented. The utility of MRI for cadaver studies of vascular variations is discussed.
Research Interests:
Purpose: The brachial, deep brachial, ulnar and radial arteries, proximal and distal to the elbow joint complex form anastamoses that supply the elbow and forearm. Previous studies have focused on the course and variations of only these... more
Purpose:
The brachial, deep brachial, ulnar and radial arteries, proximal and distal to the elbow joint complex form anastamoses that supply the elbow and forearm. Previous studies have focused on the course and variations of only these major arteries. This study was performed to yield a better understanding of the origins, courses and interactions of these arterial anastamoses, which may be compromised during elbow flexion.
Methods:
This study utilized cadaver dissection to explore the arterial supply of the elbow joint complex. The location of the branches, their relative positions, lengths and courses, and their areas of supply were documented in five elbows.
Results:
Variations in origin and course of superior and inferior ulnar collateral, and posterior and anterior branches of the deep brachial arteries were found. One subject displayed a superior ulnar collateral artery originating 3cm above the elbow joint; smaller branches supplying the humerus and deep arm muscles were also present, originating from the normal level of the superior collateral artery. The inferior ulnar recurrent was also seen to originate from a more distal position on the ulnar artery in the same specimen. Another specimen displayed a larger amount of anastomoses between superior and inferior ulnar collaterals antero-proximally to the medial epicondyle of the humerus. An unusual radial recurrent artery was also seen in conjunction with a large and more superior origin of a radial interosseus artery.
Conclusion:
The study revealed variations relating to the origin and course in the arterial vessels of the elbow joint complex. One of the variant arteries crossed the cubital fossa in the midline and may have been compromised in elbow flexion. The remainder were in positions unlikely to be compromised.
The brachial, deep brachial, ulnar and radial arteries, proximal and distal to the elbow joint complex form anastamoses that supply the elbow and forearm. Previous studies have focused on the course and variations of only these major arteries. This study was performed to yield a better understanding of the origins, courses and interactions of these arterial anastamoses, which may be compromised during elbow flexion.
Methods:
This study utilized cadaver dissection to explore the arterial supply of the elbow joint complex. The location of the branches, their relative positions, lengths and courses, and their areas of supply were documented in five elbows.
Results:
Variations in origin and course of superior and inferior ulnar collateral, and posterior and anterior branches of the deep brachial arteries were found. One subject displayed a superior ulnar collateral artery originating 3cm above the elbow joint; smaller branches supplying the humerus and deep arm muscles were also present, originating from the normal level of the superior collateral artery. The inferior ulnar recurrent was also seen to originate from a more distal position on the ulnar artery in the same specimen. Another specimen displayed a larger amount of anastomoses between superior and inferior ulnar collaterals antero-proximally to the medial epicondyle of the humerus. An unusual radial recurrent artery was also seen in conjunction with a large and more superior origin of a radial interosseus artery.
Conclusion:
The study revealed variations relating to the origin and course in the arterial vessels of the elbow joint complex. One of the variant arteries crossed the cubital fossa in the midline and may have been compromised in elbow flexion. The remainder were in positions unlikely to be compromised.
Research Interests:
Purpose: The anterior and posterior humeral circumflex arteries arise from the axillary artery and supply the proximal humeral epiphysis. In the literature, a single branch from the anterior humeral circumflex, the arcuate artery, is... more
Purpose:
The anterior and posterior humeral circumflex arteries arise from the axillary artery and supply the proximal humeral epiphysis. In the literature, a single branch from the anterior humeral circumflex, the arcuate artery, is described as coursing around the surgical neck of the humerus. Some studies report it giving off a branch that supplies the proximal humeral epiphysis, and which anastomoses with a branch of the posterior humeral circumflex artery. Apart from this, there is little further information on either the anatomy of the branches of the anterior and posterior humeral circumflex arteries, or on their areas of supply. This study was designed to gather information on the relative areas of supply of these branches.
Methods:
This study utilized traditional cadaver dissection to explore the branches of the anterior and posterior circumflex arteries. The location of the branches, their relative positions, lengths and courses, and their areas of supply were documented in the shoulders of two cadavers.
Results:
The results of this study are consistent with reported literature, in that the posterior humeral circumflex artery supplies the teres major, triceps brachii, infraspinatus, deltoideus and subscapularis, however, an abundance of branches hitherto not reported was observed. Significant variation between specimens was noted.
The anterior humeral circumflex artery had fewer branches, but variation between specimens was less. Contrary to previous literature, the majority of the branches of both arteries did not supply the proximal humeral epiphysis, but rather supplied the deltoideus.
Conclusion:
This study revealed additional complexity in the areas of supply of the humeral circumflex arteries not previously reported.
The anterior and posterior humeral circumflex arteries arise from the axillary artery and supply the proximal humeral epiphysis. In the literature, a single branch from the anterior humeral circumflex, the arcuate artery, is described as coursing around the surgical neck of the humerus. Some studies report it giving off a branch that supplies the proximal humeral epiphysis, and which anastomoses with a branch of the posterior humeral circumflex artery. Apart from this, there is little further information on either the anatomy of the branches of the anterior and posterior humeral circumflex arteries, or on their areas of supply. This study was designed to gather information on the relative areas of supply of these branches.
Methods:
This study utilized traditional cadaver dissection to explore the branches of the anterior and posterior circumflex arteries. The location of the branches, their relative positions, lengths and courses, and their areas of supply were documented in the shoulders of two cadavers.
Results:
The results of this study are consistent with reported literature, in that the posterior humeral circumflex artery supplies the teres major, triceps brachii, infraspinatus, deltoideus and subscapularis, however, an abundance of branches hitherto not reported was observed. Significant variation between specimens was noted.
The anterior humeral circumflex artery had fewer branches, but variation between specimens was less. Contrary to previous literature, the majority of the branches of both arteries did not supply the proximal humeral epiphysis, but rather supplied the deltoideus.
Conclusion:
This study revealed additional complexity in the areas of supply of the humeral circumflex arteries not previously reported.
Research Interests:
Purpose: BIOM2034 Human Histology and Embryology is a second level elective course for science and biomedical science students at The University of Queensland. The course has both theory (lecture) and practical (microscope) components.... more
Purpose:
BIOM2034 Human Histology and Embryology is a second level elective course for science and biomedical science students at The University of Queensland. The course has both theory (lecture) and practical (microscope) components.
Previously, students engaged in passive learning. They did not integrate theory and practice, and performed poorly in histological assessment. Lack of student engagement led to a perception of histology as irrelevant and boring.
Class size precludes most laboratory-based histology (e.g., students cannot prepare slides). An assignment was used to increase student engagement with histology.
Methods:
Each student was given two slides of an ‘unknown’ sample. One slide was stained with H&E, the other with an unidentified stain. Students were required to identify the various tissues in the sample (not identify the source organ), and comment on the suitability of the stains for identification and demonstration of these tissues. In presenting their report, they were required to use photomicrographs and/or illustrations.
Students were encouraged to discuss freely amongst themselves and tutors, although the final report was completed individually. Emphasis was on the process involved, not the ‘correct’ answer.
Results:
Informal student feedback indicated they appreciated the challenges posed by this assignment. They also appreciated the relevance of basic histology, especially in research and health settings. Most students performed extremely well, producing high quality reports demonstrating superior knowledge of histology.
Conclusion:
This assessment item is suggested to allow students to develop both basic histological skills and knowledge, and an appreciation of the importance of these in a research or health science setting.
BIOM2034 Human Histology and Embryology is a second level elective course for science and biomedical science students at The University of Queensland. The course has both theory (lecture) and practical (microscope) components.
Previously, students engaged in passive learning. They did not integrate theory and practice, and performed poorly in histological assessment. Lack of student engagement led to a perception of histology as irrelevant and boring.
Class size precludes most laboratory-based histology (e.g., students cannot prepare slides). An assignment was used to increase student engagement with histology.
Methods:
Each student was given two slides of an ‘unknown’ sample. One slide was stained with H&E, the other with an unidentified stain. Students were required to identify the various tissues in the sample (not identify the source organ), and comment on the suitability of the stains for identification and demonstration of these tissues. In presenting their report, they were required to use photomicrographs and/or illustrations.
Students were encouraged to discuss freely amongst themselves and tutors, although the final report was completed individually. Emphasis was on the process involved, not the ‘correct’ answer.
Results:
Informal student feedback indicated they appreciated the challenges posed by this assignment. They also appreciated the relevance of basic histology, especially in research and health settings. Most students performed extremely well, producing high quality reports demonstrating superior knowledge of histology.
Conclusion:
This assessment item is suggested to allow students to develop both basic histological skills and knowledge, and an appreciation of the importance of these in a research or health science setting.