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High-dose vitamin C has proven to be cytotoxic to a wide variety of cancer cell lines (Fain et al. in BMJ 316:1661–1662, 1998; Mayland et al. in Palliat Med 19(1):17–20, 2005; Agus et al. in Cancer Res 59:4555–4558, 1999; Prasad et al. in... more
High-dose vitamin C has proven to be cytotoxic to a wide variety of cancer cell lines (Fain et al. in BMJ 316:1661–1662, 1998; Mayland et al. in Palliat Med 19(1):17–20, 2005; Agus et al. in Cancer Res 59:4555–4558, 1999; Prasad et al. in J Am Coll Nutr 18:13–25, 1999; Hart in Alt Complement Ther 18:91–97, 2012), as well as to boost the cytotoxicity of several common chemotherapy drugs.
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We tested a dietary supplement formulated with a synergistic combination of vitamins, minerals, herbals in a group of 15 patients with uncontrolled diabetes type II. The supplement was given for 30 days. Fasting blood glucose was measured... more
We tested a dietary supplement formulated with a synergistic combination of vitamins, minerals, herbals in a group of 15 patients with uncontrolled diabetes type II. The supplement was given for 30 days. Fasting blood glucose was measured prior to the supplementation and at the end of the 30 days treatment period. Blood glucose was significantly reduced in all patients with no adverse effects. This orthomolecular correction of faulty glucose metabolism with a combination of nontoxic, safe and fairly inexpensive nutraceuticals needs to be further substantiated. Nervertheless the idea of correcting metabolism with micronutrients is a new concept of genetic nutritioneering that seems appealing and cost effective.
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The Zika Fever is a viral disease caused by a single-stranded RNA virus from the Flavivirus genus, Flaviviridae family, from the Spondweni group. Its transmission occurs through mosquito vectors, principally Aedes Aegypti. The most common... more
The Zika Fever is a viral disease caused by a single-stranded RNA virus from the Flavivirus genus, Flaviviridae family, from the Spondweni group. Its transmission occurs through mosquito vectors, principally Aedes Aegypti. The most common symptoms of Zika are fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis (red eyes). Other common symptoms include muscle pain and headache. As of now, no vaccine exists for the virus and no official treatment has been developed aside from standard procedures of the use of acetaminophen (paracetamol) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This is a case report of a 54 year-old Hispanic female who arrived at the clinic with symptomatology congruent with the Zika fever. The patient was treated with high doses of intravenous vitamin C over three days. The symptoms resolved after the infusions without any side effects at day four. Recovery from this viral infection takes normally around two weeks. Based on the positive outcome in this case, we propose that intravenous vitamin C should be studied further as a potential treatment for acute viral infections.
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Objective: To profile complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) utilization patterns in the municipality of Bayamón, Puerto Rico. Methods: The study consisted of a cross-sectional household survey conducted in 2008. A multi-stage... more
Objective: To profile complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) utilization patterns in the municipality of Bayamón, Puerto Rico. Methods: The study consisted of a cross-sectional household survey conducted in 2008. A multi-stage probabilistic sampling method was used to obtain a total of 203 household interviews. The survey used was based on a culturally adapted version of the Complementary and Alternative Medicine Supplement of the 2007 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), conducted by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The statistical analysis included means, frequency distributions, and a multiple logistic regression model. Results: The prevalence rates of CAM use ranged from 55.7% to 92.1%, depending on the modalities included under CAM. The most frequently reported medical conditions treated with CAM included back problems, headaches, allergies, anxiety, and depression. Sixty-four percent of the respondents had not informed their physicians that they used CAM. The results showed a marginal association 0.05<p<0.1) between using CAM, being female, having a high level of education, having a family income level of $12,000 to 23,999 (based on reference value) and having insurance coverage for CAM. Conclusion: The results suggest that a relatively large segment of the Bayamón population used one or more CAM modalities in the year prior to the survey. The findings suggest that the prevalence rates of CAM use change depending on which therapeutic modalities are included when "CAM" is being defined. The health issues treated with CAM were associated with chronic conditions. The large portion of respondents not disclosing their use of CAM to their physicians is worrying in terms of patient safety.
Research Interests: Health Sciences, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Family Medicine, Asthma, Anxiety, and 15 moreDenmark, Humans, Disclosure, Complementary Therapies, Female, Income, Alternative Medicine, Awareness, Clinical Sciences, Aged, Adult, Health surveys, ANXIETY, Cross Sectional Studies, and Ear Acupuncture
A combination dietary supplement containing vitamins, minerals, herbs, fibers and amino acids was studied to determine its safety and efficacy on weight/ fat loss, cholesterol and triglycerides in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trail.... more
A combination dietary supplement containing vitamins, minerals, herbs, fibers and amino acids was studied to determine its safety and efficacy on weight/ fat loss, cholesterol and triglycerides in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trail. Total body weight, body fat %, waist and hip measurements, total cholesterol and triglycerides were evaluated before and after 6 weeks treatment with combination supplement or placebo. The study population consisted in 27 mildly to moderately obese, otherwise healthy, volunteers. After 6 weeks of treatment, the combination supplement had a statistically significant (p<0.001, mu=0.05) positive weight reducing effect (-8.59Lb vs. +2.14 Lb). This weight reduction was associated with a corresponding statistically significant (p<0.001, mu=0.05) decrease in body fat % in the treatment group (-2.88%) vs. the placebo (+0.86%). In addition, significant decreases in total cholesterol (-22.94 mg/dL) and triglycerides (-39.29 mg/dL) were obtained plus reductions in waist and hip measurements. These positive results lead us to conclude, that the combination supplement studied herein is a safe and effective way to assist in weight/fat reduction and decreases in total cholesterol and triglycerides in relatively short time (6 weeks).
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Sodium ascorbate is preferentially toxic to tumor cells at high concentrations. It has not been established, however, whether sufficient intra-tumor ascorbate concentrations are safely achievable in vivo. We administered sodium ascorbate... more
Sodium ascorbate is preferentially toxic to tumor cells at high concentrations. It has not been established, however, whether sufficient intra-tumor ascorbate concentrations are safely achievable in vivo. We administered sodium ascorbate subcutaneously or orally for eighteen days to Sewall-Wright strain-2 guinea pigs bearing intradermal L-10 hepatocarcinoma tumors. Tumor masses and intra-tumor ascorbate concentrations were determined at necropsy. L-10 cells formed tumors that metastasized to the lymph nodes, with tumor burdens reaching nearly 50 grams in untreated animals. Subcutaneous injections of ascorbate (500 mg/kg/day) inhibited tumor growth by as much as sixty-five percent, with oral supplementation reducing it by roughly fifty percent. Tumor growth correlated inversely with intra-tumor ascorbate concentration, the latter exceeding 2 mM in some cases. Ascorbate concentrations sufficient to kill tumor cells can be safely achieved in solid tumors in vivo, suggesting a possible role for high dose intravenous ascorbate in treating cancer.
Research Interests: Medicine, Antioxidants, Pubmed, Animals, Caviidae, and 4 moreIn Vivo, Ascorbic Acid, sodium ascorbate, and Guinea pigs
In 1536, the French explorer Jacques Cartier, while exploring the St. Lawrence River, used the local natives’ herbal medicine knowledge to save his men who were dying of scurvy. He boiled the needles of the arbor vitae tree to make the... more
In 1536, the French explorer Jacques Cartier, while exploring the St. Lawrence River, used the local natives’ herbal medicine knowledge to save his men who were dying of scurvy. He boiled the needles of the arbor vitae tree to make the healing tea (that was later shown to contain about 50 mg of vitamin C per 100 g) (Martini in Vesalius 8(1):2–6, 2002 [1]).
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Research Interests: Drug interactions, Medicine, Drug, Prospective studies, Tuberculosis, and 15 moreHumans, Internal Medicine, Female, Fluconazole, Male, Middle Aged, Adult, Antifungal Agents, Pulmonary Tuberculosis, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol, Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences, HIV infections, and Rifampin
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Vitamin C is considered a very strong reductant and radical scavenger. Vitamin C reduces unstable oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur radicals.
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Research Interests: Nutrition, Diet, Vitamins, Stress, Medicine, and 13 moreMalnutrition, Humans, Animals, Dietary Supplements, Nutrient, Rats, Physiological Stress Markers, Stress (Linguistics), Psychological Stress, Psychiatric Clinics of North America, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Stress Physiological, and Medical and Health Sciences
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Critically ill patients often have or develop conditions that make them susceptible to seizures and epilepsy. Treatment frequently involves the use of anticonvulsants. In order to use these effectively, the critical care nurse must be... more
Critically ill patients often have or develop conditions that make them susceptible to seizures and epilepsy. Treatment frequently involves the use of anticonvulsants. In order to use these effectively, the critical care nurse must be aware of the indications and controversies surrounding their use, the pathophysiologic conditions that impact on the disposition, and appropriate dosing and monitoring of these agents in the critical care setting
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The recent publication by the Levine group of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)1 reporting that pharmacologic concentrations of ascorbic acid selec-tively kill cancer cells has received worldwide atten-tion. The reason for this is... more
The recent publication by the Levine group of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)1 reporting that pharmacologic concentrations of ascorbic acid selec-tively kill cancer cells has received worldwide atten-tion. The reason for this is that vitamin C (ascorbic acid, ascorbate) is a ...
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It is a common practice to envision cancer exclusively as a genetic disease, however, in our perspective, changes in gene expression leading to malignancy are secondary to biochemical disturbances and at its core we consider cancer as a... more
It is a common practice to envision cancer exclusively as a genetic disease, however, in our perspective, changes in gene expression leading to malignancy are secondary to biochemical disturbances and at its core we consider cancer as a metabolic energetic disease. In this regard, incongruence with the concept of the bioenergetic theory of carcinogenesis, we propose structured water (EZ water), as an element that facilitates the correction of the fundamental energy disruption and the reestablishment of health. The prime approach for this therapy would be to infuse kosmotropic osmolytes by the intravenous route to improve the physiological conditions and promote the reduction of cancer growth with no side effects. By doing so, we could expect that the cells will regain their communication ability with a functioning Ras and p53 proteins and other metabolic and transcription factors. The end goal is to support the cell in overcoming its low-energy anaerobic glycolytic metabolism that f...
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Cancer accounts for nearly one-quarter of deaths in the United States. The life expectancy after standard treatment for these patients is dismal. New treatment modalities should be considered and evaluated. Ascorbic Acid (AA, Vitamin C)... more
Cancer accounts for nearly one-quarter of deaths in the United States. The life expectancy after standard treatment for these patients is dismal. New treatment modalities should be considered and evaluated. Ascorbic Acid (AA, Vitamin C) is a relatively low cost and safe nutrient even when given at very high doses (intravenous) that could be a very relevant co-adjuvant in cancer treatment. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown benefit of using high dose intravenous vitamin C as adjuvant therapy in cancer patients. There is significant supporting evidence of the benefits of the use vitamin C with chemotherapy.
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Metabolic correction for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A biochemical-physiological therapeutic approach
Address correspondence to: Dr. Michael J. Gonzalez School of Public Health, Dept Human Development, Nutrition Program, InBioMed Project, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus PO Box 365067 San Juan PR 00936-5067 email:... more
Address correspondence to: Dr. Michael J. Gonzalez School of Public Health, Dept Human Development, Nutrition Program, InBioMed Project, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus PO Box 365067 San Juan PR 00936-5067 email: mgonzalez@rcm.upr.edu.
Research Interests: Medicine and Overweight
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The effect of ascorbic acid on cancer has been a subject of great controversy. This is a follow-up review of the 1979 article by Cameron, Pauling, and Leibovitz published in Cancer Research. In this updated version, the authors address... more
The effect of ascorbic acid on cancer has been a subject of great controversy. This is a follow-up review of the 1979 article by Cameron, Pauling, and Leibovitz published in Cancer Research. In this updated version, the authors address general aspects of ascorbic acid and cancer that have been presented before, while reviewing, analyzing, and updating new existing literature on the subject. In addition, they present and discuss their own mechanistic hypothesis on the effect of ascorbic acid on the cancer cell. The objective of this review is to provide an updated scientific basis for the use of ascorbic acid, especially intravenously as adjuvant treatment in pharmacological nutritional oncology.
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High dose intravenous(i.v.) ascorbic acid (AA) has been used as therapy for infectious disease from bacterial and viral origin and adjuvant therapy for cancer. In this publication we describe a clinical protocol that has been developed... more
High dose intravenous(i.v.) ascorbic acid (AA) has been used as therapy for infectious disease from bacterial and viral origin and adjuvant therapy for cancer. In this publication we describe a clinical protocol that has been developed over the past twenty years utilizing high dose i.v. AA as therapy for cancer. This includes principles of treatment, rationale, baseline workup, infusion protocol, precautions and side effects.
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Despite the significant number of in vitro and in vivo studies to assess vitamin C effects on cancer following the application of large doses and its extensive use by alternative medicine practitioners in the USA; the precise schedule for... more
Despite the significant number of in vitro and in vivo studies to assess vitamin C effects on cancer following the application of large doses and its extensive use by alternative medicine practitioners in the USA; the precise schedule for successful cancer therapy is still unknown. Based on interpretation of the available data, we postulate that the relationship between Vitamin C doses and plasma concentration x time, the capability of tissue stores upon distribution, and the saturable mechanism of urinary excretion are all important determinants to understand the physiology of high intravenous vitamin C dose administration and its effect on cancer. Practitioners should pay more attention to the cumulative vitamin C effect instead of the vitamin C concentrations to account for observed discrepancy in antitumor response. We suggest that multiple, intermittent, short-term intravenous infusions of vitamin C over a longer time period will correlate with greater antitumor effects than do...
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Currently available anti-viral drugs may be useful in reducing the viral load but are not providing the necessary physiological effects to reduce the SARS-CoV-2 complications efficiently. Treatments that provide better clinical outcomes... more
Currently available anti-viral drugs may be useful in reducing the viral load but are not providing the necessary physiological effects to reduce the SARS-CoV-2 complications efficiently. Treatments that provide better clinical outcomes are urgently needed. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AA) is an essential nutrient with many biological roles that have been proven to play an important part in immune function; it serves as an antioxidant, an anti-viral, and exerts anti-thrombotic effects among many other physiological benefits. Research has proven that AA at pharmacological doses can be beneficial to patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other respiratory illnesses, including sepsis. In addition, High-Dose Intravenous Vitamin C (HDIVC) has proven to be effective in patients with different viral diseases, such as influenza, chikungunya, Zika, and dengue. Moreover, HDIVC has been demonstrated to be very safe. Regarding COVID-19, vitamin C can suppress the cytokine sto...
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High dose intravenous(i.v.) ascorbic acid (AA) has been used as therapy for infectious disease from bacterial and viral origin and adjuvant therapy for cancer. In this publication we describe a clinical protocol that has been developed... more
High dose intravenous(i.v.) ascorbic acid (AA) has been used as therapy for infectious disease from bacterial and viral origin and adjuvant therapy for cancer. In this publication we describe a clinical protocol that has been developed over the past twenty years utilizing high dose i.v. AA as therapy for cancer. This includes principles of treatment, rationale, baseline workup, infusion protocol, precautions and side effects.
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Jorge R. Miranda-Massari1 Michael J. González3* Francisco J. Jiménez Ramírez1 Jorge Duconge2 Heriberto Marín4 Myriam Z. Allende-Vigo5 Ricardo Aguirre6 Miguel J. Berdiel7 Iván Paz ND8 Carlos Cidre MD9 1Department of Pharmacy Practice,... more
Jorge R. Miranda-Massari1 Michael J. González3* Francisco J. Jiménez Ramírez1 Jorge Duconge2 Heriberto Marín4 Myriam Z. Allende-Vigo5 Ricardo Aguirre6 Miguel J. Berdiel7 Iván Paz ND8 Carlos Cidre MD9 1Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Medical Sciences Campus, UPR, San Juan, PR 2Department of Basic Science, School of Pharmacy, Medical Sciences Campus, UPR, San Juan, PR 3Department of Human Development, School of Public Health, Medical Sciences Campus, UPR, San Juan, PR 4Department of Administration of Health Services, School of Public Health, Medical Sciences Campus, UPR, San Juan, PR 5Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, UPR, San Juan, PR 6Department of Business Administration, Sagrado Corazón University, San Juan, PR 7Clínica Berdiel, Ponce, PR 8Clínica Novis, San Juan, PR 9Clínica Dr Cidre, Guaynabo, PR
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A dietary supplement combination consisting of vitamins, minerals and fibers was studied to determine its safety and efficacy on weight/fat loss, cholesterol and triglycerides in children between ages 7-13. This open label trial measured... more
A dietary supplement combination consisting of vitamins, minerals and fibers was studied to determine its safety and efficacy on weight/fat loss, cholesterol and triglycerides in children between ages 7-13. This open label trial measured total body weight, body fat percentage, waist circumference, total cholesterol, triglycerides before and after 6 weeks of treatment. The study population consisted of 25 mildly to moderate obese, otherwise healthy children of both sexes. After 6 weeks of treatment, the combination supplement had a statistically significant (p < 0.05) weight reducing effect. This weight reduction was associated with a corresponding statistically significant (p < 0.0001l) decrease in body fat percentage. In addition, significant decreases in total cholesterol (p < 0.0001) and triglycerides (p < 0.0001) were obtained, plus reductions in waist measurements. We conclude that the combination supplement studied herein is a safe and effective way to assist child...
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Copyrights: Copyright © 2014 by author(s) and International College of Human Nutrition and Functional Medicine www.ICHNFM.org Citation: Gonzalez MJ, Miranda-Massari JR, Duconge J, Arroyo JP. Chronic Diseases as Inborn Errors of... more
Copyrights: Copyright © 2014 by author(s) and International College of Human Nutrition and Functional Medicine www.ICHNFM.org Citation: Gonzalez MJ, Miranda-Massari JR, Duconge J, Arroyo JP. Chronic Diseases as Inborn Errors of Metabolism: The Metabolic Correction Therapy Approach. International Journal of Human Nutrition and Functional Medicine 2014:2(1);2 Chronic Diseases as Inborn Errors of Metabolism: The Metabolic Correction Therapy Approach.
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Diabetes Mellitus type 2 (DM2) is a metabolic disease that develops by a decrease in sensitivity of insulin receptors as an effect of the disruption certain metabolic functions in the processing of glucose. DM2 patients have, uncontrolled... more
Diabetes Mellitus type 2 (DM2) is a metabolic disease that develops by a decrease in sensitivity of insulin receptors as an effect of the disruption certain metabolic functions in the processing of glucose. DM2 patients have, uncontrolled glucose levels, and commonly have problems with obesity and cardiovascular disease. Patients are treated with standard diet, insulin, diabetic oral agents and antihypertensive drugs, but this approach does not completely stops tissue deterioration since it does not address the metabolic root of the disease. Metabolic correction is proposed as a suitable adjunct treatment to improve clinical outcomes. Metabolic correction is based on diet modification, proper hydration and scientific supplementation directed to improve cellular biochemistry and metabolic efficiency. In addition, other possible benefits may include reduction in medication use, disease complications and medical costs. To test the results of a metabolic correction program, 25 patients ...
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Energy drinks have been promoted as a healthy beverage within many subpopulations, as for instance, athletes and college students. The chemical Composition of energy drinks can produce multiple adverse effects, including serious... more
Energy drinks have been promoted as a healthy beverage within many subpopulations, as for instance, athletes and college students. The chemical Composition of energy drinks can produce multiple adverse effects, including serious behavioral ones. This article presents and discusses, in a brief form, some serious health complications of energy drinks on their human consumers.
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1 University of Western States, Portland, OR 2 University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 3Riordan Clinic, Wichita, KS * Correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Michael J Gonzalez, University of Puerto Rico, Medical... more
1 University of Western States, Portland, OR 2 University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 3Riordan Clinic, Wichita, KS * Correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Michael J Gonzalez, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus School of Public Health, Department of Human Development, Nutrition Program. GPO Box 365067 San Juan PR 00936-5067; email: michael.gonzalez5@upr.edu
Essential fatty acids (EFA) have an important role in complex metabolic reactions. The metabolism of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) appears to be one of the critical targets in the complex metabolic stages that lead to, or... more
Essential fatty acids (EFA) have an important role in complex metabolic reactions. The metabolism of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) appears to be one of the critical targets in the complex metabolic stages that lead to, or are associated with cancer. The goal of our research was to analyze the erythrocyte specific types of membrane fatty acid content, level and distribution in cancer patients as compared to non-cancer patients. Changes in fatty acid composition may affect different aspects of cell structure and function, including proliferation. Analyses of RBCs membrane fatty acids were performed for 255 patients with different types of cancer (breast, prostate, liver, pancreas, colon, and lung), 2,800 non-cancer patients and 34 healthy volunteers. Our research study demonstrated a lower level of stearic acid and an increased content of oleic acid in RBC of cancer patients in comparison with control and non-cancer patients. According to the results of this investigati...
Research Interests: Humans, Fatty acids, Female, Male, Membrane Lipids, and 5 moreAged, Middle Aged, Adult, Neoplasms, and Erythrocyte Membrane
We tested the effect of different concentrations of ascorbic acid (AA), 50, 100, 250 mg/500 mg/dL) with copper sulfate (CS), 10 mg/dL) on human breast carcinoma (MDA-MB231) cell proliferation in vitro. Cell proliferation was measured... more
We tested the effect of different concentrations of ascorbic acid (AA), 50, 100, 250 mg/500 mg/dL) with copper sulfate (CS), 10 mg/dL) on human breast carcinoma (MDA-MB231) cell proliferation in vitro. Cell proliferation was measured using a colori-metric assay (Cell proliferation kit II (XTT), Boehringer, NJ). The results of the mean absorbance of the tissue culture at different AA concentrations and a constant CS concentration were as follow: 0.82 +/- 0.03 (control, mean +/- SE), 0.64 +/- 0.02 (CS above); 0.48 +/- 0.03 (50 mg/dL) AA), 0.21 +/- 0.02 (100 mg/dL), 0.08 +/- 0.01 (250 mg/dL) AA, 0.60 +/- 0.05 (500 mg/dL). These results show that a combination of AA and CS inhibits human breast carcinoma cell proliferation in vitro. This cell proliferation inhibitory effect is directly proportional to the AA concentration with the exception of the 500 mg/dL AA dose. This chemotherapeutic effect was optimally enhanced when AA was added at a concentration of 250 mg/dL. The AA concentratio...
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BACKGROUND Plant materials represent promising sources of anti-cancer agents. We developed and tested a novel extract from the ubiquitous plant Convolvulus arvensis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Convolvulus arvensis components were extracted in... more
BACKGROUND Plant materials represent promising sources of anti-cancer agents. We developed and tested a novel extract from the ubiquitous plant Convolvulus arvensis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Convolvulus arvensis components were extracted in boiling water, and small molecules were removed by high-pressure filtration. The extract's biological activity was assessed by measuring its effects on S-180 fibrosarcoma growth in Kun Ming mice and on heparin-induced angiogenesis in chick embryos. We also examined the extract's effects on lymphocytes ex vivo and tumor cell growth in vitro. RESULTS The extract (primarily proteins and polysaccharides) inhibited tumor growth in a dose-dependent fashion when administered orally. At the highest dose tested, 200 mg/kg/day, tumor growth was inhibited by roughly seventy percent. Subcutaneous or intraperitoneal administration at 50 mg/kg/day also inhibited tumor growth by over seventy percent. The extract's acute LD50 in Kun Ming mice was 500 mg...
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Human physiology depends on countless biochemical reactions, numerous of which are co-dependent and interrelated. the speed and level of completion of reactions usually depend on the availability of precursors and enzymes. t he enzymatic... more
Human physiology depends on countless biochemical reactions, numerous of which are co-dependent and interrelated. the speed and level of completion of reactions usually depend on the availability of precursors and enzymes. t he enzymatic activity depends on the bioavailability of micronutrient cofactors such as vitamins and minerals. in order to achieve a healthy physiological state, the organism requires that biochemical reactions occur at a controlled rate. to achieve this state it is required that metabolic reactions reach what can be considered an optimal metabolic equilibrium. a combination of genetic makeup, dietary patterns, trauma, disease, toxins, medications, and environmental stressors can elevate the demand for the nutrients needed to reach this optimal metabolic equilibrium. in this, part 1, the general concept of metabolic correction is presented with an elaboration explaining how this concept is increasing in importance as we become aware of the presence of genetic va...