Khyber Law College

The brain corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) circuits are activated by stressful stimuli, contributing to behavioral and emotional responses. The present study assessed anxiety-like responses and in vivo neurochemical alterations at the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) evoked by exposure to an unfamiliar (anxiogenic) environment. Also, the impact of anxiolytic treatments and those that affect CRH were assessed in this paradigm. Novel environment (new cage) markedly suppressed ingestion of a palatable snack. This effect was dose-dependently antagonized by diazepam and was utilized as an index of anxiety in the rodent. Although exposure to a novel environment also stimulated the in vivo release of CRH and glutamate at the CeA, various CRH antagonists (e.g. alphah-CRH, Calpha-MeCRH, CP-154,526, antisauvagine-30, preproTRH178-199) did not attenuate the stressor-elicited behavioral suppression, although Calpha-MeCRH was found to attenuate the freezing response elicited by contextual stimuli that were associated with previously administered footshock. Moreover, central infusion of CRH failed to suppress snack consumption in the home cage. Although diazepam had potent anxiolytic effects in this paradigm, this treatment did not prevent the stressor-associated release of CRH and glutamate at the CeA. Thus, while neural circuits involving CRH and/or glutamatergic receptors at the CeA may be activated by an unfamiliar environment, the data challenge the view that activation of these receptors is necessary for the expression of anxiety-like behavioral responses. Rather than provoking anxiety, these systems might serve to draw attention to events or cues of biological significance, including those posing a threat to survival.

A summons is a written notice served on a person under the authority of the court to appear personally before the court. Summons in Civil Procedure Code, 1908 are served on the defendants and witnesses and deals with the processes to compel the appearance of the defendants and witnesses in court. Defendants are summoned to intimate the suit filed against them. Whereas as the witnesses are summoned to demand evidence or to produce documents or both.

Legal rights are, clearly, ▲ rights which exist under the rules of legal systems or ▲ by virtue of decisions of suitably authoritative bodies within them According to positivists, ▲ Legal rights are essentially those interests which have been legally recognized and protected. John Austin ▲ Made a distinction between legal rights and other types of rights such as Natural rights or Moral rights.

Commission is instruction or role given by the Court to a person to act on behalf of the Court and to do everything that the Court requires to deliver full and complete justice. Such person who carries out the commission is known as a Court commissioner. Example: Whenever the Court has to do a local investigation, a commissioner is appointed who conducts the local investigation. Similarly, to record the evidence of a witness who cannot come to the Court for evidence, the Court can issue a commission for recording of such evidence.

"Sale" is a transfer of ownership in exchange for a price paid or promised or part-paid and part-promised. (It is the transfer of ownership for money consideration (i.e it's an absolute transfer of all the rights in the property sold, for money consideration).

A contract is an agreement to do or refrain from doing a particular thing. A person who fails to discharge his obligation will give the other contractual party a right to insist on the actual performance or to obtain compensation for non-performance of such contract. Specific performance of a contract is its actual execution. Specific performance consists in contracting party's exact fulfilment of the obligation which he has assumed in his doing or omitting the very act which he has undertaken not to do. However specific performance is a remedy available at the discretion of the court. A court won't decree specific performance merely because it is lawful, there has to be a great deal of influencing factors which a court must take into account and then apply its mind and juridical discretion to either grant or refuse such specific performance. Specific relief Act provides guiding principles and grounds for when specific performance may be granted and refused. After thorough perusal of the sections under the Act, one can deduce the following principles for when might specific performance be given and when refused. Cases where court may grant specific performance of the contract: a. Where compensation is not an adequate relief The court may grant specific performance to the plaintiff where it is of the opinion that compensation as a remedy for breach of the contract would not be a sufficient relief. Where plaintiff would be at disadvantage if specific performance of the contract was not granted. Hence the court may order specific performance. A contracts to sell and B contracts to buy a certain number of railway shares of a particular description. A refuses to complete the sale. B may compel A specifically to perform this agreement, for the shares are limited and not always available in market. b. Where compensation is undeterminable and there is no standard for ascertaining actual damage caused by nonperformance of the act agreed to be done. A agrees to buy and B agrees to sell a painting by a dead painter. B refuses. A can compel specific performance. c. When the act agreed to be done is in the performance of a trust A assigned B as a trustee for property to be used for benefit of C. B misappropriates the property for himself. C can compel specific performance of the trust and its objective. d. Where compensation cannot be procured i.e. defendant not in a position to grant compensation for non-performance of the contract.

This paper provides an insight into the incumbent legal regime and instruments in force with regard to the issue of human trafficking in Pakistan. It provides basic and summarized overview to the laws prevailing regarding human trafficking and smuggling in persons.

The Reko Diq case serves as a significant case study with far-reaching implications for foreign investment and legal disputes in mining projects. This aims to provide an overview of the case and its potential impact on the broader investment landscape. The Reko Diq mining project, located in Balochistan, Pakistan, has been mired in complex legal disputes for several years. The project, rich in gold and copper deposits, attracted substantial foreign investment and was expected to yield substantial economic benefits for both the investors and the host country. However, disputes arose between the mining company and the Pakistani government regarding issues such as lease agreements, royalty rates, and ownership rights. The case has undergone various legal proceedings, including international arbitration, leading to a significant award against the Pakistani government.